• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.191-202
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• 2015

This research aims to analyse gender identity and its internal meanings through the main character, Laurence, of the movie (2012) directed by French-Canadian film maker Xavier Dolan. Study examines performative gender identity revealed through the fashion images of Laurence who was born biologically as a man; depending on a theory of Judith Butler who represented a parody, repeatability action, and incorporation as an effect of gender identity. Also 'Internalization of others' and 'Dis-identification' are presented as an internal meanings of Laurence's gender identity which appeared on his(her) fashion images. Laurence parodies woman's fashion styles in repetition to obtain feminity as his(her) appearance. His(her) repetitive actions are construing an internalizing others(women) and visualizing a new-self to become a stylized doer. Dis-identification signifies that gender can be reconstructed regarding the differences of the place and the time and reconstructed outside can be analyzed as externalization of internalization. 'Becoming a woman' means more than what it sounds like to Laurence. It means a new signification of being a woman or redefining gender identity. That is something can be called a genuine transformation and a grant leap for Laurence.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.371-385
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• 2013

This study considers types of expression and examines aesthetic characteristics through analyzing designs (such as the Coca-Cola contour bottle as fashion) which has actively progressed in the collaboration of fashion designers and fashion brands. The conclusions of this study are as follows. The types of fashion expression on the Coca-Cola contour bottle are a presentation of diverse fashion images through a digital print expression that allow people-friendly images to be three-dimensional (or by adding a formative element) and the use of accessories or clothes. The symbolism characteristic were first indicated for the aesthetic characteristics on the Coca-Cola contour bottle. Symbolism is indicated through the identification of an implicit meaning towards a specific object. The symbolism of fashion was highlighted by designing the Coca-Cola's contour bottle with a typical material and pattern pursued by fashion designers and fashion brands. Second, the characteristic of playfulness was presented to expresses the instinctive desire in human nature for pleasure. The expression of visual playfulness is emphasized through the combination of item and image or by changing and re-analyzing a form through refuting stereotypes. Third, the characteristic of femininity was shown to express beauty in external image or a woman's delicate and soft inner propensity. Femininity was created by presenting a sensual femininity that recognized the voluminous curve silhouette of the Coca-Cola bottle such as a sexy female body or through the combination of a women's inner beauty with the sensory image of the object.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.15-26
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• 1999

The purpose of the study was to investigate brand images and fashion leaderships of women's wear manufacturers targeting middle-aged women or older women. Thus, this study was to be an exploratory study to investigate clothing behavior of elderly female consumers and search apprel niche-market for them. The questionnaire consists of questions on brand images, fashion leadership, and merchandise assortment. The subjects were to evaluate their brand images and rated on 5 point Likert-type scales of 29 adjectives. The fashion leadership of these brands was evaluated by the degree of fashion trends adopted on 7 aspects including fashion images, silhouettes, fabrics, colors, design details, accessories, and item-coordinations. For the survey, both interview and the subjects were 66 manufacturers which have national brands or designer brands. Among 44 respondents, 30 respondents were designers and the rest of them were merchandiser or shop managers. The SPSS PC+ package was used to calculate frequency, T-test, and cluster analysis. The results from survey of manufacturers targeting middle-aged women or older women are as follow: 1) The brand imges which they pursue are prestigious, practical, and elegance. 2) There were significant differences in brand images, and national brand manufacturers pursue stronger images in prestigious, chic, intelligent, competency, than designer brand manufacturers. 3) 40 brands were divided into two clusters. 36 brands were included in one cluster, and only 4 brand were belong to the other cluster. In this market, the image of feminity was grouped with the image of prestigious, chic, intelligent, competency. 4) In product planning, the adption level of fashion trends in 7 aspects was generally at medium level, but fashion trends were more adopted in fabric, color, and item-coordination.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.775-782
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factor of feminization in men's fashion according to Sex Role Stereotype of the viewpoint of 20's$\sim$30's womens. The investigators surveyed 284 women who aged twenties and thirties in pusan. For data analysis, we used Chi-Square Test, Factor Analysis, Reliability Analysis, T-test and ANOVA along with SPSS 12.0 package. The results of this study were as follow: First, the result of sex role stereotype according to vital statistics was difference all of variable accept for age. Androgyny type and man type highly showed in most variable. That was showed the change of Sex Role Stereotype. Second, the result of the factor of feminization in men's fashion according to Sex Role Stereotype of the viewpoint of 20's$\sim$30's womens were identified as 'pursuit of sense', 'pursuit of fashion', 'pursuit of individuality', 'secession of sex role', 'feminity'. Third, the result of the factor of feminization in men's fashion according to The vital statistics was difference with all of variable except for educational level. Forth, the factor of feminization in men's fashion according to sex role stereotype was difference with all of factor except for pursuit of sense'. Specially, 'pursuit of fashion' and 'pursuit of individuality' were important understanded the factor of feminization in men's fashion in Androgyny type.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.29-59
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• 1988

Empathy was defined in this study as the vicarious affective response of a person to the perceived experience of another. The purpose of this study was to study the relationship between empathic development of children and intimacy with parents, socio-economic status, and children's empathic response to specific affective situations happy, sad, angry and fearful. The subjects for this study were 8-, 10-, and 12-year-old children attending an elementary school located in Seoul. Among the subjects, 158 boys and 149 girls lived with their parents, and 20 boys and 35 girls were reared in orphanges. They were from a residential area with higher, middle, and lower class families. The instruments consisted of two modified empathy measures and two questionnaires developed by the researcher. One of the empathy measures was based on Feshbach & Roe's affective situation test for empathy. In order to determine the eight themes, 20 children were interviewed individually about situations that made them "happy, sad, angry, and afraid". From the pool of responses, eight themes representing happy, sad, angry and fearful situations were selected. Each story consisted of a series of three pictures accompanying narration. Another modified empathy measure was developed by the researcher based upon Bryant's empathy scale. This measure consisted of 17 statements describing happy, sad, angry and fearful situations. The items in this scale were selected from a pilot study. The two questionnaires developed by the researcher were to test children's intimacy for their parents and feminity. The data was analyzed with T-test and F-test. Children's intimacy with their parents, particularly, son's intimacy with their mothers, was a significant variable in empathic development. Children living with their parents had higher scores on Feshbach & Roe's Empathy Test than those brought up in orphanages. In general, the older the children the higher the empathy score. Girls were more empathic than boys on Bryant's scale. The subjects showed their highest empathy score in the sad, and the lowest in the fearful situation. The older the children the higher the empathy score in the sad and angry situations. These results reflected children's life experiences and cultural differences. Particularly, mother-son intimacy found in this study contrasts with the mother-daughter intimacy found in American studies.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.218-230
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is -under the post-modem situation- to emphasize the role of women which has various several logic on feminism, to look forward to division of men's consciousness of women, and to reflect a trend to accept the role of sex which is occurring in the system of sex, that is, 'The Third Gender and Homosexuality'. The category of biological and sociocultural on feminism discussed, meantime expressed the sexual logic under post-modern situation, and probed the sexual logic on feminism which was expressed in modem dress and its ornaments by redefining some characters as follows; Imitation-it was to attain masculinity by imitating the body of the opposite sex. Interaction such situations like...... masculinity in women, feminity in men was demonstrated as transvestism of cross-dressing and the symbolic meaning of homosexuality was demonstrated in the shoes of sociocultural on Feminism. Dispersion appeared as a moderation charm and a resistance against the men-ruling culture. Destruction-expressed the fetishism of punk of porny image and maternal affectional image of biological trend as playful satire. Therefore, It is conceived that Feminism would be created true human-phase come true in the men's world as long as the realization of women themselves make the phase of women higher; and further not only propose new image of women but the system of gender.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.267-278
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• 2005

Fashion luxury products, which used to mean high-quality, handcrafted not-so-trendy items, are nowadays regarded as expensive fashion merchandise produced under the name of imported well-known brands. People cunsuming fashion luxury products distinguish themselves from other people according to the luxury fashion brands they are using, and as a result, advertisements of fashion luxury products are taken as a kind of international language. The purpose of this study is to point out the socio-cultural meanings of consuming fashion luxury products, by analyzing images shown in advertisements of fashion luxury products focusing on women's images. To do so, this study is based on general theoretical background on fashion, consumer culture advertising and analysis advertisements of fashion luxury products shown in fashion magazines in recent three years. The result of this study is as follows; The images of the advertisements of fashion luxury products could be categorized as (1) elegance, (2) kitsch and (3) fetish. Elegance is a taste of high society, aesthetically chic and feminine. Fashion luxury products, which are merchandise of extravagance, dignity, refinement, feminity and harmony, exhibit high-quality grace through their advertisements. Kitsch represents the vulgar and popular images of trivial commodities of industrial society. In the advertisement of fashion luxury product, it is shown as inappropriateness, excessiveness, stereotyped pleasantness, exaggeration an playful satisfaction. Finally, fetish images represent erotic or perverted sexuality, based on psychoanalytic fetishism which objects are regarded s substitute of sexual orgasm. The advertisements of fashion luxury product are characterized as (1) popularization of luxury, (2) objectification of sex and body, and (3) re-aestetification of anti-aesthetics. The asvertisements of fashion luxury products are actually targeted to the middle class with successful career women's images. They objectify female bodies through fetishistic images. Also, the deviant subcultural style, represented a new kind of cultural capital, is now reproduced as a new commodity aesthetics.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.2962-2970
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate of gender-role identity, gender stereotype, job satisfaction and turnover intention in male nurses. The data were obtained from 86 male nurses with from August to December 2012.The data were analyzed by SPSS/WIN 18.0 program. The results showed that gender-role identity types were androgyny(33.7%), Undifferentiated(30.2%), feminity(19.8%) and masculinity(16.3%). Androgyny style was appeared that higher job satisfaction(${\chi}^2$=12.80 p= .005) than other. There were statistically significant correlation between gender stereotype and turnover intention(r=.22, p=.044), job satisfaction and intention(r=-.36, p<.001). It is needed to improve their job satisfaction about that low gender-role identity type of male nurses and reduce employee turnover in the field of nursing.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.16-21
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• 2012

Objectives : The current study investigated the personality characteristics of the sexual offender using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) test commonly used in clinical medicine. Methods : 30 sexual offenders (30 male) completed the Korean version of the MMPI. 20 of the 30 sexual offenders were patients with paraphilia. The sexual offenders had been admitted to the Institute of Forensic Psychiatry Ministry of Justice, Gongju, for sexual violence. Results : The MMPI scores of the sexual offenders were significantly higher on the psychopathic deviate (Pd), masculinity-feminity (Mf), paranoia (Pa), psychasthenia (Pt), schizophrenia (Sc) than the comparison group. And The MMPI scores of the sexual offenders had higher values for hypochondriasis (Hs), depression (D), hysteria (Hy), hypomania (Ma), social introversion (Si) than the comparison group, but were not significantly higher. Conclusion : Sexual offenders may be antisocial, paranoid, schizoid or psychasthenic. They seem to have psychotic psychopathology rather than neurotic psychopathology. These results suggested that the psychopatholgy of sexual offenders may be different to the control group.

• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.263-291
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to see and compare the contemporary Korean-Thai female poems from a feminine standpoint to newly clarify the textuality of their poems. The textuality defined in this manuscript is the text of Korean-Thai contemporary female poems. To newly clarify the textuality of their poems are to go against the existing discussion method and to newly read out the text as re-vision method. This discussion is to analyse deeply how the central exis composing a text which is the identity of woman in a body, appearance of uttrance, or action of abjection is exposed in gender space and to identify the poem's textuality. In other words, through in-depth analysis of the text of poems, which are very complicated as a skein of yarn, place a high value of Korean-Thai female poems. Transcending time, nations and races, if the text of female poem would not free from a biased male-dominated thinking or make a mystery of female poem textuality without critics or tend to be stereotype the text of poem as pathos of female, it would not get out from man-centered reading. To escape from the state of sexual discrimination, the new reading method was seriously analysed and found out that the female text poems not only implicate sexual discrimination but also link to expansive cultural and social structure. And for that reason, this study raise a question to male-dominant sexual discriminated norm. It is very significant that through this elaborate and in-depth text poem analysis, a creation process of female poem is traced. Eventually, the comparative study on Korean-Thai female poems is meaningful and worthy in regard to the contribution to promotion of cultural exchange between korea-Thai two nations and furthermore extend to East Asia to make a basement for the vitalization of Asia comparative literature.