• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.67-72
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• 2009

To investigate the strong and effective sericin fixing agents and conditions, raw silk fibers were treated with the mixtures of urea-formalin, thiourea-formalin and melamine-formalin as sericin fixing agents, respectively. And the treated raw silk fibers were degummed by the degumming liquors of alkaline detergent and sodium carbonate to confirm the hardness of sericin fixation. The weight of raw silk fibers was decreased in the process of sericin fixation treating at 80$^{\circ}C$ for 60min. The effective sericin fixation was obtained by treating at $60{\sim}80^{\circ}C$ for 15min with the mixture of melamine and formalin. The mixture of melamine and formalin showed an outstanding ability of sericin fixation because the three amino groups of melamine were able to cross-link the hydroxy amino acids of sericin such as serine with the assistance of formalin.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.152-156
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• 1994

생사에 G.A.(glutaraldehyde)와 formalin을 혼합처리하는 방법으로 세리신정착을 실시한 다음 세리신 정착효과, 정착에 따른 백도의 변화, 물성 변화 등을 검토한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. G.A. 농도에 관계 없이 formalin 1% 용액 이상으로 정착하면 미정착사의 96%까지 백도가 향상된다. 2. Formalin G.A의 혼합처리에 의해 정련에 의한 백도 감소를 방지할 수 있었다. 3. Formalin 0.5% 용액 혼합처리로 완전한 세리신 정착을 얻을 수 있었다. 4. 세리신정착처리는 미정착사에 비해 강·신도의 증가를 가져왔다. 5. 정착사와 미정착사의 표면구조는 큰 차이가 없었다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.412-417
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• 2009

실크 생사의 세리신 정착을 보다 효과적으로 하기위해 멜라민과 포르말린의 혼합액에 각종 첨가제를 첨가했을 때 첨가제가 세리신 정착에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 멜라민과 포르말린의 혼합액으로 세리신을 정착할 때 수분침투 기능이 있는 계면활성제로 전처리라고 수세하지 않은 경우 견고한 정착이 이루어졌고, 정착액에 과산화수소를 첨가한 경우 정착 효과가 크게 떨어지면서 단사 간에 접착하는 문제가 발생했고, 하이드로를 첨가하여 $60^{\circ}C$에서 정착하는 경우에는 표백과 동시에 세리신 정착이 가능함을 확인했다. 낮은 농도의 수산화나트륨을 첨가한 알칼리 조건에서 멜라민을 추가함으로써 매우 견고한 세리신 정착 결과를 얻었으나 염산과 메탄을 추가는 정착에 그다지 효과적이지 못했고, 염화마그네슘 추가는 오히려 세리신 정착 견고성을 크게 저하시켰다.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.35-40
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• 2022

Human tissues and organs can be preserved intact by fixation with formalin for the future analysis of biomolecules of interest. With the advances in high-throughput methods, numerous protocols have been developed and optimized to attain the most pathophysiological information out of biomolecules, including RNA and proteins, in formalin-fixed samples. However, there is no systematic study to examine the effects of formalin fixation on the lipidome of biological samples in a global fashion. In this study, we conducted a mass spectrometry-based analysis to survey the alteration in the lipidome of mice brains by fixation methods. A total of 308 lipids were quantitatively measured using triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. We found that most were unchanged after formalin fixation except for a few lipid classes such as phosphatidylethanolamine.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제20권8호
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• pp.417-424
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• 2019

포르말린을 사용한 조직 고정 방식은 우수한 세포 형태를 유지하며 장기간 조직을 보관할 수 있는 장점이 있으나, 느린 고정 시간, 유해 화학물질에 노출 및 단백질 변형 등의 단점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 마우스의 간과 신장 조직을 이용하여 포르말린 고정과 마이크로파 조사에 의한 빠른 고정을 각각 실시한 후 조직학적 검사와 단백질의 보존 상태를 측정하여 그 결과를 비교하였다. 동일 조직을 절단하여 포르말린 고정과 인산염 완충 식염수에서 마이크로파 조사에 의한 고정 과정을 동시에 실시하였으며, 파라핀 포매 조직에서 제조한 슬라이드에서 H & E와 면역화학염색을 시행하여 조직 고정의 적정성과 항원성을 검사하였다. 또한 고정 조직에서 단백질 추출 양과 질을 각각 BCA법 및 Western blotting법으로 평가하였다. H & E 염색과 면역화학염색을 수행한 결과, 적혈구의 부분적 소실을 제외하고는 마이크로파 고정 조직과 포르말린 고정 조직 간에 대등한 결과를 보였다. 특히, 마이크로파 고정 조직에서 단백질은 잘 보존된 상태로 추출되었다. 결론적으로, 마이크로파 조사를 통한 조직 고정은 포르말린 고정과 비교하여 빠른 고정시간과 우수한 단백질 회수율을 보였으며, 조직 고정의 적정성과 항원성에서도 포르말린 고정과 대등한 결과를 보여, 신속한 조직 고정이 필요한 환경에서 적용이 가능함을 제시하고 있다.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.149-154
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• 2010

To improve accuracy of the immunohistochemical testing and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) study as well as a routine histology diagnosis in breast cancer, quality improvement for optimal tissue handling is mandatory. We evaluate fraction defective of 7107 blocks from 349 breast cancer patients, who underwent surgical treatment at Samsung Medical Center Seoul, Korea from January 1, 2009 to March 31, 2010. We decided pre-improvement period from January, 2009 to June, 2009. In the first quality improvement period (July, 2009 to September, 2009) we made improvements in protocol of gross examination. In the second quality improvement period (October, 2009 to December, 2009) we attempted more effective formalin fixation such as frequent exchange of formalin and use of separate fixation container for each case. In the third quality improvement period (January, 2010 to March, 2010) improvement of tissue processor was performed. We achieved a marked reduction of fraction defective (9-16%) through efforts to improve quality of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks when compared to pre-improvement period.

• Clinical Endoscopy
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• 제55권6호
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• pp.760-766
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• 2022

Background/Aims: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is an effective method for resecting gastric adenomas and adenocarcinomas. A significant discrepancy was observed between endoscopic and pathological sizes in samples obtained from patients undergoing ESD. This study elucidates the factors affecting size discrepancy after formalin fixation. Methods: The records of 64 patients with 69 lesions were analyzed, including 50 adenomas and 19 adenocarcinomas. Data on location, gross shape, histology, and size after fixation in formalin were collected. Results: The mean size of the resected specimen appeared to decrease after formalin fixation (37.5 mm prefixation vs. 35.8 mm postfixation, p<0.05). The mean long axis diameter of the lesions was 20.3±7.9 mm prefixation and 13.4±7.9 mm postfixation. Size differences in lesions smaller than 20 mm were significantly greater than those in lesions larger than 20 mm (7.6±5.6 mm vs. 2.5±5.8 mm, p<0.01). In multivariate analysis, a tumor size of ≥20 mm was found to be an independent factor affecting size postformalin fixation (p<0.05). Conclusions: The endoscopic size of lesions before ESD may be underestimated in tumors larger than 20 mm in size. Therefore, increased attention must be paid during ESD to avoid instances of incomplete resection.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.381-388
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• 2020

정확한 분자병리검사를 위해 검체에 대한 질관리의 중요성이 강조되고 있다. 본 연구에서 BRAF, EGFR, KRAS 돌연변이 검사에 대해, 검체 종류 및 처리과정 중 DNA 품질에 영향을 미치는 인자를 알아보고자 하였다. 모두 1,772건의 분자병리검사에 대해, 검체의 종류, 포르말린 고정시간, 재검기록 등 DNA 품질에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 임상병리학적 요소를 조사하였다. 세포검체는 고정액으로 처리를 한 검체보다 생리식염수에 보관한 검체가 DNA 품질이 좋았다. 조직검체는 10% 중성 포르말린에 24시간 이내에 고정된 검체가 그 이상 고정된 검체보다 DNA 품질이 좋았다. 검체 종류 중 신선조직검체, 그리고 종양세포밀도가 높은 조직검체가 파라핀포매조직 및 세침흡인액상 세포검체보다 상대적으로 DNA 품질이 좋았다. 10% 중성 포르말린에 24시간 이상 오래 고정된 검체일수록 Non-PNA Ct값이 비례 증가하여, 포르말린 고정시간이 검체 DNA 품질에 영향을 준다는 것을 확인하였다. 결론적으로 종양세포의 밀도 및 적절한 포르말린 고정시간이 DNA 품질을 유지하는데 가장 중요한 요소이며, 신속하고 정확한 분자병리진단을 위해 이들 요소를 적절히 관리하여 최적의 DNA 품질을 유지하도록 해야 한다.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.298-306
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• 2022

Pathological tissue fixation using formalin has been widely used for histological samples in many hospitals and institutions. In general, formalin fixatives were either manufactured in laboratories or purchased commercially because of the risks and environmental concerns of handling organic compounds. In this study, the efficacy of three kinds of commercially purchased and one laboratory-made formalin fixative was compared in the PCR-based molecular diagnosis using the extracted DNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. The quality of extracted DNA from FFPE tonsil tissues with four kinds of formalin solutions was evaluated, and PCR for beta-globin gene and microsatellite instabilities (MSI) tests for pentaplex panel markers were performed using the extracted DNA. There was no difference in PCR and MSI tests as molecular diagnoses regardless of the types of formalin used in this study. However, the total amount and average length of double-stranded DNA extracted from FFPE tonsil tissue showed significant differences according to the type of formalin fixative. Optimized formalin fixatives and methods for DNA extraction might be sophisticated to extract good quality DNA from the small size of specific tissue samples. Further studies are needed to select the most effective formalin fixative for histology and molecular pathology using human FFPE tissues.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.11-14
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• 1965

The object to this study is to identify the genus and species of the microfilariae which were recently found in the area of Youngju-Gun. THe identification of the microfilariae was made on the morphologicla aspects. 1. Blood samples were collected through vena punction from known microfilariae carriers living in the newly confirmed filaria endemic area of Youngju0Gun in Jyongsang Pukdo Province. Youngju-Gun is located in the mountainous central part of Korean Peninsula. 2. The following fixation and staining techniques were applied. (1) Fixation by drying in the air, followed by staining with Azeo or Giemsa. (2) Knott's fixation method (2% formalin), followed by staining with Azur II. 3. A comparative study of the body length of the microfilariae after different fixation and staining techniques were applied. (1) Knott's fixation method followed by staining with Azur II : average body length found was 28.4$\mu$. (2) Dry fixation followed by staining with Giemsa : average body length found was 209.4$\mu$. (3) Dry fixation followed by staining with Azeo : average body length found was 205.4$\mu$. 4. The locations of the different body cells were measured in 60 individuals of microfilariae in the wet preparation fixed by Knott's method and stained with Azur II. The distance of the different body cells to cephalic apex of microfilariae was measured and calculated as a percentage of the total body length. The average results are as follows : BNC , 3.04% ; N, 22.74%, EP, 31.4% ; EC, 37.77%, G1 cell , 67.94%; G2 cell, 73.54% : G3 cell , 75.55% ; G4 cell, 77.65% ; AP, 82.02%%. 5. As a result of the above findings the microfilariae found in the above mentioned area could be identified as Brugia malai(BRUG, 1927) BUCKLEY, 1960.