• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2006

Drug dependence deals a heavy socioeconomic burden to the society. For adolescents, the damage from drug dependence is greater than adults considering their higher susceptibility to drug effect and increasing chance for violence leading to criminal punishment process. Habitual drug use depends on genetic and environmental factors and the complex interactions between the two. Mammalian model systems have been useful in understanding the neurochemical and cellular impacts of abused drugs on specific regions of the brain, and in identifying the molecular targets of drugs. More elucidation is required whether biological effects of drugs actually cause the habitual dependence at the cellular level. Although there is much insight available on the nature of drug abuse problems, none of the systems designed to help drug dependent individuals is efficient in screening functional ingredients of the drug, and thus resulting in the failure of helping drug dependent individuals recover from drug dependence. Alternative model systems draw the attention of researchers, such as the invertebrate model systems of nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans) and fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster). These models should provide new insight into the mechanisms leading to the behavior of drug users (even functional studies analyzing molecular mechanism), and screening useful components to help remove drug dependence among drug users. The relatively simple anatomy and gene expression of the invertebrate model systems should enable researchers to coordinate current knowledge on drug abuse. Furthermore, the invertebrate model systems should facilitate advance in experiments on the susceptibility of specific genetic backgrounds and the interaction between genetic factors to drug dependence.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.213-216
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• 1993

${\kappa}-Carrageenan$, an anionic polysaccharide, was employed in tablet formulations and its function as a drug release sustaining agent was investigated. Tablets composed of ${\kappa}-carrageenan$ and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose were fabricated by using direct compression method. Lactose and sodium alginate were utilized as controls for ${\kappa}-carrageenan$. Drug release experiments performed at pHs 1.2 and 7.4 revealed that ${\kappa}-carrageenan$ retains pH-dependent sustained release effects due to its anionic characteristics. Also, the ionic interaction between ${\kappa}-carrageenan$ and drugs exerted significant affects on drug release kinetics. ${\kappa}-Carrageenan$ was found out to be a useful additive for sustained release tablet formulations.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2009.10a
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• pp.103-104
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• 2009

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.76-93
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• 1998

Three hundred sixty-two(male 131, female 231) elderly aged over 65 in Chungb- uk area were interviewed to determine the disease states and drug usage patterns. The prebalence of disease was 78% and women reported more chronic diseases(83%) than men(71%). Elderly who live with spouse and have an occupation have a lower rate of disease. Average number of diseases of the elderly was $1.8\pm{1.1}$, and women$(2.1\pm{1.3)}$ have significantly higher average number of diseases than that of men$(1.4\pm{0.7)}$. Also the elderly in urban areas$(2.1\pm{1.4)}$ have significantly higher number of diseases than that of the elderly in rural areas$(1.6\pm{0.9)}$. Arthritis, hypertension, cardiovascular and gastric diseases were the most frequently listed chronic diseases in order for both men and women. Anemia and fracture of bone were relatively higher in women than in men. Particularly, the arthritis of the urban elderly have a rate of 1.5 times higher than that of the rural elderly. Fifty-two percent of the elderly were currently using drugs ; among drug users 71.2% used prescription drugs and 20.5% used nonprescription drugs. The average number taken per person was 2.1$\pm$1.4 and there was no sex or age difference. However, the elderly in rural areas $(2.7\pm{1.7)}$ consumed a significantly higher number of drugs than those in urban areas$(1.7\pm{0.7)}$. The average number of prescripti- on drugs taken was 2.0$\pm$1.4 while the average of nonprescription drugs taken was $(1.3\pm{0.6)}$. Analgesics and antihypertensive drugs were most commonly used. Vitamin and analgesics were the most frequently used self-prescribed drugs. It was noted that potential adverse drug interaction by concominant drug consumption for arthritis and antihypensive drug, abuse of digestants and antiacid without treatment of the underlying disease, and misuse of quick-acting bowel medications were problematic for the elderly. In addition drugs used for the elderly have some adverse effect on the digestive system. The types and composition of drugs used by the elderly were identified and presented. Medication compliance was poor and 13.5% reported adverse reactions such as edema, heartburn, nausea, and difficulty with eating. Seventeen percent of the elderly obtained drugs arranged by those other than medical staff. Also, even among those elderly who obtained drugs prescribed by a doctor, 69.1% of subjects had not receive instruction about potential adverse reactions. These results suggest that nutritional problems related to drug usage might exist and so dietitians, either individually or as members of health teams, need to have a better understanding of drug-nutrient interaction and closer supervision, and drug information/education service should therefore be provided to prevent or minimize adverse drug reaction in elderly users of medication.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.84-91
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the inhibitory or inductive potentials of Yuldahanso-tang (YDT) and Chungsimyonja-tang (CST), herbal formulas for Taeeumin, on cytochrome P450 (CYP450) drug metabolizing enzyme. The mechanisms for the herbal formula-drug interaction has not been well reported in spite of the chance for co-administration with conventional drugs. Methods : To evaluate the interaction potential of YDT-drug or CST-drug, the fluorescence-based enzyme assays on CYP450 isozymes including CYP3A4, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP2E1 were established in vitro. The inhibitory effects of herbal formulas were characterized with $IC_{50}$ values. Results : YDT showed inhibitory effects on CYP2D6 and CYP2E1-mediated metabolism, while it exhibited week inhibition on CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 relatively. CST exerted relatively weak inhibitory effects on the four CYP450 isozymes compared to that of YDT. Conclusions : These results suggest that the herbal formula-drug interaction could be occur when YDT are co-administered with drugs mediated by CYP2D6 or CYP2E1.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.229-241
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• 2016

We have previously reported the role of miR-326-HDAC3 loop in anti-cancer drug-resistance. CAGE, a cancer/testis antigen, regulates the response to anti-cancer drug-resistance by forming a negative feedback loop with miR-200b. Studies investigating the relationship between CAGE and HDAC3 revealed that HDAC3 negatively regulated the expression of CAGE. ChIP assays demonstrated the binding of HDAC3 to the promoter sequences of CAGE. However, CAGE did not affect the expression of HDAC3. We also found that EGFR signaling regulated the expressions of HDAC3 and CAGE. Anti-cancer drug-resistant cancer cell lines show an increased expression of $pEGFR^{Y845}$. HDAC3 was found to negatively regulate the expression of $pEGFR^{Y845}$. CAGE showed an interaction and co-localization with EGFR. It was seen that miR-326, a negative regulator of HDAC3, regulated the expression of CAGE, $pEGFR^{Y845}$, and the interaction between CAGE and EGFR. miR-326 inhibitor induced the binding of HDAC3 to the promoter sequences in anti-cancer drug-resistant $Malme3M^R$ cells, decreasing the tumorigenic potential of $Malme3M^R$ cells in a manner associated with its effect on the expression of HDAC3, CAGE and $pEGFR^{Y845}$. The down-regulation of HDAC3 enhanced the tumorigenic, angiogenic and invasion potential of the anti-cancer drug-sensitive Malme3M cells in CAGE-dependent manner. Studies revealed that $PKC{\delta}$ was responsible for the increased expression of $pEGFR^{Y845}$ and CAGE in $Malme3M^R$ cells. CAGE showed an interaction with $PKC{\delta}$ in $Malme3M^R$ cells. Our results show that HDAC3-CAGE axis can be employed as a target for overcoming resistance to EGFR inhibitors.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.115-123
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• 2016

In this study, we collect various side effect pairs which are appeared frequently at many drugs, and select side effect pairs that have higher severity. For every selected side effect pair, we extract common genetic networks which are shared by side effects' genes and drugs' target genes based on PPI(Protein-Protein Interaction) network. For this work, firstly, we gather drug related data, side effect data and PPI data. Secondly, for extracting common genetic network, we find shortest paths between drug target genes and side effect genes based on PPI network, and integrate these shortest paths. Thirdly, we develop a classification model which uses this common genetic network as a classifier. We calculate similarity score between the common genetic network and genetic network of a drug for classifying the drug. Lastly, we validate our classification model by means of AUC(Area Under the Curve) value.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.204-212
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• 1987

Rifampicin is an indispensable drug along with isoniazid for the control of tuberculosis and is usually prescribed as the combination of rifampicin and isoniazid. This paper is attemtped to investigate the interaction of rifampicin and isoniazid. Isoniazid was administered orally at a dose of 30mg/kg of rabbits pretreated with rifampicin 7.5mg/kg, 15mg/kg, and 30mg/kg, respectively twice daily for 9 days. The results are as follows: The blood level and relative bioavailability of isoniazid were decreased significantly (p<0.05) by rifampicin at a dose of 15mg/kg and 30mg/kg. The renal clearance of total isoniazid and ratio of its metabolites to isoniazid were increased significantly (p<0.05) by rifampicin at a dose of 15mg/kg and 30mg/kg. It seemed to be due to enzyme induction by rifampicin. Elimination rate constant ($\beta$) of isoniazid was increased and half life ($t_{1/2$\beta}$) was decreased by rifampicin pretreatment. Dosage regimen of isoniazid after long term administration of rifampicin should be adjusted carefully.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 1993

Pharmacokinetic drug interaction between phenytoin and diltiazem was investigated following i.v. administration concomitantly to rabbits. Diltiazem was coadministered at doses of 1, 2 and 3 mg/kg, respectively, with phenytoin (5 mg/kg) to rabbits. Plasma concentration and AUC of phenytoin were increased significantly, but volume of distribution and total body clearance were decreased significantly (p<0.05) at doses of 2 mg and 3 mg/kg of diltiazem. From the results of this experiment, it is desirable that dosage regimen of phenytoin should be adjusted and that therapeutic drug monitoring should be practiced for reduction of side or toxic effect when phenytoin should be administered with diltiazem in clinical practice.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.397-415
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• 2002

This paper deals with a crucial mechanism for interaction of basic drugs and cardiac glycosides at the hepatic uptake level. Available literature data is provided and new material is presented to picture the differential transport inhibition of bulky (type2) cationic drugs by a number of cardiac glycosides in rat liver. It is shown that the so called organic anion transporting peptide 2 (oatp2) is the likely interaction site: differential inhibition patterns as observed in oocytes expressing oatp2, could be clearly identified also in isolated rat hepatocytes, isolated perfused rat liver and the rat in vivo. The anticipation of transport interactions at the hepatic clearance level should be based on data on the relative affinities of interacting substrates for the transport systems involved along with knowledge on the pharmacokinetics of these agents as well as the chosen dose regimen in the studied species. This review highlights the importance of multispecific tranporter systems such as OATP, accommodating a broad spectrum of organic compounds of various charge, implying potential transport interactions that can affect body distribution and organ clearance.