• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.2
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• pp.279-285
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• 2012

This study was conducted to offer preliminary data for forest management from March and December 2011. Based on the number of standing trees by DBH classes, it is recommended to practice thinning and pruning to change the current young stand to mature stand. In Livelihood Environment Forest Protected Areas, young (0-10 years or 0-10 cm DBH) and detected trees need to be removed and selected healthy trees need to be heavily tended. Also, selected trees in age 20-30 (20-30 cm DBH class) need to receive concentrated tending. Since Livelihood Environment Forest Protected Areas had been vulnerable for erosion, the diversity of understory layer is low. In order to diversify deciduous trees, it is recommended to introduce new species and thin and prune existing trees. It is not proper to adapt clear cutting in a short time and should be partially regenerated using shelter-wood method or proper tending practices to the Pinus rigida dominanted forest. Tending existing under-story species including Quercus alina, Quercus variabilis, and Quercus serrata would be important.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.6
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• pp.639-643
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• 2007

The use of forest biomass resources produced by forest tending and residual forest biomass that was not gathered on commercial thinning or cutting area was estimated to be come into the spotlight as bioenergy sources in these days of new high oil price. With considering these problems, This study was investigated about possibility with biomass calculation and convertibility to fossil fuel in these area. Total forest tending area in the year 2005 was 294, 115 ha and the yield gathered from these area was $143,747m^3$. It is equivalent to biomass of 115,000 ton and caloric value of 533,199Gcal. However, the potential and additional yield that is residual in forest stands was 2,483,000 ton. It is equivalent to 11,133 billion won of oil which is 20 times of the actual yield produced by forest tending. Therefore, these amount of biomass has a substitution effect of the fossil fuel. Moreover, the residual biomass that is not gathered at commercial thinning and cutting area was 475,000 ton. It is equivalent to 2,206,235 Gcal of heating value and about 2,211 billion won of oil. This potential amount could be a new energy source to be a substitution effect of fossil fuel. It is time to be interested in the forest biomass as a renewable and environment-friendly resource and its substitution effect of fossil fuel.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.24-35
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• 2020

This study aims to identify the relationship between termite-damaged cultural heritage sites and the 'Forest Tending Project' based on a comprehensive survey of the status of damage caused by termites and of the Forest Tending Project. It was observed that the Forest Tending Project started in 2004 as a five-year policy project covering over 59% of the nation's forests, which showed the maximum value in 2009 and then gradually decreased. Since then, increased damage to national cultural heritage sites by termites has been confirmed and counter measures have been expanded since 2012. Also, as a result of the National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage surveying the status of termite damage in national cultural heritage sites over these six years, it was identified that about 98% of investigated cultural heritage sites were damaged by termites, about 78% of them were adjacent to forests, and that all 46 national cultural heritage sites which had been included in the 2008 Forest Fire Prevention Cultural Heritage Afforestation Project were damaged by termites. Therefore, it is claimed that the number of termite-damaged cultural heritage sites has increased after an extensive Forest Tending Project was applied on a national scale, and it seems that all cultural heritage areas close to forests are particularly subject to termite-damage due to the number of tree stumps and lumber byproducts which can serve as habitats for the pests.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.40-50
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• 2004

This study was conducted to provide appropriate tending operation strategies for the natural deciduous forest, by the method of evaluating the stand quality, suggesting the removal plan for the undesirable trees, and predicting improvement cutting practice by tree quality evaluation. The results showed that average number of trees per ha was 717 stems, average DBH was 21.1cm. and average height was 13.6m. Canopy dominant species were in the order of Quercus serrata, Q. variabilis, Q. mongolica, Styrax obassia, and Ulmus davidiana var. japonica. Based on grades of four tree form factors for all tree in the study plots, we estimate the change of tree numbers. DBH and height with the improvement cutting by different tree grade. When the higher tree grade was applied to tending operation, the number of stem was decreased, but the values of DBH and height were not changed much, predicted to improve the stand quality.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.1
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• pp.50-62
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• 1994

This study is performed to consider the fitness of natural regenerating method and tending methods used now by surveying the stand structure and regenerating states of the 9 natural regenerated Pinus densiflora stands in Kangwon province. As a special consideration, it deals with the tending methods on the seedlings of Pinus densiflora and broad-leaved tree(Quercus mongolica) under competition. By the consideration on the number of trees, growing capacity and stand structures of Pinus densiflora stands, it reveals that Pinus densiflora is in the inferior in numbers at the competition to the broad-leaved species, and it could not occupy the stands as the dominant species if the stands were not tended. It is estimated that natural regeneration of Pinus densiflora stands by the clearcutting or seed tree system could not achieved due to the abundance of ground vegetation. Short-term shelter-wood system or strip stand method may be proposed as a successful method of natural regeneration. As the visible tending method for seedlings, the method which apply the mixed forest in group of Pinus densflora and Quercus mongolica different by the growing capacity and distribution characteristics is better thaw the one which tend the Pinus densiflora only.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.100 no.3
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• pp.359-366
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to analyze the changes of crown fire hazard possibility from the effects of forest tending works (FTW) in Pinus densiflora stands in Korea. The study sites were located in Youngju (FTW) and Bonghwa (Control) areas. Ten representative sample trees were destructively felled at each areas to analyze the crown fuel characteristics. The results of this study showed that crown fuel moisture content in Youngju and Bonghwa areas were 103.6% and 104.4%, respectively. The needles and twigs with less than 1cm diameter accounted 50.3% of the total crown fuel load in Youngju area and 62.0% in Bonghwa area. On the other hand, it was observed in Youngju that the canopy bulk density was $0.11kg/m^3$ lower but have 1.3 m higher average canopy base height therefore having a possibility of lower crown fire hazard as compared to Bonghwa that had higher canopy bulk density and lower canopy base height.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.1 s.158
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• pp.26-33
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• 2005

The study was carried out to provide information about growth and ecological characteristics by site types of natural deciduous forest in Pyeongchang, Gangwon Province. The data were collected from four aspects(the East, the West, the South, and the North) with three elevation(higher than 1.000 m, 700~1,000 m, lower than 700 m) and three topographical conditions(ridge, hill, and valley). Growth parameters by site types were evaluated based on the growth performances of dbh for the last 5 to 10 years; which were also estimated based on both Pressler and Schneider formulae. In addition, ecological characteristics such as Shannon-Wiener's diversity index, evenness index and richness index were analyzed by site types. The management methods by site types were suggested by considering stand density, growth patterns, and ecological characteristics. It was found that the stands on the South and the East are necessary the tending practices to improve growth and ecological characteristics. On the other hand, the West and the North needed the tending practices focusing on stand density management to increase growth rate rather than ecological management. It was also found that the area lower than 700 m in elevation showed Higher growth rate than other areas. As a management standard considered in terms of growth rate, it was suggested that tending practices should be applied to the stands of which growth rate for the last 5 to 10 years were lower than 2%. Considering topographical conditions, valley area showed better ecological characteristics than both ridge and hilly areas. Consequently, it was revealed that the valley areas were suitable for the ecological management.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.100 no.2
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• pp.165-171
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the effect on pine wilt disease by health-thinning, thinning and sapling tending in red pine forest (Pinus densiflora). As a part of developing forestry control methods for pine wilt disease control. In case of putting in pine sawyer (Monochamus alternatus) with pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), the specimen trees in health-thinning, thinning and control treatment were withered more than 50%, although there were not statistically significant differences in treatments. In treatment site, thinning slashes had influenced on the spread of pine wilt disease (experiment 1). In thinning stand of sapling pine, site with thinning slashes had highest mortality (> 90%). There were approximately 10% mortality in the site of carried thinning slashes from case and the site of non-thinning with released M. alternatus (experiment 2). The larvae had not appeared in young tree stump with health-thinning and thinning at April, the current emergence year of M. alternatus, but there were larvae in sapling tree stump with thinning at May, the current emergence year of M. alternatus. In case of stands with infected young and sapling tree by pine wilt disease, there is no effects of on pine wilt disease control by health-thinning, thinning, saplings tending at April and May, the current emergence year of M. alternatus, and leaved thinning slashes had influenced on the spread of pine wilt disease as habitation of M. alternatus.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.111-122
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• 2012

The sex ratio and spatial structure of different sexes are major components that affect the reproductive success and population persistence of dioecious plants. The differential reproductive costs between male and female plants are often believed to cause a biased sex ratio and spatial segregation of the sexes through slower growth and/or lower female survivorship. In this study, we examined the sex ratio and spatial structure of one population of $Torreya$ $nucifera$ trees in Jeju Island, Korea. We also tested the effects of the current tending actions in relation to tree vitality. At the population level, the sex ratio of the 2,861 trees was significantly biased toward males; however, it also showed considerable variation among different diameter at breast height classes and across habitats according to terrain level (from upper to lower). In 1999, before tree management (tending) began, among the ecological traits examined, only climber coverage correlated with tree vitality. Intensive tending such as climber removal since 1999 clearly enhanced the vitality of the majority of trees, but its effects were more conspicuous in medium-sized trees than in small ones, in upper terrain trees than those in other terrains, and in females than in males. Both male tree domination in small and large trees and tending effects on females are likely to reflect the effects of female reproductive costs regarding growth and/or survivorship. Spatial segregation between males and females was not observed in $T.$ $nucifera$. Habitat heterogeneity created by the forest's rocky ground and its implications regarding sex ratios and spatial structure require further studies.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.77 no.1
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• pp.109-115
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• 1988

Decrease of the planting area reduced fertilized area of forest. To accomplish the aims of natural regeneration, mini-rotation plantation, diminishing the rotation length, maintaining healthy forest and production of good quality timber, forest fertilization should be continued. In order to improve the deteriorate situation, slow-release fertilizer applied on top soil needs to be developed and aerial application will give diminished cost. Fertilization with tending before tree felling in forest will increase the effect of fertilizer more, Proper quantity of fertilizer by tree species and soil fertility should be found out in the future, Street trees, environmental forest near city and ornamental trees in the residential areas could be also included in this field.