• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.3
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• pp.503-511
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to suggest the introduction plans of forest land bank system for effective forestry management as well as the livelihood stability support of aged forest landowners. It is expected that forest land bank system can contribute to solve forestry management problems caused by small and scattered forest lands, aging forest landowners, and the increase of absentee forest landowners. This study examined an existing related case of Farmland Bank system, and suggested basic directions, main functions, priority, and agency for forest land bank system. The goals of forest land bank system include activating private forest land management, improving forest management scale, and supporting stable forestry income. Based on the examination of this study, main projects of forest land bank involve forest land sale and lease consignment, forest land reverse mortgage, forest land scale improvement project, and forest business recovery support program. In addition, this study discussed potential problems and their solutions in introducing and operating the forest land bank system. This study can play a key role to determine a basic direction and to establish policies of the forest land management.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.3
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• pp.360-365
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to provide the basic information for the early enforcement and extension of the improvement project of management scale of private forest land by understanding the characteristics of forest owners, who have an influence on the participation of the project as one of the private forest management vitalization plans. To achieve this goal, a questionnaire survey targeting 373 forest owners was conducted and analyzed by Binary-Logistic Regression. The variables for binary-logistic regression included gender, age, academic ability, occupation, income, residence, purpose of forest ownership, and status of cooperative membership. As a result of the analysis, 267 forest owners (71.6%) of total 373 forest owners have the intention to participate in the scaling project for private forest management. The rest of forest owners (106 forest owners, 28.4%) would not be willing to participate in the project. As a result of binary-logistic regression, the most important variables, which have an impact on the participation of private forest management scale improvement project, are age, job and forest own purpose.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.115-127
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• 2024

This research aimed to construct models with various structures based on the Transformer module and to perform land cover classification, thereby examining the applicability of the Transformer module. For the classification of land cover, the Unet model, which has a CNN structure, was selected as the base model, and a total of four deep learning models were constructed by combining both the encoder and decoder parts with the Transformer module. During the training process of the deep learning models, the training was repeated 10 times under the same conditions to evaluate the generalization performance. The evaluation of the classification accuracy of the deep learning models showed that the Model D, which utilized the Transformer module in both the encoder and decoder structures, achieved the highest overall accuracy with an average of approximately 89.4% and a Kappa coefficient average of about 73.2%. In terms of training time, models based on CNN were the most efficient. however, the use of Transformer-based models resulted in an average improvement of 0.5% in classification accuracy based on the Kappa coefficient. It is considered necessary to refine the model by considering various variables such as adjusting hyperparameters and image patch sizes during the integration process with CNN models. A common issue identified in all models during the land cover classification process was the difficulty in detecting small-scale objects. To improve this misclassification phenomenon, it is deemed necessary to explore the use of high-resolution input data and integrate multidimensional data that includes terrain and texture information.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.686-697
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• 2018

Due to the advance in remote sensing technology, it has become easier to more frequently obtain high resolution imagery to detect delicate changes in an extensive area, particularly including forest which is not readily sub-classified. Time-series analysis on high resolution images requires to collect extensive amount of ground truth data. In this study, the potential of land coverage mapas ground truth data was tested in classifying high-resolution imagery. The study site was Wonju-si at Gangwon-do, South Korea, having a mix of urban and natural areas. KOMPSAT-3A imagery taken on March 2015 and land coverage map published in 2017 were used as source data. Two pixel-based classification algorithms, Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Forest (RF), were selected for the analysis. Forest only classification was compared with that of the whole study area except wetland. Confusion matrixes from the classification presented that overall accuracies for both the targets were higher in RF algorithm than in SVM. While the overall accuracy in the forest only analysis by RF algorithm was higher by 18.3% than SVM, in the case of the whole region analysis, the difference was relatively smaller by 5.5%. For the SVM algorithm, adding the Majority analysis process indicated a marginal improvement of about 1% than the normal SVM analysis. It was found that the RF algorithm was more effective to identify the broad-leaved forest within the forest, but for the other classes the SVM algorithm was more effective. As the two pixel-based classification algorithms were tested here, it is expected that future classification will improve the overall accuracy and the reliability by introducing a time-series analysis and an object-based algorithm. It is considered that this approach will contribute to improving a large-scale land planning by providing an effective land classification method on higher spatial and temporal scales.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.81-96
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of vegetation changes and structures in the buffer green zone of Sihwa Industrial Complex and propose environmental, ecological and multi-functional vegetation management directions. The density of the Pinus thunbergii decreased from $23.1trees/100m^2$ in 2006 to $9.6trees/100m^2$ in 2017 due to the influence of thinning works. Its green volume increased from $0.97m^3/m^2$ to $2.02m^3/m^2$, contributing to the improvement of the atmospheric environment and promotion of biodiversity. The density of deciduous broad-leaved trees at the top maintained at $18{\sim}21trees/100m^2$. In the areas where the understory vegetation was removed, Pueraria lobata spread as an invasive plant and disturbed the forest. In the areas where the understory vegetation was not removed, various native plant species including the Rhus javanica and Celtis sinensis were introduced and contributed to the development of a forest in a multiple structure. There was a concern with the spread of Robinia pseudoacacia which developed into understory vegetation in Pinus thunbergii forest and some canopy forest. The study proposed vegetation management directions for the back, top and front side according to the physical structure of large-scale buffer green zone formed in a long linear form and the usage characteristics of adjacent land.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.2
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• pp.145-160
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• 2000

This study is focused to the national park of Korean typical Sea Hally$\check{o}$ Haesang, and its visual resources and practiced inspect course by the way of suppositions and tests, to show the visual resource management objectively, and that of qualitative basic data. Accordingly by measuring the physical amount spatial structure with the visual amount originated from the Mesh Analyzing Method and the Visual Preference from the Scenic Beauty Estimation(S.B.E.) method and analyzed the valuation of the visual resource by Iverson method. Spatial image structure measured by Semantic Differential(S.D.) Scale was shown through the factor analysis algorithm for the analyzing psychological amount and examined the flowing out of decisive factor and the objective importance related to the mutual factors by appling the measurement of the visual quality. As a national Park, the visual factors that have natural landscape harmonized with forest, sky, surface of the water, curious stones and rocks, and temples should be escalated their values affirmatively so as to be the scenery of pointed direction and enjoyable, and it is of more needed for visual resource and its' controlling technique to make artificial structures more intentional planning and systemical setting. When we are viewing the improvement for the national park along with the visual resource management, reasonable level of development is needed, because when men interference surpass plantations and leasts will be damaged and the quality of natural landscape can be lowered, so it is needed to set up a management end, tangibly or clearly; and it is permitted limit coming and going ablably by accounting the suitable number for availing. But the controling end should be set in every level, positive management, very actively within the permissive varcability. It is the main business for the national park to prevent the damage from human for their gay life or to prevent the damage of a land carpet, and to restorate for the visual resource management.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.81-94
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• 2006

The water quality impacts of forest fragmentation at the Doam-dam watershed were evaluated in this study. For this ends, the watershed scale model, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was utilized. To exclude the effects of different magnitude and patterns in weather, the same weather data of 1985 was used because of significant differences in precipitation in year 1985 and 2000. The water quality impacts of forest fragmentation were analyzed temporarily and spatially because of its nature. The flow rates for Winter and Spring has increased with forest fragmentations by $8,366m^3/month$ and $72,763m^3/month$ in the S1 subwatershed, experiencing the most forest fragmentation within the Doam-dam watershed. For Summer and Fall, the flow rate has increased by $149,901m^3/month$ and $107,109m^3/month$, respectively. It is believed that increased flow rates contributed significant amounts of soil erosion and diffused nonpoint source pollutants into the receiving water bodies. With the forest fragmentation in the S1 watershed, the average sediment concentration values for Winter and Spring increased by 5.448mg/L and 13.354mg/L, respectively. It is believed that the agricultural area, which were forest before the forest fragmentation, are responsible for increased soil erosion and sediment yield during the spring thaw and snow melts. For Spring and Fall, the sediment concentration values increased by 20.680mg/L and 24.680mg/L, respectively. Compared with Winter and Spring, the increased precipitation during Summer and Fall contributed more soil erosion and increased sediment concentration value in the stream. Based on the results obtained from the analysis performed in this study, the stream flow and sediment concentration values has increased with forest fragmentation within the S1 subwatershed. These increased flow and soil erosion could contribute the eutrophication in the receiving water bodies. This results show that natural functionalities of the forest, such as flood control, soil erosion protection, and water quality improvement, can be easily lost with on-going forest fragmentation within the watershed. Thus, the minimize the negative impacts of forest fragmentation, comprehensive land use planning at watershed scale needs to be developed and implemented based on the results obtained in this research.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.77-87
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• 2017

In this study, we investigated the physical form of planting foundation of the parks and green spaces in the waterside of Korea and classified them into groups showing common features. It was clssified into 7 kinds of parks and green spaces of 27 waterside parks in Korea including landscape, ecology, art, shields, site boundaries, windbreaks, and soundproofing. As a result, the study was carried out on the detailed type and size estimation through the sampling survey of planting foundation of landscape and ecological type mounding which can be statistically analyzed. Landscape and ecological mounding have the characteristics of securing the ecological stability of the waterside planting areas and the diversity of planting landscape. It is possible to create a green landscape through various terrain changes such as enclosing, focusing, and panoramic view. The physical characteristics of ecological and landscape type mounding can be expressed as height, width, and length And physical data can appear in various forms and sizes depending on the purpose and function of the buffer effect of the land use in the waterside planting areas, the landscape creation, the ecological buffer. In this study, the range of the physical scale for landscape and ecological mounding of waterside parks and green spaces was calculated. The range of the mounding height was analyzed to be less than 1.25m and more than 1.25m and the average height was 0.74~1.08m and 1.75~2.75m respectively. In addition, the range of width of mounding was less than 6.13m, 6.13~17.5m, and more than 17.5m, and the average width of each was 3.45~4.95m, 7.05~10.85m and 31.54~51.54m respectively. The range for the length of mounding was less than 50m, 50~500m, and more than 500m. The mean length of each mounding was 34.0m, 116.3m and 955.8m. It is difficult to distinguish the difference between the waterside planting areas and the urban greenery in the purpose and function of landscape and ecological mounding. However, considering the average distance of 60m from the waterside and the average height of 1.26m, we can conclud that opened planting foundation is prefered to high mounding designs in waterside planting areas. It is expected that the results presented for the improvement of the logical and spatial value of the waterside parks and green areas planting foundation design can be served as the basic data helpful for practical application in landscape architecture planning and design.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.143-154
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• 2012

As demand of water resources and attentions to changes in climate (e.g., due to ENSO) increase, long/short term prediction of precipitation is getting necessary in water planning. This research evaluated the ability of MM5 to predict precipitation in the Tampa Bay region over 23 year period from 1986 to 2008. Additionally MM5 results were statistically bias-corrected using observation data at 33 stations over the study area using CDF-mapping approach and evaluated comparing to raw results for each ENSO phase (i.e., El Ni$\tilde{n}$o and La Ni$\tilde{n}$a). The bias-corrected model results accurately reproduced the monthly mean point precipitation values. Areal average daily/monthly precipitation predictions estimated using block-kriging algorithm showed fairly high accuracy with mean error of daily precipitation, 0.8 mm and mean error of monthly precipitation, 7.1 mm. The results evaluated according to ENSO phase showed that the accuracy in model output varies with the seasons and ENSO phases. Reasons for low predictions skills and alternatives for simulation improvement are discussed. A comprehensive evaluation including sensitivity to physics schemes, boundary conditions reanalysis products and updating land use maps is suggested to enhance model performance. We believe that the outcome of this research guides to a better implementation of regional climate modeling tools in water management at regional/seasonal scale.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.21-33
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• 2012

The dominant land use at the Seonakdong river watershed is paddy and forest areas and the Seonakdong river stands still. Thus, the water pollution in the Seonakdong river is becoming more serious for the non-point source. In this study, SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model was evaluated for simulation of flow and water quality behaviors in Seonakdong river. To perform the calibration and verification of the SWAT model, the measurements of discharge and water quality were performed for the period from 2006 to 2007 at 5 gauging stations in Seonakdong river. The $R^2$ value for discharge and water quality were 0.86 and 0.70 respectively for calibration after the sensitive analysis. The $R^2$ value for discharge and water quality were 0.81 and 0.51 respectively for verification. The simulation results show that BOD value in the river tends to decrease after the opening of gates and the patterns of TN and TP concentrations are similar as that of BOD. The gate operators need to determine how to supply water in drought season for effective water quality improvement. This study shows that the SWAT model, which is capable of simulating hydrologic and water quality behaviors temporarily and spatially at watershed scale, could be used to get the gate operation rule for the water quality management in Seonakdong river.