• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.536-545
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• 2015

This study aimed to investigate the effect of various emulsifiers on the formation of nanoemulsions and their stability properties. MCT (medium chain triglyceride) nanoemulsions were prepared (10 wt% oil, 10 wt% emulsifiers, 20 mM bis-tris, pH 7) with emulsifier such as Tween 20 (Polyoxyethylene(20) sorbitan monolaurate), Almax 3800 (Sorbitan monooleate), soy lecithin, and SSL (sodium stearoyl lactylate) and changes in fat globule size with respect to storage period and stability properties by Turbiscan were investigated. In case of control nanoemulsion with 10 wt% Tween 20, the initial fat globule size was 89.0 nm and 113.4 nm after 28 day of storage and this large increase (ca. 24 nm) was thought to be caused by Ostwald ripening. When Tween 20 was partially replaced with Almax 3800, lecithin and SSL in nanoemulsions, their physicochemical properties (i.e., fat globule size and stability) were changed accordingly. In general, the intial fat globule size was decreased with increasing the concentration of the emulsifiers and the stability against Ostwald ripening increased. The most stable nanoemulsions against Ostwald ripening could be prepared with emulsifiers of Tween 20 and Almax 3800 or lecithin in the ratio of 6:4 (wt%), which was verified with Ostwald ripening rate (${\omega}$). In addition, the emulsion stability by Turbiscan was observed to be consistent with results of changes in fat globule size with storage period.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.8
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• pp.733-741
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• 2006

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary calcium and soy isoflavone on body fat and lipid metabolism in high fat-induced obesity. Four week old female C57/BL6J mice, known as a good model of diet-induced obesity, were fed low Ca and high fat diet for 6 weeks. After induced obesity, mice were divided into six groups according to diets varying calcium contents (0.1 or 1.5%) and genistein contents (0 or 500 or 1,000 ppm). Body weight, fat pad (perirenal fat and parameterial fat), adipocyte size, serum total lipid and total cholesterol were significantly decreased by both high Ca intake and genistein supplementation. However, the effect of genistein supplementation showed in low Ca-fed groups. Serum LDL-cholesterol and TG were significantly decreased by high Ca intake and genistein supplementation, respectively. In liver, lipogenic enzymes (fatty acid synthase and malic enzyme) activity and TG were significantly decreased by both high Ca intake and genistein supplementation. This inhibitory effect of genistein on lipogenic enzymes showed in low Ca-fed groups. But liver total cholesterol and total lipid were significantly decreased by high Ca intake and genistein supplementation, respectively. Fecal excretion of total lipid, total cholesterol and TG were significantly increased by high Ca intake, not by genistein supplementation. In conclusion, high calcium intake and genistein supplement may be beneficial for suppression of obesity through direct anti-adipogenesis by decreasing fat weight and size and indirect anti-lipo-genesis by inhibiting lipogenic enzymes activity and improving lipid profile.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.110-116
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• 2023

Recently, as various examples of machine learning have been applied in the healthcare field, deep learning technology has been applied to various tasks, such as electrocardiogram examination and body composition analysis using wearable devices such as smart watches. To utilize deep learning, securing data is the most important procedure, where human intervention, such as data classification, is required. In this study, we propose a model that uses a clustering algorithm, namely, the K-means clustering, to label body fat according to gender and age considering body size aspects, such as chest circumference and waist circumference, and classifies body fat into five groups from high risk to low risk using a convolutional neural network (CNN). As a result of model validation, accuracy, precision, and recall results of more than 95% were obtained. Thus, rational decision making can be made in the field of healthcare or obesity analysis using the proposed method.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.57-64
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• 1992

Abdominal fat pad from farmed Korean ring-necked pheasants that had scanty fat depot was characterized in terms of adipocyte size as determined by free fat cells liberated by collagenase incubation. Similar parameters was also measured in the broiler chicken with similar body weight to those of pheasants. The adipocyte from pheasants was much smaller than that of broiler chicken. The results of this study suggested that the scanty development of abdominal fat pad in the pheasants appeared to be due to a smaller size of adipocyte.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 2015

Purpose: Recent studies have revealed recurrent alterations in the cell adhesion gene FAT4, a candidate tumor suppressor gene, in cancer. FAT atypical cadherin 4 (FAT4) is a transmembrane receptor involved in the Hippo signaling pathway, which is involved in the control of organ size. Here, we investigated the loss of FAT4 expression and its association with clinicopathological risk factors in gastric cancer. Materials and Methods: We assessed the expression of FAT4 by using immunohistochemistry on three tissue microarrays containing samples from 136 gastric cancer cases, radically resected in the Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital between July 2006 and June 2008. Cytoplasmic immunoexpression of FAT4 was semi-quantitatively scored using the H-score system. An H-score of ${\geq}10$ was considered positive for FAT4 expression. Results: Variable cytoplasmic expressions of FAT4 were observed in gastric cancers, with 33 cases (24.3%) showing loss of expression (H-score <10). Loss of FAT4 expression was associated with an increased rate of perineural invasion (H-score <10 vs. ${\geq}10$, 36.4% vs. 16.5%, P=0.015), high pathologic T stage (P=0.015), high tumor-node-metastasis stage (P=0.017), and reduced disease-free survival time (H-score <10 vs. ${\geq}10$, mean survival $62.7{\pm}7.3$ months vs. $79.1{\pm}3.1$ months, P=0.025). However, no association was found between the loss of FAT4 expression and tumor size, gross type, histologic subtype, Lauren classification, lymphovascular invasion, or overall survival. Conclusions: Loss of FAT4 expression appears to be associated with invasiveness in gastric cancer.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.668-672
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• 1996

Four low fat ground beef groups containing 10% fat plus 0, 5, 10 and 20% additional cooked old rice and a control ground beef containing 30% fat were prepared. Various sensory characteristics and instrumental textures were measured in order to determine the acceptability of low fat ground beef and to find out the most appropriate level of addition of cooked old rice as a fat replacer. Ground beef containg 10% fat had higher flavor and firmness scores than any other ground beef groups. Ground beef with 10% fat plus 5% cooked old rice had higher flavor, particle size, firmness and overall acceptability scores but lower juiciness and tenderness scores than ground beef with higher amount of cooked old rice (10 and 20%) and ground beef with 30% fat. Ground beef containing 10% fat plus 10 and 20% cooked old rice had higher juiciness, tenderness, particle size and overall acceptability scores but lower flavor and firmness scores than any other ground beef groups. Ground beef with 30% fat had higher flavor, juiciness, tenderness and firmness scores but lower particle size and overall acceptability scores. Conclusively, ground beef with the fat content reduced to 10% plus 5 or 10% additional cooked old rice as fat replacer still possessed the desirable sensory and instrumental texture properties.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.734-745
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• 2020

Commercially sterilized ultra high temperature (UHT) milk was manufactured at different homogenization pressures (20, 25, and 30 MPa), and changes in fat particle size, mechanical stress-induced fat aggregation, plasmin activity, and lipid oxidation were monitored during ambient storage of the UHT milk for up to 16 wk. The particle sizes of milk fat globules were significantly decreased as homogenization pressure increased from 20 to 30 MPa (p<0.05). The presence of mechanical stress-induced fat aggregates in milk produced at 20 MPa was significantly higher than for UHT milk produced at either 25 or 30 MPa. This difference was maintained all throughout the storage. There were no significant differences in plasmin activity, trichloroacetic acid (12%, w/v) soluble peptides, and the extent of lipid oxidation. Based on these results, an increase of homogenization pressure from 20 (the typical homogenization pressure employed in the Korea dairy industry) to 25-30 MPa significantly decreased mechanical stress-induced fat aggregation without affecting susceptibility to lipid oxidation during storage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.419-423
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• 2007

Obesity is increasingly recognized as a serious public health threat. Anti-obesity nutraceuticals that are safe and effective for the control and treatment of obesity are the subject of intense research throughout the world. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of plants such as Akebia quinata, corn silk, Crataegus pinnatifida var. psilosa, Coix lachrymajobi var. mayuen, and Lentinus edodes on fat cell size and serum lipid profile of rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were weighed, randomly assigned and fed AIN-76A basal or high fat diet for 6 weeks. Serum triacylglycerol level of rats fed a normal diet was significantly decreased with natural plants supplementation. Adipocytes from the epididymal fat pads of rats fed a high fat diet were larger than those of rats fed a normal diet. Fat cell size significantly (p<0.05) decreased with natural plants supplementation. Therefore, we found that natural plants supplementation can be used for the treatment of obesity, possibly by decreasing the body fat.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.117-122
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• 2002

This study was designed to observe the effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation on body fatness, fat cell sizes and leptin levels in male Sprague Dawley rats. Following weaning, forty rats were divided into 4 groups beef tallow (BT), fish oil (FO). beef tallow with CLA supplementation (BTC), and fish oil with CLA supplementation (FOC) group. For four weeks, all rats were fed experimental diets containing 12％ of total dietary fat (w/w) with or without 1％ CLA. After 4 weeks, the animals were sacrificed; the total carcass fat, plasma leptin levels, epididymal fat pad weights and fat cell sizes in adipose tissue were measured. CLA supplementation did not significantly affect the rat's body weights, total body fat, epididymal fat pad weights, and fat cell sizes. CLA also did not have a significant effect on plasma leptin levels. These results suggest that CLA supplement was not an effective way to reduce the body weights of male Sprague Dawley rats.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.198-207
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• 1994

4, 919 Samples of the slaughtered cattle(female) were investigated the abattoir in southern Kangwon to reveal the incidence rates of abdominal fat necrosis from June to December 1993. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; 1. The incidence rate of abdominal fat necrosis investigated from 4, 919 samples was 4.39%. 2. It revealed that the incidence rate of abdominal fat necrosis increased gradually with the advance in the age, 2.5% in below 5 years, 6.0% in 6 years, 7.2% in 7 years, 8.5% in 7 years, 8.9% in older than 9 years and that incidence rate of the sites of lesion, pericolonic fat 84.7%, perirectumic fat 48.6%, perirenal fat 37.9%. mesenteric fat 24.0%, others 7.8%. 3. The size of necrotic fat were $2{\times}3cm{\sim}10{\sim}18{\times}15{\sim}25cm$ in average and color was yellowish white or milk white.