• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제15권9호
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• pp.5708-5715
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• 2014

본 연구는 건강보조제 및 약제로서 전신의 염증반응 및 여러 약리적 효능을 가지고 있는 홍삼이 국소적인 안면 통증의 완화에 영향을 끼치는지에 관해 조사하였다. 실험동물은 4그룹으로 대조군(n=6)과 5% 포르말린 주입군(n=6), 5% 포르말린+D.W. 주입군, 홍삼(4.5 ml)(n=6) 복용군으로 나누어 45분간 안면을 긁거나 문지르는 행위를 계수하여 비교하였다. 홍삼 복용군에서 포르말린 주입군에 비해 유의하게 긁거나 문지르는 행위가 줄어들었으며, 15분부터 통증완화효과가 증가되기 시작되어 30분까지 유의한 효과를 보였다. 홍삼투여군에 대한 단백질정량분석 (western blot)으로 통증유발기전에 연관되는 염증과 항산화, NO생성에 관련된 신호전달 단백질 p38 MAPK와 iNOS, Nrf2를 뇌, 연수에서 활성정도를 비교한 결과 감소하는 경향을 확인할 수 있었다. 이상의 결과들은 홍삼이 전신적 약리효과 뿐만 아니라 국소적인 염증, 통증완화에도 효능이 있음 나타낸다.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.107-110
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• 1976

In silk reeling process the carry-over cocoons must be submerged in the reeling baths filled with reeling water and left until reopening the operation. Under the detention the carry-over cocoons are apt to decay without any antiseptic treatment. Thus an useful antiseptic for the cocoons is urgently needed, and various antseptic agents have been tested for their applicability to the process. However, such an useful agent has not been developed yet. Formalin has been the only chemical used for antisepticizing carry-over cocoons, although it has many defects as the antiseptic for the cocoons. In these circumstances, recently we newly prepared an antiseptic useful for preventing the carryover cocoons from decaying. We named the new antiseptic preparation "Swi-Se-Yo." The Korean term "Swi-Se-Yo" literally means "please take a rest". Through a series of experiments with Swi-Se-Yo we obtained the following results: 1) Swi-Se-Yo, in 0.05% aqueous solution, exerted a good antiseptic effect on the boiled Cocoons submerged in the reeling baths and the effect lasted for 45 hours. The duration of the effect is about two times longer than that of Formalin. 2) The percentage of cocoon reel ability of the carry-over cocoons treated with Swi-Se-Yo was 6% higher than that of Formalin and was equal to that of flowing cold water. 3) The percentage of raw silk yield of the carry-over cocoons treated with Swi-Se-Yo was almost equal to that of Formalin and to that of flowing cold water. 4) The quality of raw silk of the carry-over cocoons treated with Swi-Se-Yo is the same as that of flowing cold water. Besides the above favourable results, Swi-Se-Yo has many advantages as an antiseptic. Chemically it is very stable. Its antimicrobial action is very strong and the spectrum is very broad. It can be available in water-soluble powder and in small bulk. And it is not harmful to human and domestic animals. Considering these profitable properties of Swi-Se-Yo, it will have a good reputation as a carry-over cocoon antiseptic. (The chemical composition and manufacturing method of Swi-Se-Yo will be published in the near future.)

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.1.1-1.6
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• 2016

Although soft tunic syndrome (STS) in the ascidian is a serious disease, helpful measures have yet not been established. It was examined in this study by applying aniti-parasitic drugs to eradicate the causative protozoa Azumiobodo hoyamushi from infected ascidians. Formalin was synergistic in killing parasites in vitro when co-treated with hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) or bronopol, but not with chloramine-T or povidone-iodine (PVP-I), when tested with in vitro parasite culture. The synergistic effects did not change when $formalin-H_2O_2$ (or bronopol) ratios were changed. It was found that treatment periods less than 60 min achieved a sub-maximal efficacy. Increasing drug concentration while keeping 30 min period improved anti-parasitic effects. Anti-parasitic effects of $formalin(F)+H_2O_2$(H) were also assessed in an in vivo STS model infected with cultured parasites. It was observed that combined 50 (40F + 10H) and 100 (80F +20H) ppm were effective in partially preventing STS-caused mortality. In horizontally transmitted artificial STS model, significant prevention of ascidian mortality was also observed after 50 ppm. Marked reduction of living parasites were noted after drug treatments in vivo. The results provide a highly useful basis to develop a preventive or treatment measure against the currently uncontrollable STS in the ascidian.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.21-35
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of Picrorrhizae Rhizoma (PR) aqueous extracts on the formalin-induced paw chronic inflammation in mice. Methods: PR extracts (500, 250 and 125mg/kg) or distilled water (DW) were orally administered once a day for 10 days to formalin-injected chronic inflammatory mice. The paw thicknesses and volumes were measured daily and the paw wet-weight and histological profiles were conducted at termination with paw tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ contents measurement. The anti-inflammatory effects of PR extracts were compared with dexamethasone. Results: In DW treated control group, the paw thickness, paw wet-weights and paw TNF-${\alpha}$ contents were markedly increased. Severe chronic inflammation signs such as severe fibrosis, the formation of necrotic debris, and infiltration of inflammatory cells were detected in histopathological observations. However, these formalin-induced changes were dramatically decreased by treatment of dexamethasone and all three different dosages of PR extracts. The anti-inflammatory effects of PR at highest dose were slighter than that of dexamethasone, but it did not show any harmful effects on the body weight contrary to dexamethasone. Conclusion: These results suggest that PR extracts have safe and favorable effects on formalin-induced chronic inflammation.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2012

Background: Curcumin has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, antitumor, and antinociceptive activity when administered systemically. We investigated the analgesic efficacy of intrathecal curcumin in a rat model of inflammatory pain. Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats were prepared for intrathecal catheterization. Pain was evoked by injection of formalin solution (5%, $50{\mu}l$) into the hind paw. Curcumin doses of 62.5, 125, 250, and $500{\mu}g$were delivered through an intrathecal catheter to examine the flinching responses. The $ED_{50}$ values (half-maximal effective dose) with 95% confidence intervals of curcumin for both phases of the formalin test were calculated from the dose-response lines fitted by least-squares linear regression on a log scale. Results: In rats with intrathecal administration of curcumin, the flinching responses were significantly decreased in both phases. The slope of the regression line was significantly different from zero only in phase 2, and the $ED_{50}$ value (95% confidence interval) of curcumin was $511.4{\mu}g$ (23.5-1126.5). There was no apparent abnormal behavior following the administration of curcumin. Conclusions: Intrathecal administration of curcumin decreased inflammatory pain in rats, and further investigation to elucidate the precise mechanism of spinal action of curcumin is warranted.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.379-383
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• 2009

Nitric oxide (NO), a diffusible gas, is produced in the central nervous system, including the spinal cord dorsal horn and the trigeminal nucleus, the first central areas processing nociceptive information from periphery. In the spinal cord, it has been demonstrated that NO acts as pronociceptive or antinociceptive mediators, apparently in a concentration-dependent manner. However, the central role of NO in the trigeminal nucleus remains uncertain in support of processing the orofacial nociception. Thus, we here investigated the central role of NO in formalin (3%)-induced orofacial pain in rats by administering membrane-permeable or -impermeable inhibitors, relating to the NO signaling pathways, into intracisternal space. The intracisternal pretreatments with the NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME, the NO-sensitive guanylate cyclase inhibitor ODQ, and the protein kinase C inhibitor GF109203X, all of which are permeable to the cell membrane, significantly reduced the formalin-induced pain, whereas the membrane-impermeable NO scavenger PTIO significantly enhanced it, compared to vehicle controls. These data suggest that an overall effect of NO production in the trigeminal nucleus is pronociceptive, but NO extracellularly diffused out of its producing neurons would have an antinociceptive action.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.147-153
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• 2018

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the central antinociceptive effects of eugenol after intraperitoneal administration. Experiments were carried out using male Sprague-Dawley rats. Subcutaneous injection of 5% formalin-induced nociceptive behavioral responses was used as the pain model. Subcutaneous injection of 5% formalin significantly produced nociceptive responses by increasing the licking time during nociceptive behavior. Subsequent intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg of eugenol led to a significant decrease in the licking time. However, low dose of eugenol (50 mg/kg) did not affect the nociceptive behavioral responses produced by subcutaneous injection of formalin. Intrathecal injection of $30{\mu}g$ of naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist, significantly blocked antinociceptive effects produced by intraperitoneal injection of eugenol. Neither intrathecal injection of methysergide ($30{\mu}g$), a serotonin receptor antagonist nor phentolamine ($30{\mu}g$), an ${\alpha}-adrenergic$ receptor antagonist influenced antinociceptive effects of eugenol, as compared to the vehicle treatment. These results suggest that central opioid pathway participates in mediating the antinociceptive effects of eugenol.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 1997

남해 가두리 양식장에서 사육중인 전장 16.3~20.1 cm 크기의 돌돔 표피에 Monogenoidae, Benedenia sp. 가 10~31마리 기생되었다. 이 기생충의 감염률과 상대 감염밀도는 100%, 16.5 이었다. 기생 부위는 몸통 표피에 81.8%, 꼬리 부분에 16.5%, 기타 부위에 1.6%이었다. 기생된 부위는 출혈과 함께 점액이 다량 분비되었고, 궤양도 형성되었다. 이 기생충은 포르말린 250 ppm에서 10분, 200 ppm에서 20분, 150 ppm에서 20분만에 탈락 폐사되었으며, 담수욕 처리에서는 담수 100%에서 9분, 70%에서 20분만에 구제되었다. 기생충 구제를 위한 포르말린 처리에서 포르말린 독성에 의한 돌돔 폐사는 없었다. 그러나 담수 100% 시험구에서 중증어(기생충 대량 감염에 의한 점액 분비, 출혈, 궤양) 1마리가 폐사되었는데 이것은 삼투압조절 상실 때문이라고 여겨진다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.365-374
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• 2021

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a role in various cellular phenomena, including autophagy, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Although recent studies have reported its involvement in nociceptive responses in several pain models, whether mTOR is involved in orofacial pain processing is currently unexplored. This study determined whether rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor, reduces nociceptive responses and the number of Fos-immunoreactive (Fos-ir) cells in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) in a mouse orofacial formalin model. We also examined whether the glial cell expression and phosphorylated p38 (p-p38) mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the TNC are affected by rapamycin. Mice were intraperitoneally given rapamycin (0.1, 0.3, or 1.0 mg/kg); then, 30 min after, 5% formalin (10 μl) was subcutaneously injected into the right upper lip. The rubbing responses with the ipsilateral forepaw or hindpaw were counted for 45 min. High-dose rapamycin (1.0 mg/kg) produced significant antinociceptive effects in both the first and second phases of formalin test. The number of Fos-ir cells in the ipsilateral TNC was also reduced by high-dose rapamycin compared with vehicle-treated animals. Furthermore, the number of p-p38-ir cells the in ipsilateral TNC was significantly decreased in animals treated with high-dose rapamycin; p-p38 expression was co-localized in microglia, but not neurons and astrocytes. Therefore, the mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, reduces orofacial nociception and Fos expression in the TNC, and its antinociceptive action on orofacial pain may be associated with the inhibition of p-p38 MAPK in the microglia.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.247-255
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• 2019

Curcuma longa L. (C.L), Curcuma aromatica Salisb. (C.A) and Zingiber officinale Rosc. (Z.O) of Zingiberaceae plants which are well known as effects of natural anti-oxidant, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory. We examined that the Zingiberaceae plants are involved in development and modulation of orofacial pain in rats. Male, 7- to 8-week-old, Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 240~280 g were used in this study. Experiments were performed using acute pain model that was caused by the injection of 5% formalin into the right vibrissa pad. The number of scratching or rubbing to the injection site was recorded for 9 consecutive 5-minute intervals following injection of formalin. The experimental groups were acute orofacial inflammatory pain; control group (formalin, 5%), vehicle group (5% formalin after sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), single administration group, single mixed administration group, repeated administration group. The experiments were performed various concentrations of Zingiberaceae plants extract. Therefore, oral administration of C.L, C.A, and Z.O (p.o., concentrations of 12.5, 25 mg/mL) in orofacial inflammatory pain model substantially decrease the nociceptive behavior in a concentration dependent manner. And it tended to decrease at low concentration (12.5 mg/mL) of single mixed and repeated administration more than single administration. This result means that Zingiberaceae plants extract affects the modulation of acute orofacial inflammatory pain. Thus, Zingiberaceae plants extract may be a potential therapeutic treatment for orofacial inflammatory pain.