• 대한수의학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.806-810
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• 1999

A multiplex-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used to detect staphylococcal enterotoxin production by 12 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical specimens. To evaluate the efficacy and/or sensitivity of this method, the results were compared to those obtained with the reversed passive latex agglutination kit (SET-RPLA, Denka Seiken, Japan). Of 10 strains positive by PCR were positive by RPLA but two strains, representing high sensitivity of the former method. Enterotoxin B was the most prevalent by the two methods. The kappa index between the two methods was 0.826, indicating a higher agreement and fully reliable for use. These results would suggest that sensitive, inexpensive, and relatively rapid multiplex-PCR technique may be an effective means for the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes as an alternative to traditional methods such as kits or immunological methods, which depend upon the amount of enterotoxin produced.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.425-429
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• 2003

Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen for cattle, causing various forms of subclinical and clinical mastitis and could be a causative agent of food poisoning, it produces various superantigenic exotoxins which have a great public health significance. A total of 72 S. aureus clinical isolates from dairy farms located in Kyunggi Province Korea were examined for the species identification by biochemical method, and for the detection of $\beta$-lactamase, enterotoxin and other exotoxins genes by PCR. The results of species identification by biochemical method agreed with those of PCR done with species specific primer STA-AU. $\beta$-lactamase is an enzyme closely associated with the resistance to antibiotic penicillin, which is an important means of treatment of mastitis, all the isolates were positive for the presence of genes encoding $\beta$-lactamase, which were reproduced in penicillin susceptibility disc assay. Six types of toxin genes, Staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE)A, SEB, SEC, SEE, toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1) and exfoliative toxin A (ET A) were detected in 72 isolates by PCR associated genotypic method in this study, none of the isolates carried the genes for enterotoxin D (SED) and exfoliative toxin B (ETB). The occurrence rate of exotoxin genes rated as 12.5%, and the precision of the PCR identification results has been confirmed using the reference strains.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.263-269
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• 2010

The antimicrobial susceptibility of 73 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from dogs and cats was determined against 16 antimicrobial agents. All isolates were susceptible to cephalothin (CF), vancomycin (VA), rifampin (RA), quinupristin-dalfopristin (SYN) and linezolid (LZD), whereas more than 86.3% of the isolates were resistant to penicillin (P). In the case of enterotoxin production, 8.2% of 73 strains produced enterotoxin A and 1 strain produced enterotoxin C. Appropriate protocols for antimicrobial agents and strategies to reduce antimicrobial resistance will need to be investigated in the future.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.502-506
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial resistance profiles of and the enterotoxin gene distribution in 4 strains of Staphylococcus aureus (S10-2, S10-3, S12-2, and S13-2) isolated from 90 bulgogi samples. The S. aureus enterotoxin H gene (seh) was found in all the strains, while the S. aureus enterotoxin A gene (sea) was found only in 3 of the 4 strains. The S10-2 strain expressed a combination of enterotoxin genes - seg, seh, sei, sej, selm, and seln. The strains S10-2 and S13-2 were resistant to ampicillin and penicillin G, and all the isolated strains were resistant to tetracycline. The S10-2 strain was the only mecA-positive strain; it was also resistant to β-lactam antibiotics. Thus, genes encoding enterotoxin as well as those conferring antibiotic resistance were identified in the S. aureus strains isolated from pork bulgogi. These results represents the potential occurrence of MRSA in pork bulgogi, and the need for a monitoring system for pork bulgogi in order to prevent an outbreak of staphylococcal food poisoning.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.213-218
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• 2014

적리를 동반하는 돼지 분변에서 용혈성 균주를 분리 동정한 후, 장 독소 생성 유 무 및 항생제 감수성 시험을 수행하였다. 분리된 용혈성 균주 B. cereus BY06의 gyrB 유전자 염기서열을 분석한 결과, B. cereus와 99% 유사성을 나타내었다. PCR법에 의한 장 독소 유전자 검출 시험에서 B. cereus BY06는 장 독소 분비 양성으로 판정됨에 따라 설사형 식중독 균임이 확인되었다. B. cereus BY06를 이용한 항균제의 감수성 시험 결과, penicillin G에는 내성을 나타낸 반면 cephalothin, vancomycin, clindamycin, fusidic acid, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline 및 rifampin에 대하여 감수성을 나타냈다. 본 연구를 통해 돼지 분변에서 분리된 B. cereus 균주는 설사를 유발하는 장 독소를 분비하며, penicillin G에 대한 내성을 확인하였다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.89-93
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• 1991

사람에서 분리되는 Staphylococcus aureus 의 병원성과의 관계를 검토할 목적으로 건강인과 환자의 손에서 Staphylococcus aureus를 분리하여 병원성과 관련된 몇가지 특성과 enterotexin 산생성을 조사한 바 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. Staphylococcus aureus의 분리빈도는 건강인에서 17.7% 환자에서 14.0%로 나타났다. 2. 공시한 61주는 면양혈액비지상에서 β용혈성이 67.2% α용혈성이 32.8%로서 분리균 모두가 용혈성을 나타내었고 mannitol 분해 , lecithinase, TNase 및 DNase 시험에서 공시한 전 균주가 양성반응을 보였다. 3. Ushioda 등의 방법에 의하여 coagulase type을 분류한 바 공시한 46주 가운데 91.3%가 형별되었고, 이들 중 type VII(38.4%)과 III(26.0%)가 비교적 높은 분포를 나타내었다. 유래별로 보면 건강인 유래주는 22주 중 type VII(12주)이 가장 많았고, 화자 유래주는 24주 중 type III(9주) 및 II(6주)가 높은 분포를 보였다. 4. Enterotoxin 산생율은 46균주 중 52.2%였고 분리된 enterotoxin type은 C(50.0%), B(37.5%) 및 A (12.5%) 였다. 유래별로 보면 건강인 유래주는 type C와 B로 환자 유래주는 type B,A 및 C로 분류되었다. 5. Coagulase type에 따른 enterotoxin 산생율은 type II, III 및 VII 의 순으로 각각 100%, 75%, 및 39.1% 였다. 이들 가운데 coagulase type II는 enterotoxin type B 및 C를 type VII은 type C를 산생하는 균이었고, 대체적으로 건강인 유래주는 enterotoxin type C를 환자유래균은 type B를 생성하는 균이 많은 것으로 인정되었다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.255-261
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• 2010

At the present study, it was aimed to explore the states of antimicrobial resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from 320 pigs and cattle carcass (160 pigs and 160 cattle) slaughtered in Busan province from March 2008 to November 2009. Among 320 samples, 26 of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from pigs (10.6%) and cattle (5.6%). In antimicrobial susceptibility test, all of the isolates were demonstrated susceptibility to oxacillin, cefoxitin, cephalothin, vancomycin, rifampin and linezolid. But the isolates were showed resistance other antibiotics in order of penicillin (92.3%), gentamicin (76.9%), tetracycline (69.2%), erythromycin (65.4%), and clindamycin (61.5%). In case of enterotoxin production, 7.7% of 2 strains produced enterotoxin A.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.510-519
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• 2012

Objectives: This study was conducted in order to evaluate the microbiological contamination of the indoor air of the lunchrooms at child care centers and investigate the toxin genes and toxin production ability of food-borne pathogens. Methods: A total of 64 child care centers were sampled to test total aerobic bacteria, coliform bacteria, fungi, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Salmonella spp. according to the Korea Food Code. All toxin genes of pathogens were detected using the Polymerase Chain Reaction method. The Sthaph. aureus enterotoxin was detected by a Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin-reversed passive latex agglutination kit. The heamolysin BL (HBL) and non-heamolytic enterotoxin (NHE) produced by B. cereus were detected using a B. cereus enterotoxin-reversed passive latex agglutination kit and Bacillus diarrheal enterotoxin visual immunoassay kit, respectively. Results: The means of total aerobic bacteria and coliform bacteria were $1.91{\pm}1.84$ log CFU/plate and $0.47{\pm}0.62$ log CFU/plate, respectively. The mean of fungi also showed $0.59{\pm}0.71$ log CFU/plate. Among the pathogenic bacteria tested in this study, Staphy. aureus and B. cereus were detected in four (6.3%) and 21 (32.8%) out of 64 indoor air samples from lunchrooms in child care centers, respectively. All Staphy. aureus tested in this study possessed no toxin genes and did not produce enterotoxin. The detection rate of nheABC, hblCDA, entFM and ces toxin gene in B. cereus was 100, 57.1, 76.2 and 0%, respectively. B. cereus isolates were classified into four groups according to the presence or absence of toxin genes. The nheABC gene was the major toxin gene among B. cereus tested in this study. The HBL was detected in 11 out of 21 B. cereus isolates (52.4%) and three B. cereus isolates produced NHE (14.3%). Conclusion: The results indicated that the contamination by microorganisms in the indoor air of lunchrooms was unqualified to supply safe catering in child care centers. The ongoing control of indoor air quality is required.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.295-299
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• 2005

Staphylococcus aureus is an important animal and human pathogen implicated in a variety of disease including food-poisoning caused by staphyloccal enterotoxins (SEs). In order to investigate the difference in genomic types and to monitor the transmission of S. aureus isolates, a total of 25 S. aureus isolates from different sources were determined for their genotypic characteristics by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) in addition to their ability to enterotoxin production and antibiotic resistance patterns in this study. All the isolates were susceptible to amikacin, and the resistance pattern to ampicillin and penicillin were most common among 14 different patterns. Eleven of 24 isolates produced one of three SEs, SEA, SEC or SED. Sixteen representative PFGE patterns were obtained by Smal restriction fragments of S. aureus isolates. Analysis of dendrogram based on PFGE band patterns suggested that food-poisoning outbreaks be caused by the diverse sources of food, of which their raw materials were infected with S. aureus. Also, it could be concluded that PFGE was a powerful tool for epidemiological tracing of infection source for food-initiated outbreaks.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.23-30
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• 2005

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the important pathogenic agents, which are related to the hygienic condition. This study performed for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus and screening staphylococcal enterotoxin a, b, c genes in strains isolated from the environment for production of non-pasteurized strawberry juice. A total of 44 samples were collected from utensils, machinery, employees, raw materials, and strawberry juices in 3 strawberry juice shops in Jinju, western Gyeongnam. The isolation rate of Staphylococcus aureus was 26%. Specially Staphylococcus aureus was frequently isolated from employee's hands, strawberry and strawberry juices. The sea, seb, and sec genes were also investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). One hundred and 55% of each isolate had found sea gene and seb gene, respectively. However, sec gene was not detected anywhere. To prevent food-borne disease associated with juice, the accomplishment of HACCP to be more efficient and systematic is necessary.