• Food Industry
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• s.68
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• pp.47-50
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• 1983

• BMB Reports
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 1999

The effects of eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA, 22:6n-3) on the phospholipase $A_2$ ($PLA_2$)-mediated release of arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6) were studied in kidney microsomes from rats fed diets containing sunflower oil (SO) or fish oil (FO) concentrate for 11 months. The amounts of AA released by the endogenous $PLA_2$ enzyme were significantly lower by 38% in the FO, compared to the SO-fed rats (23.2 nmol versus 60.7 nmol AA released/mg protein/h in the FO- and SO-treated groups, respectively). The FO-derived microsomes released less linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) and adrenic acid (22:4n-6), but larger amounts of the n-3 fatty acids, including EPA, DHA, docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5n-3), and 20:4n-3 than the SO-derived microsomes. A similar replacement of the AA and adrenic acid with the n-3 fatty acids including EPA and DHA was also observed in the microsomal phospholipid fraction from the FO-fed rats relative to the SO-treated group. The results suggest that the $PLA_2$-mediated release of AA is reduced and that of EPA is increased in compensation for AA decline in kidney microsomes from FO-fed rats (0.7 nmol EPA/mg protein/h versus 22.7 nmol EPA/mg protein/h for the SO and FO-treated groups). Replacement of the n-6 with n-3 fatty acids may explain the reduced synthesis of the AA-derived prostaglandins and the concomitant rise in the EPA-derived prostaglandins observed in kidneys of FO-treated rats.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.108-114
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• 2022

In this study, the antioxidant effect of black sea ginseng containing a large amount of eicosapentaenoic acid, a natural physiologically active substance, was investigated, and its superiority as a functional cosmetic raw material was presented. The ability of the sea cucumber extract to remove active oxygen was evaluated for the inhibitory effect on intracellular nitric oxide (NO) production. The physiologically active substances of sea cucumber have an antioxidant effect that removes free radicals, and as a result of evaluation, it was confirmed that excellent NO production was suppressed. Studies have shown that bioactive substances are involved in antioxidant effects, immune and inflammatory response regulation by showing high antioxidant efficacy even at low concentrations. It is thought that the antioxidant removal ability of sea cucumber greatly contributes to the antioxidant efficacy of phenolic components containing EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) of the sea cucumber extract. It was found to be similar to the report that the antioxidant component of sea cucumber works. In addition, it is excellent for wound healing with the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) component contained in a large amount of sea cucumber extract, which has been proven to be involved in the inhibitory effect of inflammatory activity. As a result of this study, it was confirmed that the effect of the phenol component contained in the sea cucumber extract had a close causal relationship with the antioxidant activity.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.881-887
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• 2009

Forty-four eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-producing microbial strains were isolated from the intestines of marine fishes. Among them, one strain showing a maximum level of EPA (4.78% of total fatty acids) was identified as Shewanella sp. BR-2 on the basis of its 168 rRNA sequence. The EPA content reached a maximum level during the mid-exponential phase of cell growth, and gradually decreased with further growth of the cells. A cosmid DNA including the EPA biosynthesis gene cluster consisting of pfaA-E was isolated from a cosmid library of genomic DNA of Shewanella sp. BR-2, named pCosEPA-BR2. An E. coli clone harboring pCosEPA-BR2 produced EPA at a maximum level of 7.5% of total fatty acids, confirming the EPA biosynthesis activity of the cloned gene cluster.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.67-73
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• 2014

The oil in mackerel muscle was extracted using an environment friendly solvent, supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-$CO_2$) at a semibatch flow extraction process and an n-hexane. The SC-$CO_2$ was maintained at a temperature of $45^{\circ}C$ under pressures ranging from 15 to 25 MPa. The flow rate of $CO_2$ (27 g/min) was constant during the entire 2 h extraction period. The fatty acid composition of the oil was analyzed using gas chromatography (GC). Significant concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) acid were present in the SC-$CO_2$ extracted oil. The oil extracted using SC-$CO_2$ exhibited increased stability compared with n-haxane extracted oil. Particles of mackerel oil together with the biodegradable polymer, polyethylene glycol (PEG) were formed using a gas saturated solution process (PGSS) with SC-$CO_2$ in a thermostatted stirred vessel. Different temperatures ($45-55^{\circ}C$), pressures (15-25 MPa) and a nozzle size $400{\mu}m$ were used for PGSS with a 1 h reaction time. The stability of mackerel oil in the particles did not changed significantly.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.16 no.sup1
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• pp.47-56
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• 2022

This paper examines the process and evidence used to create the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for Koreans. ALA (18:3n3) is an essential fatty acid, and EPA and DHA are known to have beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease risk and reduction of triglyceride levels. Various international organizations have suggested dietary recommendations for n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including ALA, EPA, and DHA. A DRI for Koreans was established for the first time in 2020, specifically for the adequate intake (AI) of ALA and EPA + DHA. This recommendation was based on the average intake of ALA and EPA + DHA from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2017. For Korean infants, the AI of ALA and DHA was based on the fatty acid composition of maternal milk. Estimated average requirement and a tolerable upper intake level have not been set for n-3 PUFA due to insufficient evidence. In addition, the intake level of n-3 PUFA for prevention of chronic disease has also not been determined. Future studies and randomized controlled trials are required to establish the UL and to define the level for disease prevention.

• BMB Reports
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.360-365
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• 2005

Membrane inositol glycerophospholipid (IGP) is metabolized to phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PIP), phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-bisphosphate ($PIP_2$), and inositol triphosphate ($IP_3$) in signaling transduction. This study was carried out to determine the subclasses of IGP involved in signaling pathway. The acyl chain moieties of the phospholipids are easily modulated by dietary fatty acids. We analyzed acyl chain composition of IGP 3-subclasses, PIP and $PIP_2$ from rat brain after feeding sunflower seed oil enriched with linoleic acid or fish oil high in eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were not incorporated into ether-linked IGP (alkenylacylglycerophosphoinositol and alkylacyl-glycerophosphoinositol), PIP and $PIP_2$, while diacyl-glycerophosphoinositol (GPI) contained high LCPUFA. These results suggest that PIP might be phosphorylated from only the ether-linked IGP (alkenylacyl- and alkylacyl species) but not from diacyl subclass for signals to intracellular responses in the plasma membrane of rat brain.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.852-856
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• 2012

Dichloromethane, ethanol, and boiling water extracts of the green seaweed Codium fragile, used as an herbal medicine and known as an invasive species over the world, were examined for anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities in mice. The dichloromethane and ethanol extracts inhibited inflammatory symptoms of mouse ear edema and erythema by 74% or higher. The extracts also demonstrated inhibition of pyrexia, similar to that of acetyl salicylic acid. Eicosapentaenoic acid was isolated from the seaweed as the main active anti-inflammatory compound. These findings are consistent with various claims that the seaweed can be used as remedies for inflammation-related symptoms.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.275-281
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• 2012

Yellow croaker Larimichthys polyactis muscle oil was extracted using an environmental friendly solvent, supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-$CO_2$), in a semi-batch flow extraction process. SC-$CO_2$ was applied at temperature $35^{\circ}C$ to $45^{\circ}C$ and $150^{\circ}C$ to $250^{\circ}C$ bar of pressure. The flow rate of $CO_2$ (27.79 g/min) was constant throughout the entire 1.5 h extraction period. The oil extraction yield was influenced by the physical properties of SC-$CO_2$ at different temperatures and pressures. The extracted oil was analyzed by gas chromatography to determine the fatty acid composition. According to our results, the SC-$CO_2$ extracted oil was high in eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. In addition, the SC-$CO_2$ extracted oil showed greater stability than n-hexane extracted oil based on the peroxide value and acid value. Thus, the quality of yellow croaker oil obtained by SC-$CO_2$ extraction was slightly higher than that of oil obtained by n-hexane extraction.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.779-792
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• 1995

The effects of deoxygenizer (Deoxy) and sodium-erythorbate (Na-ery) on the changes in fatty acid compositions were investigated to prevent the loss of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipid of bolied and dried-anchovy during storage. After storage for 5 months, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) of total lipid (TL) in Deoxy group decreased only $3.0\%\;and\;0.5\%$, respectively, compared to those of before storage. However, those in Control group decreased 9.5\%\;and\;2.3\%,$ respectively. In the case of Na­ery group, the percentages of DHA and EPA decreased were lower than those of Control. Most of DHA and EPA in n was lost in the early stage of storage. Total DHA remained in phospholipid (PL), triglyceride (TG), and free fatty acid (FFA) fractions after storage for 5 months were $98\%,\;66\%\;and\;62\%$ in Deoxy, Na-ery and Control group, respectively, and total EPA remained was slightly high level compared with those of DHA. The loss of DHA was more in PL than in TG. Consequently, deoxygenizer was recognized as a good material to prevent the loss of DHA and EPA of the boiled and dried-anchovy during storage.