• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.47-56
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• 2013

Objectives : Many studies are being done in the method of experimental chuna science in China. The aim of this review is to understand and study the methods of experimental chuna science, focusing on the effects of chuna on nervous system. Methods : We reviewed "實驗推拿學"(experimental tuina science) and Chinese journals were searched using China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI). Korean journals were searched using 3 Korean web databases(OASIS, NDSL, RISS). Results : By experimental chuna science, analgesic effect of chuna, therapeutic action of chuna on stroke, therapeutic action on polio, effect of modulating autonomic nerves of chuna and effect of modulating thermoregulatory centers of chuna were proved. Conclusions : Experimental chuna science is necessary for development of chuna to a higher level. In Korea, not a lot experimental studies are being done, especially in chuna. For this reason we need to learn and adapt the methods of experimental chuna science of China.

• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 2014

Objectives : Many studies are being done in the method of experimental chuna science in China. The aim of this review is to understand and study the methods of experimental chuna science, focusing on the effects of chuna on circulatory system. Methods : We reviewed "實驗推拿學" and Chinese journals were searched using China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI). Korean journals were searched using 3 Korean web databases(OASIS, NDSL, RISS). Results : By experimental chuna science, effect of chuna on blood pressure, cardiovascular system, hemorheologic system, blood flow velocity, circulation and lymphatic system were proved. Conclusions : Experimental chuna science is necessary for improvement of chuna to a higher level. In Korea, not many experimental studies are being done, especially in chuna and it has very narrow target diseases. For this reason we need to learn and adapt the methods of experimental chuna science of China.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.597-602
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• 2012

In this paper, a manual and automatic steering system for electric vehicles capable of manned and unmanned driving is proposed. The automatic steering systems, EPS, MDPS, used in conventional engine based car includes the problem of handle lock phenomenon while driving of overloading, therefore it has a drawback to apply to manned and unmanned electric vehicles. By using electronic clutch and pulleys, the proposed manual and automatic steering mechanism was designed so that it is possible to convert from manual to automatic steering mode. To experiment the performance of the proposed steering system, we made an experimental setup of an electric vehicle. We confirmed that the proposed manual and automatic steering system was useful for manned and unmanned electric vehicles.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.128-137
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• 2013

Modern transmission technologies such as automated manual transmission(AMT) and dual clutch transmission(DCT) are interested to all manufactures due to their fuel efficiency and driver's convenience, especially in a hybrid system. AMT has advantages in that they have a high efficiency of manual transmissions(MT) and offer operation convenience similar to automatic transmissions(AT), but it has some disadvantages in that they have torque gap during gear shift and shift time. To reduce disadvantages, it is necessary to evaluate errors and characteristics as a developing simulation model before experimental verification. The purpose of this study is to develop virtual components and simulate the transient response of AMT. A dynamic AMT model and a control logic for an integrated vehicle model have been developed using Matlab/Simulink as a simulation platform. In this paper, the clutch model to describe the stick-slip transition mode and the transmission model to describe the neutral gear shifting is introduced and compared with each other.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2014

Background: Cervical radiculopathy is the result of cervical nerve root pathology that may lead to chronic pain and disability. Although manual therapy interventions including cervical traction and neural mobilization have been advocated to decrease pain and disability caused by cervical radiculopathy, their analgesic effect has been questioned due to the low quality of research evidence. The purpose of this paper is to present the effect of manual therapy on pain, ROM, disability in a patient experiencing cervical radiculopathy. Methods: In this study, 30 participants who met the diagnostic criteria for cervical radiculopathy were randomized into two groups: group I (nerve mobilization group) & group II (Mckenzie exercise group). The experimental group was performed manual cervical traction and neural mobilization technique. The control group was performed manual cervical traction and cervical retraction, extension exercise. Assessments were performed to 30 participants before and after 4 weeks therapy. The components of assessments were pain intensity (PI), cervical rotation ROM (CR) and neck disability index (NDI). Results: After 4 weeks therapy, PI, CR and NDI were significantly reduced in both groups (p<.01). The PI, CR and NDI were no significantly reduced between group I and group II (p>.01). Conclusions: Manual therapy could reduce the symptoms of cervical radiculotpathy.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.74-91
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• 1975

A purpose of this study was to compare the breast massage and manual expression of the breast before engagement after delivery with the time of engagement, the throbbing pain in breast, the first amount of breast milk and involution of the uterus. The subjects selected for this study were 138 women (experimental group;69, control group :69) who were admitted to the Dept. of Obtest. and Gyneco. of Kyung Hee University Hospital from Jan. 5 to June 5, 1975. The results of study were as follows; 1 The average age of the women 26.9 years old in the experimental group and 27.6 years old in the control group. As to religion, the number of those who had no religion was 58.0 percent and 62.4 percent respectively. Classified according to occupation, there were 87.0 percent in house wives of the booths group. Educational background; 87.0 percent of high school graduates or above, 78.3 percent respectively. The occupation of husband 53.7 percent of company employees stood highest and 42.0 percent respectively. In according to the grade of wards, 55.1 percent and 52.2 percent of four-men room stood highest. 2. Physical condition: Body weight before this Pregnancy(T=0.4962, N.S.), the size of breast(X²df2 = 0.1728, N.S.), the shape of nipple(X²df3 =1.3804, N.S.), hemoglobin's level of the first day after delivery(T=1.2572, N.S.), the above were showed non significant between the experimental group and control group The investigator found any difference between the two groups of the health condition during the pregnancy, 3. The rate of no experience of breast massage during pregnancy was 85 percent and 75.4 percent (X²df1=2.2562, N.S.). 4. As to the meal during hospitalization after delivery: The booth of the groups in ordinary food took usually of meyer soup and milk(X²df8=2.5957, N.S.). 5. The relation between the first step of breast massage, second step of the manual expression of breast before engagement after delivery and time of engagement : average time of engagement in the experimental group (2.1 days±0.8) was shortened than the control group (3.3 days±1.2). (T=-6.9045, P< 0.005). It toot less time in the experimental group of primipara(2.2days±0.7) than in the control group (3.1day±1.2) and it also took less time in the experimental group of multipara (2.0 days±0.9) than in the control group (3.5days±1.4). (Primipara T=-3.9266, 0< 0.005. Multipara T= 5.2356, P<0.005). 6. The relationship between the first step of the massage and second step of manual expression and the throbbing pain at the time of engagement: The experimental group showed less effect than control group (X²df4= 27.3342 P<0.005). The separate study of primipara and multipara showed remarkable difference in the group of primipara)X²df4=20.7285, p<0.005) and little difference in the multipara group (X²df4=8.8351, p< 0. 10). 7. The relationship between the first step of the breast massage, second stop of the manual expression and first amount of breast milk: The average amount of breast milk increased more conspicuously in the experimental group (33.8㎖±23.4) than in the control(29.8㎖±25.3) (T=0.8262, N.S.). No remarkable difference was found in the respective groups that investigated in the groups of primipara and of multipara. (Primipara T=1.1467, N.S., Multipara T=-0.0354, N.S.). 8. The relationship between the first step of breast massage and second step of manual expression of breast and involution of uterus : Average time needed for uttering involution was sooner in the experimental group of primipasa(-3.3 F.B.±1.1), than the control group of primipara (-2.5F. B.±1.2), and it was sooner in the experimental group of muitipara (-3.0 F. B.±l..3), than the control group of multipara(-2.3 F.B±0.9). Primipara T=-2.9272, p< 0.005, Multipara T=2.5557, p< 0.01).

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.51-57
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• 2017

Background: The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of manual therapy and therapeutic exercise on pain and body function in elder women with chronic low back pain. Methods: The patients with chronic low back pain were randomly divided 2 group. The experiment group (n=11) was taken manual therapy and therapeutic exercise program. The control group (n=10) was taken physical therapy program(hot pack with 30 minutes and ICT with 15 minutes and ultra sound with 15 minutes). Both groups intervention performed 3 session during 6 weeks. We measured the quadruple visual analogue scale, flexibility, static balance, leg strength subject of symptom before and after experiment. The significant test pared t-test according to applying the manual therapy and therapeutic exercise group and control group between group used independent t-test. Results: Pain assessment in the experimental group was significantly different between time and group. Flexibility test groups were not significantly different between time and group. The static balance was not significantly different for the time. Strength tests were also not significantly different for the time. Conclusions: According to the results, manual therapy and therapeutic exercise group it was found to be helpful in pain, flexibility, static balance, not strength in elderly patients with chronic low back pain.

• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.35-46
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• 2018

Objectives : To determine the effectiveness of Chuna manual therapy(CMT) for Adult Visceral Diseases. Methods : To find evidence of CMT for adult digestive system disease, we used 9 electronic databases(Pubmed, CAJ, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, KISS, KISTI, NDSL, RISS) up to April 2018. We reviewed randomized control trials(RCTs) using Chuna for Digestive system disease. To assess the methodological quality of each RCT, we used the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Results : We identified 11 RCTs about irritable bowel syndrome, chronic ulcerative colitis, gastritis, gastroptosis, spleen entropathy, gastrointestinal dysfunction after stroke in 356 studies. All studies used total efficiency rate for main outcome. In all studies, CMT was effective for digestive system disease. Conclusions : CMT was effective for Digestive system disease. Risk of bias was high and the difference between the experimental group and the control group was not great. Considering that there were no reports of side effects, it seems possible to apply CMT to the treatment of adult digestive system disease.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.1614-1618
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of joint mobilization and manual stretching exercises in patients with hallux valgus. Twenty-three participants were divided into two groups; joint mobilization (n=11) and manual stretching exercises (n=12). The subjects participated in the experiment for 15minutes, three times a week, four weeks. The joint mobilization (Grade III, Maitland) was performed to experimental group for a minute and then rested for 10 seconds for each set. The manual stretching was performed to control group with three exercise session (preparatory and finishing exercises, agonist contraction exercises, agonist contraction and hold-relax exercises). In the results of the study, intragroup comparison of the deformity angles (DA) was shown to decrease from $15.18^{\circ}$ to $13.09^{\circ}$ in the joint mobilization group (p<.05) and from $19.00^{\circ}$ to $16.83^{\circ}$ in the stretching exercises group (p<.05). However, left static foot pressure (LSFP), right static foot pressure (RSFP), left dynamic foot pressure (LDFP) and right dynamic foot pressure (RDFP) did not significantly increase or decrease after the experiment. Intergroup differences also were not statistically significant in all variables (p>.05). The current study suggests that JM and MSE are effective in decreasing the DA in patients with hallux valgus.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.65-69
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• 2016

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine whether place running exercise that combines thoracic mobility exercise program increases pulmonary function of the 20s subjects. Method: Thirty subjects in their 20s were randomly assigned to on experimental group (n=15) or control group (n=15). Over the course of four weeks, the experimental group participated in place running exercise that combines thoracic mobility exercise program for 30 minutes three times per week and the control group participated in place running exercise and thoracoabdominal stretching exercise for 30 minutes three times per week. Subjects were assessed pre-test and post-test by measurement of pulmonary function Results: Our findings show that the experimental group had significant difference in expiratory reserve volume and vital capacity and maximal voluntary capacity (p<.05). In the comparison of the two groups, the experimental group had higher vital capacity and maximal voluntary capacity than the control group. Conclusion: In this study, the experimental group showed greater improvement in pulmonary function than the control group, which indicates that the place running exercise that combines thoracic mobility exercise program exercise is effective at increasing the pulmonary function.