• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.275-283
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• 2022

A study was designed to investigate the pattern of sexual dimorphism in a plantation of Garcinia kola. Twenty trees were randomly selected for the study and have been observed to flower regularly. A total of 100 inflorescence were randomly collected from the crown of each tree and 500 flowers randomly assessed within the period of four (4) flowering seasons. Floral sex assessment was done visually and with a hand magnifying lens; floral morphometric measurements (i.e. pedicel and perianth length and breadth), inflorescence length, and breadth) was taken using a veneer caliper; number of flowers per inflorescence and inflorescence per twig was counted; while, data analysis was conducted on excel using analysis of variance and pairwise t-test comparison. Four floral sexes were identified in the G. kola plantation studied which were unisexual male flowers, unisexual female flowers, cosexual unisexual male flowers, and cosexual hermaphrodite flowers. Three tree sexes were identified viz: inconstant male, invariant female, and cosexual trees. The plantation was significantly sexually dimorphic in floral sex and phenotypic traits (i.e. pedicel and perianth size), and as well as sexually dimorphic in tree sex and reproductive phenotypic traits (i.e. inflorescence size, number of inflorescences per twig, and number of flower bud per inflorescence). The sexual system of the plantation was therefore trioecious with features suggestive of evolving dioecy through the gynodioecious pathway.

• 인간식물환경학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.201-210
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of flower decorations on job stress and stress copying style of police officers. Flower decorations were done in the form of "one-table one-flower", in which flowers were placed on each desk in the office space. By analyzing color psychology, we first identified the symbolism of color, and selected the cut flowers in the same color. We selected six types of flowers in six colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue and purple. Each Monday morning, the flower decorations were delivered to the police station. We selected 50 subjects who wanted to keep flowers on their desks every week as the experimental group and 44 subjects who only wanted to participated in the assessment as the control group. Before and after the program, we examined the mean difference between the control group and experimental group. After six sessions of the program, there was a significant difference in job stress (p < .001) and stress copying style (p = .049) of the experimental group compared to the control group. Therefore, this study proved that having flower decorations in an office space is effective for the psychological stability of police officers that are highly stressed, due to sensory stimulations from the colors and scents of flowers as well as mutual interaction as they take care of the flowers.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양정보통신학회 2010년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.849-851
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• 2010

본 논문에서는 화초를 전문으로 관리하는 대규모 화훼단지 또는 사무실이나 가정 등에서 취미생활로 소량의 화초를 관리하고 있는 경우에, 화초에 물을 제때 공급해주지 않아서 화초가 말라죽는 것을 사전에 방지하기위한 물 공급 도우미를 제안 한다. 제안하는 시스템은 초기 연구단계로서 2개 이하의 화초에 대해서 적용한다. 습도센서를 사용해서 흙속에 존재하는 수분의 양을 측정하고, 수분의 양이 특정한 값 이하로 떨어지면 물 공급 시스템의 밸브를 자동으로 열어서 일정한 물이 공급되게 한다.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.40.1-40.8
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• 2022

The concepts of phylogeny and floral genetics play a crucial role in understanding the origin and diversification of flowers in angiosperms. Angiosperms evolved a great diversity of ways to display their flowers for reproductive success with variations in floral color, size, shape, scent, arrangements, and flowering time. The various innovations in floral forms and the aggregation of flowers into different kinds of inflorescences have driven new ecological adaptations, speciation, and angiosperm diversification. Evolutionary developmental biology seeks to uncover the developmental and genetic basis underlying morphological diversification. Advances in the developmental genetics of floral display have provided a foundation for insights into the genetic basis of floral and inflorescence evolution. A number of regulatory genes controlling floral and inflorescence development have been identified in model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana and Antirrhinum majus using forward genetics, and conserved functions of many of these genes across diverse non-model species have been revealed by reverse genetics. Transcription factors are vital elements in systems that play crucial roles in linked gene expression in the evolution and development of flowers. Therefore, we review the sex-linked genes, mostly transcription factors, associated with the complex and dynamic event of floral development and briefly discuss the sex-linked genes that have been characterized through next-generation sequencing.

• 인간식물환경학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.655-665
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• 2020

Background and objective: This study was conducted to compare the cultivation environment, growth of cut flowers, and management performance of conventional farms and smart farms growing the standard cut chrysanthemum, 'Jinba'. Methods: Conventional and smart farms were selected, and facility information, cultivation environment, cut flower growth, and management performance were investigated. Results: The conventional and smart farms were located in Muan, Jeollanam-do, and conventional farming involved cultivating with soil culture in a plastic greenhouse, while the smart farm was cultivating with hydroponics in a plastic greenhouse. The conventional farm did not have sensors for environmental measurement such as light intensity and temperature and pH and EC sensors for fertigation, and all systems, including roof window, side window, thermal screen, and shading curtain, were operated manually. On the other hand, the smart farm was equipped with sensors for measuring the environment and nutrient solution, and was automatically controlled. The day and night mean temperatures, relative humidity, and solar radiation in the facilities of the conventional and the smart farm were managed similarly. But in the floral differentiation stage, the floral differentiation was delayed, as the night temperature of conventional farm was managed as low as 17.7℃ which was lower than smart farm. Accordingly, the harvest of cut flowers by the conventional farm was delayed to 35 days later than that of the smart farm. Also, soil moisture and EC of the conventional farm were unnecessarily kept higher than those of the smart farm in the early growth stage, and then were maintained relatively low during the period after floral differentiation, when a lot of water and nutrients were required. Therefore, growth of cut flower, cut flower length, number of leaves, flower diameter, and weight were poorer in the conventional farm than in the smart farm. In terms of management performance, yield and sales price were 10% and 38% higher for the smart farm than for the conventional farm, respectively. Also, the net income was 2,298 thousand won more for the smart farm than for the conventional farm. Conclusion: It was suggested that the improved growth of cut flowers and high management performance of the smart farm were due to precise environment management for growth by the automatic control and sensor.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.101-106
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• 2006

Common thistle contains water-soluble substances that are phytotoxic to neighboring plant species. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and flowers of common thistle (Cirsium pendulum Fisch.) were assayed against alfalfa (Medicago sativa) seedlings to determine their allelopathy, and the results showed highest inhibition in the extracts from flowers and leaves, and followed by stems, and roots. The extracts at 40 g dry tissue $L^{-1}(g\;L^{-1})$ applied on filter paper in a Petri-dish significantly inhibited root growth of test plant by 87%. Methanol extracts at 100 g $L^{-1}$ from leaves inhibited root growth of alfalfa and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) by 89 and 98%, respectively. Hexane and ethylacetate fractions of common thistle reduced alfalfa root growth more than did butanol and water fractions. Incorporation into soil with the leaf residues at $100g\;kg^{-1}$ inhibited shoot fresh weights of barnyardgrass and eclipta (Eclipta prostrate) by 88 and 58%, respectively, showing higher sensitivity in grass species. These results suggest that common thistle plants had allelopathic potential for eco-friendly vegetation management, and that especially their activities were differently exhibited depending on plant part.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.739-751
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• 2001

In this paper, a sample design is studied for 2000 forestry management survey of five types forestry , tree felling, gathering of pine mushroom, growing of nut trees, growing of wild flowers, and lumbering industry. We introduce population stratification and a modified stratified cut-off sampling which deal with determination of sample size, sample allocation, and estimation of total and variance of estimator. Substitution of sample units and imputation of nonresponse units are discussed for reducing the nonsampling errors.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.67-73
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• 2002

포도에 피해를 주는 애무늬고리장님노린재에 대한 효과적인 방제약제를 선발하고 방제체계를 수립하기 위하여 몇 가지 실험을 실시하였다. 농가에서 살포한 약제들 중 애무늬고리장님노린재에 대한 방제효과를 조사한 결과 Chlorpyrifos, Parathion, Fenvalerate, Esfenvalerate.Fenitrothion 등이 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 포장실험에서 Fenitrothion과 Chlorpyrifos는 각각 94.8과 91.6%의 좋은 방제가를 보였다 애무늬고리장님노린재에 대한 약제처리 시기 및 방제횟수가 과실수량(평균 상품화 과방중)에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과 잎 전개기 1회 방제구 466.0g, 꽃송이 분리기 1회 방제구 460.7, 잎 전개기 및 꽃송이 분리기 각 1치 방제구465g, 잎 전개기, 꽃송이 분리기, 그리고 착과기 각 1회 방제구 487.4g으로 무처리구 418.2g보다 높았다. 방제비용을 감안할 때 잎 전개기 1회 방제는 잎 전개기 및 꽃송이 분리기 각 1회 방제(2회 살포)보다 효과가 높았으며, 잎 전개기, 꽃송이 분리기, 그리고 착과기 각 1회 방제(3회 살포)와 큰 차이가 없었다. 따라서 포도원에서 잎 전개기(2~3엽기 =3~4엽이 보이는 시기)애무늬고리장님노린재 적기방제는 경제적으로 타당성이 있었으며, 기타 관리방안에 대하여 고찰하였다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제105권1호
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• pp.42-47
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• 2016

천연활엽수림의 천연갱신 가능성을 파악하고자, 당단풍나무의 개화 결실, 종자낙하, 종자활력을 강원도 평창군 중왕산 지역에서 2009년부터 2015년까지 조사하였다. 당단풍나무 꽃은 산방화서에 양성화와 웅성화가 달렸으며, 화서 내에서 성형태간 개화시기가 달랐다. 양성화가 먼저 개화하는 개체에서는 암술이 수분되어 자라기 시작한 꽃에서는 수술은 더 이상 성숙하지 않고 소실되었으며, 웅성화가 먼저 개화하는 수술이 발달한 꽃에는 암술은 흔적으로만 존재하였다. 다른 개체에서의 화분이 꿀벌, 애꽃벌류 및 꽃등에류에 의하여 수분이 이루어지는 이형자웅이숙(heterodichogamy)의 성 형태로 자가수분을 회피하는 기작을 가지고 있었다. 종자 낙하량은 310~234,840 ea/ha의 범위로 평균은 70,780 ea/ha이었다. 종자생산에 있어 연년변동이 심하며, 최대치가 최소치의 760배 가량이었다. 당단풍나무의 연년종자생산은 정규분포하는 것이라 사료된다. 성숙한 종자 중에서 피해 또는 부후종자가 59.3%로 가장 많았고, 건전종자가 23.9%, 미발육 종자 9.2%, 쭉정이종자 7.6% 등으로 나타났다. 건전종자 생산량을 좌우하는 요인은 개화기인 5월 중,하순에 화분매개충의 활동과 어린 자방이 자라는 시기에 흡즙성 해충의 밀도와 활동성이 가장 중요한 요인이라 사료된다. 당단풍나무의 천연갱신은 종자풍년 이듬해에 발아와 생장에 유리한 조건을 갖춘 갭에서 이루어질 것으로 사료된다. 낙엽활엽수의 천연갱신을 이해하기 위해서 개화결실 특성과 비산 전후 종자 피식 문제에 대한 장기간의 연구가 필요할 것이라 사료된다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제103권2호
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• pp.153-158
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• 2014

천연활엽수림의 천연갱신 가능성을 파악하고자, 부게꽃나무(Acer ukurunduense Trautv. & C.A. Mey.)의 개화 결실, 종자낙하, 종자활력을 강원도 평창군 중왕산 지역에서 2009년부터 2013년까지 조사하였다. 부게꽃나무 꽃은 총 상화서(드물게 원추화서)에 양성화와 웅성화가 많이 달렸으며, 꽃의 배열은 화서마다 서로 달랐다. 화서 내에서 성형태간 개화시기가 달랐다. 양성화로 암술이 수분되어 자라기 시작한 꽃에서는 수술은 더 이상 성숙하지 않고 소실되었으며, 수술이 발달한 꽃에는 암술은 흔적으로만 존재하였다. 부게꽃나무는 꿀벌, 깜둥이창나방, 하늘소류, 애꽃벌류, 대모각다귀류 등이 수분하며, 자가수분을 회피하는 기작을 가지고 있다고 사료된다. 화서당 꽃의 수는 6월 8일에 189개였다가, 6월 21에는 과수당 시과?의 수는 41.2개였으며, 9월 5일에는 과수당 33.4개로 줄어들었다. 시과낙하량은 670~17,930 ea/ha의 범위로 평균은 6,720 ea/ha이었다. 건전배를 가진 것이 43.2%로 가장 많았고, 다음으로 피해 부후인 것이 41.8%, 미발육 10.2%, 쭉정이배 4.8%로 나타났다. 건전종자 생산량을 좌우하는 요인은 개화기인 6월 초순에 화분매개충의 활동과 어린 자방이 자라는 6월 초 중순 흡즙성 해충의 밀도와 활동성이 가장 중요한 요인이라 사료된다. 부게꽃나무의 천연갱신은 종자다산해에 발아와 생장에 유리한 조건을 갖춘 갭에서 이루어질 것으로 사료된다. 단풍나무류의 천연갱신을 이해하기 위해서 종자결실과 비산전 후 종자피식 문제에 대한 장기간의 연구가 필요할 것이라 사료된다.