• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1002-1009
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• 2007

A rapid, convenient homogeneous competitive enzyme immunoassay for estimating the amount of fenthion is described. The assay utilizes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-hapten conjugates that are inhibited in solution by antibodies obtained from bovine serum albumin-hapten conjugates. In order to investigate the effects of bridging group recognition on the sensitivity of dose response characteristics, the bridging groups of varying alkyl chain length were attached at the phosphate position of fenthion. Among the antibodies used, the one obtained from the use of hapten (fenthion analog) with the same bridging group structure that was used in preparing the enzyme-fenthion conjugates showed maximum inhibition (up to 51.8%) in the absence of fenthion. In the presence of fenthion, the activity of the enzyme-hapten conjugate is regained in an amount proportional to the fenthion concentration. Under the optimized condition, the $ED_{50}$ value for fenthion was $0.809{\mu}g/ml$. The assay developed in this study is a rapid effective screening method for fenthion prior to precise analysis.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.244-249
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the toxicities of 22 insecticides to Dichromothrips smithi. Insecticidal activity was evaluated by testing systemic action and residual effect in laboratory. All insecticides used in this study did not affect on the egg of D. smithi, although organophosphates such as fenitrothion, fenthion, methidathion, phenthoate, and phenthoate+ethofenprox suppressed the egg hatchability completely. On D. smithi larva fenitrothion, fenthion, methidathion, phenthoate, ethofenprox, thiamethoxam, abamectin, chlorfenapyr, emamectin benzoate, fipronil, spinosad, and phenthoate+ethofenprox showed 100% insecticidal activity. On D. smithi adult fenitrothion, fenthion, methidathion, phenthoate, ethofenprox, abamectin, emamectin benzoate, fipronil, spinosad, and phenthoate+ethofenprox showed 100% insecticidal activity. Root-uptake systemic effects of phenthoate on the larva of D. smithi was 43.3%. Whereas, systemic effect of other insecticides was less than 20%. Insecticide with more than 80% residual effect for 7 days after treatment were fenitrothion, fenthion, methidathion, phenthoate, ethofenprox, emamectin benzoate, fipronil, spinosad, and phenthoate.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.62-66
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• 2001

The thirteen commercial insecticides to Lycoriella mali were investigated on their insecticidal activities and mycelial growth of two Letinula edodes strains. For the adults, insecticides showing over 95% insecticidal activity were chlorpyrifos-methyl, fenthion, fenitrothion, benfuracarb, furathiocarb and deltamethrin. For tile larvae, diflubenzuron and cyromazine showed over 90% insecticidal activity. Fenthion, benfuracarb, furathiocarb, deltamethrin, diflubenzuron and cyromazine did not affect the mycelial growth of L. edodes strain, in Imhyup 1 variety. And deltamethrin, diflubenzuron and cyromazine did not affect that in Sanlim-5. Insecticides showing over 80% residual effect for 14 days were benfuracarb to the adults and diflubenzuron and cyromazine to the larvae. Control effect of furathiocarb, fenthion, benfuracarb, deltamethrin, diflubenzuron and cyromazine against larvae of Lycoriella mali showed 90% ten days after application under sawdust cultivation. Among them, benfuracarb, fenthion and furathiocarb revealed excellent control effect against adults. These results indicate that benfuracarb, fenthion, and furathiocarb can be used for the control of Lycoriella mali in the field. However, further studies are needed on the effect of insecticides treatment oil fruit-body yield and chemical residue in the mushroom tissues.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.262-269
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• 2008

This study was performed to investigate the toxicity of 39 registered insecticides to the susceptibility, systemic effect, and residual effect and control effect against Pine sawyer beetle, Monochamus saltuarius. Eleven kinds of chemicals such as fenitrothion, fenthion, phenthoate, phosphamidon, dinotefuran, actamiprid, clothianidin, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, esfenvalerate+fenitrothion, and fipronil were showed 100% insecticidal activity both in body spray and twig dipping bioassay. Among these chemicals, fenitrothion and fenthion were showed 100% insecticidal activity when sprayed at 4000 times diluted solutions, and phenthoate, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam and fipronil were showed 100% insecticidal activity when sprayed at 2000 times diluted solution. Root systemic effect was showed 100% mortality in phosphamidon, clothianidin, thiamethoxam, and 77.7% in thiacloprid. In residual effect, fenitrothion and thiamethoxam were showed 80% mortality fifteen days after treatment (DAT), and fenthion, phosphamidon, clothianidin were showed 80% mortality ten DAT, fenitrothion, thiamethoxam, fipronil showed 100% mortality in seven DAT, thiacloprid was showed 100% mortality in three DAT. Fenthion and phenthoate were showed 100% mortality one DAT. In the control effect, 6 kinds of chemicals were showed 100% mortality one DAT and all chemicals showed 100% mortality three DAT.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.743-746
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• 2005

A dipstick-type immunochemical biosensor for the detection of the organophosphorus insecticide fenthion was developed using a screen-printed electrode system as an amperometric transducer with polyclonal antibodies against fenthion as a bioreceptor. The assay of the biosensor involved competition between the pesticide in the sample and pesticide-glucose oxidase conjugate for binding to the antibody immobilized on the membrane. This was followed by measurement of the activity of the bound enzyme by the supply of the enzyme substrate (glucose) and amperometric determination of the enzyme reaction product ($H_2O_2$). The activity of the bound enzyme was inversely proportional to the concentration of pesticide. The optimized sensor system showed a linear response against the logarithm of the pesticide concentration ranging from $10^{-2}$ to $10^3\;{\mu}g/L$.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.218-224
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• 2006

Toxicities of 34 agricultural insecticides was tested against Monomorium pharaonis workers by diet dipping method. Ten insecticides among them, bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, cypermethrin, dichlorvos, fenthion, fenitrothion, methidathion, pirimifos-methyl, and phenthoate showed 100% rapid mortality. $LC_{50}$ (ppm) values of selected insecticides were appeared on the order of pirimifos-methyl (0.33), chlorpyrifos-methyl (0.76), phenthoate (1.70), bifenthrin (1.78), dichlorvos (2.50), cypermethrin (9.92), chlorpyrifos (22.21), fenitrothion (36.58), fenthion (40.96), and methidathion (64.34). $LT_{50}$ (day) values by diet dipping method showed that dichlorvos, benfuracarb and cypermethrin acted more rapid than boric acid and hydramethylnon. The values of the former three were 0.25, 0.38 and 0.27 days, and those of the latter two were 3.4 and 2.6 days, respectively. In persistance effect tests, chlorpyrifos-methyl, fenthion and methidathion showed over 90% insecticidal activity for 13 days.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.329-334
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• 2011

Insecticidal activity of 31 registered insecticides was tested against Metcalfa pruinosa adults. All experiments were conducted at the recommended concentration (ppm) of each insecticide. Among them, 16 insecticides from organophosphates (dichlorvos, fenitrothion, fenthion, methidathion, phenthoate), carbamates (methomyl), pyrethroids (${\alpha}$-cypemethrin, deltamethrin, fenpropathrin, ${\gamma}$-cyhalothrin), neonicotinoids (acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam), and other (endosulfan) showed 100% mortality by spraying on the body of M. pruinosa adults. Dichlorvos, fenitrothion, fenthion, methidathion, phenthoate and endosulfan showed 100% mortality by plant-dipping method. The residual effect was showed 100% mortality in four insecticides (fenitrothion, fenthion, methidathion, phenthoate) at one day after treatment, and three insecticides (fenitrothion, methidathion, phenthoate) were showed the mortality of 90% at three days after treatment.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.357-365
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• 2011

Exposure measurement of agricultural worker to pesticide is one of important part of health risk assessment of pesticide. Therefore exposure matrices, apparatus, instruments and methods must be validated in advance to field experiment. In this study, method validation with an organophosphorus insecticide fenthion was carried out for exposure monitoring of agricultural worker. LOD and LOQ were 0.01 and 0.05 ng, respectively. Calibration curve linearity ($R^2$ > 0.999) and reproducibility (C.V. < 3%) were also excellent. Recovery at LOQ, 10LOQ and 100LOQ levels from gloves, socks, mask, patch, solid sorbent, glass fiber filter was 76~113% (C.V. < 3%). Trapping efficiency was 95~105% while no breakthrough was observed. Method validation for the exposure monitoring was established successfully through several experiments. Such method validation can be usually performed in laboratory and not much different for each pesticide so that, this techniques will be applied widely in research for pesticide exposure monitoring by combination with body surface area and respiration rates.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.230-240
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• 2015

An IOM sampler equipped with glass fiber filter has been recently utilized instead of solid adsorbent, which was used to measure the inhalation exposure of agricultural operator to pesticides. The aim of this study is to validate the efficacy of an IOM sampler by measuring the trapping efficiency and breakthrough using kresoxim-methyl water-dispersible granule and fenthion emulsifiable concentrate. On LC-MS/ MS, minimum detection level was 12.5 pg and method limit of detection was 5.0 ng/mL. Good linearity ($R^2$ > 0.999) for matrix matched standards was obtained. Recoveries of pesticides from glass fiber filter were 102-109% (kresoxim-methyl) and 97-104% (fenthion) while those from XAD-2 resin were 94-98% (kresoxim methyl) and 93-100% (fenthion). Trapping efficiency test was performed with personal air pumps and IOM sampler (glass fiber filter) connected with solid adsorbent (XAD-2 resin) with two types of formulation (solid and liquid) which were diluted by standard rate and sprayed to IOM sampler. Those pesticides were trapped only in glass fiber filter without any breakthrough to solid adsorbent. After spiking of pesticides to glass fiber filter, breakthrough test was carried out with IOM sampler (glass fiber filter) which was connected with solid adsorbent. As a results, 87-101% of kresoxim-methyl and 96-105% of fenthion remained in spiked glass fiber filter, however, no pesticides were detected in second glass fiber filter and solid adsorbent. In conclusion, IOM sampler which equipped with glass fiber filter can be applied widely for pesticide inhalation exposure study since it has good trapping efficiency and adsorption capacity, regardless of the solid or liquid formulation.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.257-263
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• 2002

This study was carried out not only to investigate the toxicities of 12 registered insecticides on different developmental stages, but also to determine the sublethal effects on longevity and reproduction of newly emerged adult female and development of the next generation in the rice skipper, Parnara guttata. Fenitrothion, fenthion, cartap hydrochloride, ethofenprox highly suppressed egg-hatch. All insecticides treated showed high larvicidal activity on the 1st to 2nd instar larva. The insecticides showed higher larvicidal activities on the 5th instar larva were fenitrothion, fenthion, ethofenprox, fipronil, methoxyfenozide, tebufenozide and Bt. var. kurstaki. The sublethal doses of fenthion, tebufenozide, cartap hydrochloride, methoxyfenozide, ethofenprox, imidacloprid and fipronil shortened the longevities of newly emerged adult female from the treated larva ($3{\sim}4$ instar). BPMC, imidacloprid, ethofenprox, fipronil and methoxyfenozide delayed the preoviposition periods of adult females and decreased the number of eggs laid when they were treated at the larval stages of the previous generation. Ethofenprox caused severe sublethal effects on P. guttata offspring, completely blocking the production. All insecticides except fenitrothion affected the egg viability, and all eggs from the adult females emerged from the survivors treated larvae with imidacloprid or fipronil fail to hatch. IGRs, methoxyfenozide and tebufenozide showed an adverse effect on the development of next generation larva.