• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.108-118
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• 2019

Appreciating gardens in garden show has its meaning in appreciating concepts and ideas of artists, hidden inside of garden, as formative arts, as well as the beauty of the nature. This study is aimed to understand the intension of artists in visual expression through formative media in the gardens by assessing structure of visual narrative in the space with 20 artworks among the ones presented in 2018 Taehwagang Garden Show. The formative structure is delivered as contents and forms through formative media and formative language. Thus, for analysis on the artworks, the researcher assessed expressive characteristics of the media, through visual and space language, that forms the formative structure in the contest of narrative structure expressed in the gardens and findings of the analysis are as follows. First, for intertextuality obtained through media image, most of the artworks delivered message through 'figure image.' This means, the concept is delivered as 'affinity of actual objects' through the media and associated 'meaning and meaning action' are expected. Second, the characteristics of signs to show symbolism in the gardens were categorized into 'icon'. 'index' and 'symbol'. The results showed that most of the artworks expressed common characteristics between image and meaning, using 'icon' and 'symbol'. Third, as space formation components, based on formative principles, the components of 'dominant' and 'subordinate' roles were defined as the key components for meaning delivery. Also, it was understood that 'space configuration with overlapped image' and 'space configuration with transparency' were adopted to strengthen conceptional layers. Forth, for space occupation types, there were mostly central hall type, corridor type and passage space type and for open space type, the entire space area was conceptualized, instead of certain object. The circulation line was defined in the frequency order of circular type, pass type and return type. The study on the expressive characteristics of visual narrative in garden design is meaningful as it could build base data for the method of spatial design for visual development of concepts in the future.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.203-232
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• 2006

The purposes of this study are to examine the effects of learning, which was applied TRIZ's 40 inventive principles, on the improvement of learners' creativity and to offer basic information that would be necessary to study on Inventive Education in Technology Education. In order to achieve the purposes, objects were divided into two groups, experiment group(74 students) and control group(67 students), who were from B Middle school in Daejeon. Creativity Self-Assessment and Student Inventive Rating Scale were used as tools for research so that we could find the homogeneity in two groups. An applied design method was nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. This study was performed for 2 hours on the 1st and the 3rd Saturday in every month from the 3rd week of March, 2006 to the 3rd of July of 2006, and total researching period was 9 weeks. In that time, the students were required to learn 40 inventive principles. The results from this study are as below. (1) Applying TRIZ's 40 inventive principles had a positive effect on students' CQ(creative quotient), as influencing on the subordinate factors of creativity, such as, originality, germinal, trasformational, value, attraction, expressive power and organic systemicity. However it didn't have any effect on adequateness, properness, merit, complex and elegance. (2) Applying TRIZ's 40 inventive principles had a significant effect neither on CQ by sex, nor on the subordinate factors of creativity, except for originality and expressive power. Based on the results of the experiment, below suggestions were made to promote the application of TRIZ's 40 inventive principles to Technology Education. (1) Although this study was performed by using development activities, it is necessary to study more systemically to apply 40 inventive principles to regular subject in Technology Education. (2) As creativity was very important in Technology Education, there should be studies on the various types of inventive principles and techniques for Inventive Education in Technology Education.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.313-323
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• 2019

For the actors on video, facial expression acting can easily become 'forced facial expression' or 'over-acting'. Also, if self-restraint is emphasized too much, then it becomes 'flat acting' with insufficient emotions. By bringing forth questions in regard to such facial expression acting methods, this study analyzed the facial expression acting of the actors in genre dramas with strong commercial aspects. In conclusion, the facial expression acting methods of the actors in genre dramas were being conducted in a typical way. This means that in visual conventions of video acting, the aesthetic standard has become the important standard in the facial expression acting of the actors. In genre dramas, the emotions of the characters are often revealed in close-up shots. Within the close-up shot, the most important expressive medium in a 'zoomed-in face' is the 'pupil of the eye', and emotions are mostly expressed through the movements of the eye and muscles around it. The second most important expressive medium is the 'mouth'. The differences in the degree of opening and closing the mouth convey diverse emotions along with the expression of the 'eye'. In addition, tensions in the facial muscles greatly hinder the expression of emotions, and the movement of facial muscles must be minimized to prevent excessive wrinkles from forming on the surface of the face. Facial expressions are not completed just with the movement of the muscles. Ultimately, the movement of the muscle is the result of emotions. Facial expression acting takes place after having emotional feelings. For this, the actor needs to go through the process of 'personalization' of a character, such as 'emotional memory', 'concentration' and 'relaxation' which are psychological acting techniques of Stanislavsky. Also, the characteristics of close-up shots that visually reveal the 'inner world' should be recognized. In addition, it was discovered that the facial expression acting is the reaction acting that provides the important point in the unfolding of narratives, and that the method of facial expression and the size of the shots required for the actors are different depending on the roles of main and supporting characters.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.373-380
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to know the effects of teaching behavior type of expression activity class on flow and competence in elementary school. The subject for this research consisted of elementary students located in Busan were selected as a population. The sampling method was convenience sampling out of non-probability sampling method. A total of 300 questionnaires were distributed and 280 copies were collected back. Out of those returned questionnaires, insincerely replied or double-replied questionnaires were excluded and finally 216 questionnaires were analyzed for this study. Collected data were put to frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis using the SPSS Win Ver. 22.0 program. The results of these analyses are as follows. First, the commanding type, the autocratic type, the democratic type and the reward type which are the subordinate variables of the teaching behavior type, were all found to have significant effects on the flow. Second, the democratic type and the reward type which are the subordinate variables of the teaching behavior type, were found to have significant effects on the competence. But, the commanding type and the autocratic type which are the subordinate variables of the teaching behavior type, were not found to have significant effects on the competence. Third, the flow were found to have significant effects on the competence.

• Archives of design research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.375-384
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• 2003

This study is on the strategy for establishing successful corporate brand image, by understanding the need for increasing brand value based on the level of brand recognition. In order to carry this out, the PICS (Product Image Concentration System) is suggested, which includes Brand Image Analysis on a high-level, Product Image Programming based on the result of the image analysis, and Product Image Coherency Assessment and Management, resulting in setting up a guideline for gaining competitive advantage and brand management. Brand Image Analysis is a method that utilizes image association to understand brand disposition by analyzing the association pattern among available visual materials to measure the corporate and brand image inclinations. As the next step, Product Image Programming establishes design philosophy and principles based on the analysis of brand image, and the Visual Programming is a process for visualizing the intended product image direction. Lastly, Product Image Coherency Assessment examines whether to incorporate design philosophy and principles or not to arrive at an agreed evaluation criteria for developing designs coherent with the brand image. The PICS (Product Image Concentration System) is a practical method for increasing a company' competitive advantage and managing brand. The expectation on this system is to provide a guideline for applying brand image in design process more objectively. For further study, diversification of image spectrum based on expressive keywords and comparative analysis on images as well as a product image interpretation program to understand the order of visual materials will be necessary.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.455-460
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• 2023

Text augmentation is a methodology that creates new augmented texts by transforming or generating original texts for the purpose of improving the performance of NLP models. However existing text augmentation techniques have limitations such as lack of expressive diversity semantic distortion and limited number of augmented texts. Recently text augmentation using large language models and few-shot learning can overcome these limitations but there is also a risk of noise generation due to incorrect generation. In this paper, we propose a text augmentation method called TAGS that generates multiple candidate texts and selects the appropriate text as the augmented text. TAGS generates various expressions using few-shot learning while effectively selecting suitable data even with a small amount of original text by using contrastive learning and similarity comparison. We applied this method to task-oriented chatbot data and achieved more than sixty times quantitative improvement. We also analyzed the generated texts to confirm that they produced semantically and expressively diverse texts compared to the original texts. Moreover, we trained and evaluated a classification model using the augmented texts and showed that it improved the performance by more than 0.1915, confirming that it helps to improve the actual model performance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.40
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• pp.151-170
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to examine the value of grotesque fashion and to predict the future fashion trend. The grotesque originates the formative art. It emerges towards of a century or transitional period in most case. In particular, it was used as the expressive method of an individual's inside and a satire on society through the work of artists in the Middle Age, the renaissance, the sym-bolism, the dadaism, the surrealism, the pop art, the technology art, and the post-modernism, etc. The grotesque in fashion is represented in the work of avant-garde fashion designers who lead the high fashion. The grotesque fashion which was combined with an image of non-formality, non-rationality, an absurdity and reality. It has been begun shape of female dress in the renaissance. Afterwards, it was represented in extremely exaggerated and distorted pop art, hippies' fashion in the 1960's. In the 1970's, it was reflected in genderless rock star and destructive punk fashion. It was also represented in the androgynous fashion which was combined with both sexes, the goth/gothic fashion which was expressed with a realistic and fanciful shape and the tattoo of skin-head in the 1980's. In the 1990's, the grungy look which was dirty and the cyber punk fashion. In general, it was also expressed by the avant-garde fashion designers. To sum up, a grotesque fashion which is expressed by experimental designers is classified into four shapes. 1, Union of some extraneous is expressed as different kinds of fashion theme, such as abnormality of texture, uses of surrealistic elements and chaos of sex. Although it appears that the abnormal union of grotesque has only discord and collision, it also shows a feeling of freedom for the tension. 2. Introduction of real and fanciful image is expressed as a cyborg, realistic description of disgusting animal skin and aggressive shape. Especially, it is worth while to notice Tierre Mugler and Alexander Macqueen's work which expressed the shape of mingling human of Middle Age. 3. distortion or exaggeration is expressed as an unformed shape, the exaggeration of a clothing size, the abnormal exaggeration of human body and the ignorance of clothing form. 4. Introduction of a disgusting image is expressed as an extremity of reality, motifs of death, clothing material of disgusting hair and the ostentation of sex. Motto which leads modern fashion is something new and shocking. The grotesque fashion is an expression of eagerness for something new. It often show something ironic in the form of humor which is embedded in an abnormal and shocking pattern. The grotesque fashion is represented as an extreme beauty. It will stand as an important element of the future fashion and as a particular style with the change and fluidity.

• Archives of design research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.199-208
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• 2004

In cyberspace based on internet, users constitute communities and interact one another. Avatar means not only the other self but also the 'another being' that describes oneself in the cyberspace. If user's avatar shows expressive faces and behaves according to his thinking and emotion, he will have a feel of reality much more in the cyberspace. If avatar's countenances can be animated by just typing characters in avatar-based chat communication, the user is able to express his emotions more effectively. In this study, emotion-expressing vocabulary is analyzed and classified. Emotion-expressing vocabulary is essential to develop self-reactive avatar system in which avatar's countenances are automatically converted according to the words typed by users at chat. The results are as follows; First, emotion-expressing vocabulary selected out of Korean adjectives and intransitive verbs is made up of 209 words and is classified into 25 groups. Second, there are only 2 groups out of the 25 groups for positive expressions and others are for negative expressions. Therefore, negative expressions are more abundant than positive expressions in Korean vocabulary. Third, avatar's countenances are modelled according to the 25 groups by using the Quantification Method 3. The result shows that the emotion-expressing vocabulary has dose relations with avatar's countenances and is useful to communicate users' emotions. However, this study has some limits, in that Korean linguistical structure - the whole meaning of context - cannot be interpreted quantitatively.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2005

According to traditional 2D animation techniques, anticipation makes an animation much convincing and expressive. We present an automatic method for inserting anticipation effects to an existing facial animation. Our approach assumes that an anticipatory facial expression can be found within an existing facial animation if it is long enough. Vertices of the face model are classified into a set of components using principal components analysis directly from a given hey-framed and/or motion -captured facial animation data. The vortices in a single component will have similar directions of motion in the animation. For each component, the animation is examined to find an anticipation effect for the given facial expression. One of those anticipation effects is selected as the best anticipation effect, which preserves the topology of the face model. The best anticipation effect is automatically blended with the original facial animation while preserving the continuity and the entire duration of the animation. We show experimental results for given motion-captured and key-framed facial animations. This paper deals with a part of broad subject an application of the principles of traditional 2D animation techniques to 3D animation. We show how to incorporate anticipation into 3D facial animation. Animators can produce 3D facial animation with anticipation simply by selecting the facial expression in the animation.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.13
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• pp.255-267
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• 2008

Recently in the field of information design use of multimedia Including animation has been rapidly increased. And its application is expanding in the field of design nevertheless relevant research in this field is scant. In particular research on which characteristics contribute to improvement for effect of information communication is negligible. Until now designers' interest was mainly focused on visual perfection of screen such as diversity and originality. Actually the aspect of recognition of design was mostly overlooked. But considering ultimate purpose of Information design is accurate communication of information thus there should be more endeavor for research on man's visual recognitive faculty and memory in order to Improve power of communication of information for the purpose of reducing confusion of user before its originality and diversity. For this reason this author in this treatise attempted to examine possible impact of multimedia in information design on recognition of user and communication based on theory of effectiveness of media and also attempted to identify how maximize its effect under different circumstances. Theories on effectiveness of media can be summed up as that well- advanced information of multimedia should be analysed from diverse standpoints on relevancy to tasks and recognitive relevancy rather than its simplification from the standpoint of richness of media. For optimal interface design unnecessary recognitive load should be eliminated and information should be structured by laking maximum advantage of working memory of limited quantity. Also there will be need for selection of proper media and suggestion of expressive method to enable building accurate and successful mental image. In this treatise this author attempted to contribute to designer's decision making in future through examining theories on effectiveness of media in connection with the question of which information technology should be used in order to heighten effect of information communication appropriate to information design.