References
- Allen GA, Antos JA. 1993. Sex ratio variation in the dioecious shrub Oemleria cerasiformis. Am Nat 141: 537-553. https://doi.org/10.1086/285490
- Armstrong JE, Irvine AK. 1989. Flowering, sex ratios, pollen-ovule ratios, fruit set, and reproductive effort of a dioecious tree, Myristica insipida (Myristicaceae), in two different rain forest communities. Am J Bot 76: 74-85. https://doi.org/10.2307/2444776
- Barrett SCH, Yakimowski SB, Field DL, Pickup M. 2010. Ecological genetics of sex ratios in plant populations. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 365: 2549-2557. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0002
- Bawa KS, Opler PA. 1977. Spatial relationships between staminate and pistillate plants of dioecious tropical forest trees. Evolution 31: 64-68. https://doi.org/10.2307/2407545
- Bierzychudek P, Eckhart V. 1988. Spatial segregation of the sexes of dioecious plants. Am Nat 132: 34-43. https://doi.org/10.1086/284836
- Bukjeju-gun. 1971. Survey of Torreya Forest. Bukjeju-gun, Jeju. (in Korean)
- Crawford RMM, Balfour J. 1990. Female-biased sex ratios and differential growth in arctic willows. Flora 184: 291-302.
- Dawson TE, Bliss LC. 1989. Patterns of water use and the tissue water relations in the dioecious shrub, Salix arctica: the physiological basis for habitat partitioning between the sexes. Oecologia 79: 332-343. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00384312
- Donoghue MJ, Bell CD, Li J. 2001. Phylogenetic patterns in Northern Hemisphere plant geography. Int J Plant Sci 162(6 Suppl): S41-S52. https://doi.org/10.1086/323278
- Environmental Systems Research Institute. 2008. Arc/Info User's Guide. Ver. 9.3. Environmental Systems Research Institute, Redlands, CA.
- Fisher RA. 1930. The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. Dover, New York.
- Forero-Montaña J, Zimmerman JK, Thompson J. 2010. Population structure, growth rates and spatial distribution of two dioecious tree species in a wet forest in Puerto Rico. J Trop Ecol 26: 433-443. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467410000143
- Freeman DC, Klikoff LG, Harper KT. 1976. Differential resource utilization by the sexes of dioecious plants. Science 193: 597-599. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.193.4253.597
- Gao P, Kang M, Wang J, Ye Q, Huang H. 2009. Neither biased sex ratio nor spatial segregation of the sexes in the subtropical dioecious tree Eurycorymbus cavaleriei (Sapindaceae). J Integr Plant Biol 51: 604-613. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2009.00827.x
- Grant MC, Mitton JB. 1979. Elevational gradients in adult sex ratios and sexual differentiation in vegetative growth rates in Populus tremuloides Michx. Evolution 33: 914-918. https://doi.org/10.2307/2407654
- Hong YP, Cho KJ, Kim YY, Shin EM, Pyo SK. 2000. Diversity of ISSR variants in the populations of Torreya nucifera. J Korean For Soc 89: 167-172.
- Houle G, Duchesne M. 1999. The spatial pattern of a Juniperus communis var. depressa population on a continental dune in subarctic Québec, Canada. Can J For Res 29: 446-450. https://doi.org/10.1139/x99-018
- Hultine KR, Bush SE, West AG, Ehleringer JR. 2007. Population structure, physiology and ecohydrological impacts of dioecious riparian tree species of western North America. Oecologia 154: 85-93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-007-0813-0
- Jing SW, Coley PD. 1990. Dioecy and herbivory: the effect of growth rate on plant defense in Acer negundo. Oikos 58: 369-377. https://doi.org/10.2307/3545228
- Kang H. 1993. Genetic effects on seed and seedling traits of Japanese nutmeg (Torreya nucifera S.) in Cheju Island. I. Variation in seed weight. Bull KACN Ser 12: 51-60.
- Kim YD, Kwon YC. 1989. Cytogenetic and physiological studies in natural populations of Torreya nucifera. J Korean For Soc 78: 42-54. (in Korean)
- Kim YS. 1985. Phytogeographic distribution of genus Torreya of the world. J Resour Dev 4: 143-150.
- Korea Meteorological Administration. 2011. Climatological Normals of Korea (2001-2010). Korea Metropolitan Administration, Seoul. (in Korean)
- Korea Tree Health Association (KTHA). 1999. Torreya nucifera Forest in Gujwa-eup: Conservation and Maintenance Measures. Bukjeju-gun, Jeju. (in Korean)
- Lawton RO, Cothran P. 2000. Factors influencing reproductive activity of Juniperus virginiana in the Tennessee Valley. J Torrey Bot Soc 127: 271-279. https://doi.org/10.2307/3088645
- Lee SG. 2005. Genetic conservation strategy in the natural population of Torreya nucifera in Kujwa-eup, Cheju, Korea. MS Thesis. Sangji University, Wonju, Korea. (in Korean)
- Lee SG. 2009. Studies on the biota, growth characteristics, and vegetational changes in relation to tending care intensity and conservation measures of the Torreya nucifera Forest in Gujwa-eup, Jeju, Korea. PhD Dissertation. Sangji University, Wonju, Korea. (in Korean)
- Lee TB. 2003. Coloured Flora of Korea. Hyangmoonsa, Seoul, p 128. (in Korean)
- Lloyd DG. 1973. Sex ratios in sexually dimorphic Umbelliferae. Heredity 31: 239-249. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1973.79
- Lloyd D, Webb CJ. 1977. Secondary sex characters in plants. Bot Rev 43: 177-216. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860717
- alizia A, Grau HR. 2006. Liana-host tree associations in a subtropical montane forest of north-western Argentina. J Trop Ecol 22: 331-339. https://doi.org/10.1017/S026646740600318X
- Milne RI, Abbott RJ. 2002. The origin and evolution of tertiary relict floras. Adv Bot Res 38: 281-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2296(02)38033-9
- Nicotra AB. 1998. Sex ratio variation and spatial distribution of Siparuna grandiflora, a tropical dioecious shrub. Oecologia 115: 102-113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050496
- Nunez CI, Nunez MA, Kitzberger T. 2008. Sex-related spatial segregation and growth in a dioecious conifer along environmental gradients in northwestern Patagonia. Ecoscience 15: 73-80. https://doi.org/10.2980/1195-6860(2008)15[73:SSSAGI]2.0.CO;2
- Obeso JR, Alvarez-Santullano M, Retuerto R. 1998. Sex ratios, size distributions, and sexual dimorphism in the dioecious tree Ilex aquifolium (Aquifoliaceae). Am J Bot 85: 1602-1608. https://doi.org/10.2307/2446488
- Opler PA, Bawa KS. 1978. Sex ratios in tropical forest trees. Evolution 32: 812-821. https://doi.org/10.2307/2407496
- Ornduff R. 1985. Male-biased sex ratios in the cycad Macrozamia riedlei (Zamiaceae). Bull Torrey Bot Club 112: 393-397. https://doi.org/10.2307/2996040
- Ortiz PL, Arista M, Talavera S. 1998. Low reproductive success in two subspecies of Juniperus oxycedrus L. Int J Plant Sci 159: 843-847. https://doi.org/10.1086/297605
- Ortiz PL, Arista M, Talavera S. 2002. Sex ratio and reproductive effort in the dioecious Juniperus communis subsp. alpina (Suter) Čelak. (Cupressaceae) along an altitudinal gradient. Ann Bot 89: 205-211. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcf028
- Osunkoya OO. 1999. Population structure and breeding biology in relation to conservation in the dioecious Gardenia actinocarpa (Rubiaceae): a rare shrub of North Queensland rainforest. Biol Conserv 88: 347-359. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00115-3
- Queenborough SA, Burslem DFRP, Garwood NC, Valencia R. 2007. Determinants of biased sex ratios and inter-sex costs of reproduction in dioecious tropical forest trees. Am J Bot 94: 67-78. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.94.1.67
- Renner SS, Ricklefs RE. 1995. Dioecy and its correlates in the flowering plants. Am J Bot 82: 596-606. https://doi.org/10.2307/2445418
- Sakai AK. 1990. Sex ratios of red maple (Acer rubrum) populations in northern lower Michigan. Ecology 71: 571-580. https://doi.org/10.2307/1940310
- SAS. 2008. SAS/STAT Software. Ver. 9.2. SAS Institute, Cary, NC.
- Schmidt JP. 2008. Sex ratio and spatial pattern of males and females in the dioecious sandhill shrub, Ceratiola ericoides ericoides (Empetraceae) Michx. Plant Ecol 196: 281-288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-007-9353-2
- Schnitzer SA, Bongers F. 2002. The ecology of lianas and their role in forests. Trends Ecol Evol 17: 223-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02491-6
- Shin HC, Lee GS, Park NC, Jung SY. 2010. Vegetation structure of the Torreya nucifera stand in Korea. J Korean For Soc 99: 312-322. (in Korean)
- Song ST. 2000. Distributions and lithology of the aa rubble flows on Cheju Island, Korea. PhD Dissertation. Pusan National University, Busan, Korea. (in Korean)
- Song ST, Kim HC, Kim DS, Yu SP, Jwa SH. 2007. Gotjawal of Jeju. The National Folk Museum of Korea, Seoul. (in Korean)
- Thomas SC, LaFrankie JV. 1993. Sex, size, and interyear variation in flowering among dioecious trees of the Malayan rain forest. Ecology 74: 1529-1537. https://doi.org/10.2307/1940080
- Tibbetts TJ, Ewers FW. 2000. Root pressure and specific conductivity in temperate lianas: exotic Celastrus orbiculatus (Celastraceae) vs. native Vitis riparia (Vitaceae). Am J Bot 87: 1272-1278. https://doi.org/10.2307/2656720
- Ueno N, Suyama Y, Seiwa K. 2007. What makes the sex ratio female-biased in dioecious tree Salix sachalinensis? J Ecol 95: 951-959. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01269.x
- Wiegand T. 2010. Programita, a Software to Perform Point Pattern Analysis with Ripley's L and O-Ring Statistic. Department of Ecological Modelling, UFZ-Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig.
- Wiegand T, Moloney KA. 2004. Rings, circles, and null-models for point pattern analysis in ecology. Oikos 104: 209-229. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12497.x
Cited by
- Contamination Levels of Pharmaceuticals and Pesticides in the Gotjawal Regions of Jeju Island and Associated Ecotoxicities vol.39, pp.5, 2013, https://doi.org/10.5668/JEHS.2013.39.5.426