• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.213-219
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• 2008

Flavonoids in pine needles are known to be effective scavengers of free radical. Especially, proanthocyanidin, a kind of flavonoids possesses cardiovascular protection and antioxidative activities. Here, we evaluated proanthocyanidin contents in total polyphenolic compounds of pine needle extracts prepared by using hot water, ethanol, hexane or sub-supercritical $CO_2$. Analyses of total polyphenolic compounds and proanthocyanidin in each extracts indicated that hot water extract contained the highest concentrations, but sub-supercritical extract contained the lowest concentrations. On the other hand, evaluation of proanthocyanidin contents in total polyphenolic compounds in each extracts showed that sub-supercritical extract possessed the highest content, but hot water extract possessed the lowest content. These results indicate that extracts containing high concentrations of both total polyphenolic compounds and proanthocyanidin could be obtained by using hot water or ethanol extractions. Furthermore, extract containing high content of proanthocyanidin out of total polyphenolic compounds could be achieved by using sub-supercritical extraction. Measurement of antioxidative activities of extracts showed that hot water extract possessed the highest activity. In this study, we prepared extracts from pine needles by four different methods and evaluated the antioxidative compounds in extracts that could be used for effective components of functional food products.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.586-593
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• 2004

Efficient extraction method of crude protein-bound polysaccharide (CPBP) from Agaricus blasei Murill was established. CPBP yields by ultrasonic and hot water extractions were 13.0 and 7.8%, respectively. Pressure extraction for 3 hr gave the highest ${\beta}-glucan$ content; no significant difference was observed between 2 and 3 hr extraction. Four volumes added ethanol gave the highest yields of CPBP and ${\beta}-glucan$ contents at 10.89 and 35.97%, respectively. Decomposition temperature of CPBP was $240-365^{\circ}C$, showing relatively good thermal stability. In SRB (sulforhodamine B) assay, CPBP treatment at $1,000\;{\mu}g/mL$ for 72 hr inhibited proliferations to A549, MCF-7, and AGS cancer cells by 43.9, 21.4, and 32.5%, respectively.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 2000

The level of plasticizer such as diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-propyl phthalate (DprP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), di-n-pentyl phthalate (DPP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) was determined in disposable sanitary gloves. Samples of disposable sanitary gloves were taken at retail shops, and their overall extractions in carbon tetrachloride were measured, after establishment of soxhlet appratus in 6 hours. All of 8 samples of disposable sanitary gloves at retail shops were polyethylene (PE). All of the manufactures was voluntarily labelled their boxes of gloves in line Korea Food Code. The level of phthalate esters and DEHA in all of 8 samples were not exceed the detection limit. The detection limits of DEP, DprP, DBP, DPP, BBP, DEHP, DCHP and DEHA were 1.8, 1.9, 1.3, 1.1, 0.9, 0.7, 2.1 and 0.8 mg/L, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.1095-1104
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• 2009

The objective of this research was to evaluate the feasibility of using oyster-shell and eggshell wastes for the stabilization of arsenic-contaminated soil. Artificial As(V) contaminated soil was mixed with 0~5% oyster-shell and eggshell wastes and each sample was incubated for 30 days in a controlled environment. The efficiency of each treatment was evaluated using various single extractants (1 N HCl, 0.1 N NaOH and 0.5 N $H_2SO_4$). The concentration of As(V) was reduced by 10% upon a 5% oyster-shell or eggshell waste treatments based on the Korea Standard Test method (1 N HCl extraction). Analogous trends were observed in the 0.1 N NaOH or 0.5 N $H_2SO_4$ extractions. In addition, the oyster-shell and eggshell waste treatments increased the pH of each soil from 6.54 (Control) to 7.62~7.94. The exchangeable Ca in each soil also sharply increased from 6.87 cmol(+)/kg (Control) to 12.77~20.18 cmol(+)/kg. Further research is needed to increase the effectiveness of the oyster-shell and eggshell waste for the stabilization of As(V) in the contaminated soil.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.335-339
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• 1987

This study was carried out to investigate effects of fat-soluble solvents on the purification against nan-saponin substances such as chlorophylls and other pigments and on the yields of saponins in separating saponins from ginseng root, leaf and stem. Ginseng root saponins were effectively purified by various fat-soluble solvents while ginseng leaf stem saponins were by chloroform. And alternative extractions of ethyl acetate, ethyl ether, chloroform and benzene there more effective for ginseng leaf stem saponins than that by any single solvent. Contents of crude saponin fractions and total ginsenosides in ginseng leaf were $18.5{\sim}19.5%\;and\;10.8{\sim}11.4%$, which were very high compared with $4.6{\sim}5.1%\;and\;2.0{\sim}2.6%$ in ginseng root or $2.2{\sim}2.5%\;and\;0.63{\sim}0.67%$ in ginseng stem. Therefore, ginseng leaf is good resources for total saponin or $ginsenosides-Rg_1,\;.Re,\;-Rc,\;-Rd,\;-Rb_2\;and\;-Rf$.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.109-116
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• 2012

The study indicated that antimicrobial activity about gram positive and gram negative bacteria of ginger-oleoresin(GO) extract with the condition of ethanol and supercritical fluid extractions. As the concentration of extraction increases, the clear zone of GO ethanol extract also increased dependently. This led the antimicrobial activity of gram positive bacteria to take bigger place than gram negative bacteria especially in Listeria monocytogenes. There was a high antimicrobial activity in E-III treatment where the ratio of the ginger powder extract to ethanol extraction was 1:6. It was quite effective to treat the antimicrobial activity of GO ethanol extract under $80^{\circ}C$ and there was not big difference in the intervals which were the extraction time - 1 to 7 hours. The antimicrobial activity of supercritical fluid extract seemed to take the biggest place in Listeria monocytogenes. From the supercritical fluid extract, it was shown the strong ability of antimicrobial activity in the condition with 100 bar $35^{\circ}C$, 250 bar $35^{\circ}C$ and 250 bar $65^{\circ}C$. Furthermore, according to the case of solvent extract, there was not any significant difference in the antimicrobial activity with condition of extraction. However, there was significant antimicrobial activity in E-III treatment of 100 bar and 500 bar of extraction pressure, and $35^{\circ}C$ and $65^{\circ}C$ of extraction temperature.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.603-612
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• 2006

The study with laboratory sandbox model has been carried out to address potential use of reclaimed water, as a way for artificially recharging the coastal aquifer, to effectively prevent from seawater intrusion. To do this, we assessed hydraulic and geochemical properties depending upon various extraction and recharging conditions. While solely being recharged, the intrusion could be significantly retarded than those of recharge and extraction implied together. At 0.5 to 2 for the ratio of the extraction over the recharge rate, the fresh water was exploited from the tank, where the void regime was simultaneously saturated with the recharged water. In the meantime, the saline water zone was diluted and back-tracked by the recharged water due to forming a hydraulic geochemical barrier around the injection well. However, if the ratio was being increased to greater than 4, saltwater more deeply intruded to the freshwater zone because the artificial recharge was not sufficiently supplied to timely back-fill the void space. When the aquifer water was intermittently extracted at the ratio of $0.5{\sim}2$ over the recharge rate, the value of S.M.I. decreased, but increasing it to more than 4 unlikely escalated the value of S.M.I as much as $3{\sim}47%$ indicating that the salt water intruded. It finally revealed that the proper ratio of extraction/recharge or intermittent extraction would efficiently retracted seawater intrusion while the freshwater sources could be conservatively utilized.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.8-13
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• 1990

The solid and protein yields and extraction properties of color pigments were compared for 7 varieties of soybeans during soaking in water at $4-100^{\circ}C$. The varieties investigated were Paldal, Danyeob, Jangbaek, Baegun, Jangyeob and 2 cultivars of Local 1 and Local 2. The Hunter values showed that Jangbaek was the highest in 'L' value while other varieties except Local 1 and Local 2 were comparatively high in 'L' value. Local 1 and Local 2 were low in 'b' value. The yields of solid and protein during water extraction showed that most of solids and proteins were recovered with three consecutive extractions. The cumulated yields were 73.2 % for solid and 83.2 % for protein. Extraction of color pigments of seed coats in $4-100^{\circ}C$ water showed that the extraction rate was very much dependent on extraction time and temperature. A linear relationship of A=aT+b was obtained for equilibrated absorbance(A) and extraction temperature(T). The activation energy calculated from initial extraction rate of cole. pigments and temperature had two different values of low($4-60^{\circ}C$) and high($60-100^{\circ}C$) temperature range.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.5628-5636
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• 2014

Currently, many countries have an interest in developing cosmetics materials using native plants. In this aspect, there is increasing need to develop cosmetics materials using native plants in our county. In the present study, calluses were induced from Artemisia annua Linne, which was highlighted because of its useful effects, such as anti-cancer, anti-fungal and anti-inflammation. Water and ethanol extractions were performed from the calluses of Artemisia annua Linne. After the mass production of Artemisia annua Linne's calluses, water and ethanol extraction was performed to examine its functional roles in healing wounds and inflammation. The differences in the effective elements were observed in the ethanol extract. The callus showed anti-inflammation activity through the suppression of the inflammation-related gene, COX-2, and ethanol extracts showed their ability to heal wounds. Overall, these results suggest that the extract of Artemisia annua Linne's calluses is a natural and environment-friendly material, and can be used as medical supplies associated with anti-inflammation and healing wounds.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.135-143
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• 2016

We investigated the effectiveness of natural zeolite (NZ) and sand (SD) as a capping material to block the release of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, and Zn) from heavily contaminated marine sediments and stabilize these heavy metals in the sediments. The efficiency of NZ and SD for blocking trace metals was evaluated in a flat flow tank attached with an impeller to generate wave. 0, 10, 30, and 50 mm depth of NZ or SD were capped on the contaminated marine sediments and the metal concentration in seawater was monitored. After completion of flow tank experiments, sequential extractions of the metals in the sediment below the capping material were performed. The difference of pH, EC, and DO concentration between uncapped and capped condition was not significant. The release of cations including Cd, Cu, and Zn were effectively blocked by NZ and SD capping but the interruption of Cr release was observed only in 50 mm depth of SD capped condition. However, the stabilization of Cr in 50 mm depth of SD capped condition was not achieved when compared to uncapped condition. NZ and SD capping were effective for stabilizing Cd, Cu, and Zn in marine sediments. It is concluded that the use of NZ with SD as a capping material is recommended for blocking Cd, Cr, Cu, and Zn release and stabilizing them in contaminated marine sediments.