• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.328-332
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• 2011

After preparation of acetone, ethanol, methanol, and water extracts (10 g/300 mL) of dried persimmon (Diospyros kaki cv. Fuyu) flower-buds, total phenolic contents (TPC), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (RSA), 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) RSA, reducing power (RP), and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the extracts were evaluated. The methanol extracts produced the highest TPC (113.39 mg gallic acid equivalents/g), DPPH RSA ($IC_{50}=40.25\;{\mu}g/mL$), ABTS RSA ($IC_{50}=58.17\;{\mu}g/mL$) and RP ($IC_{50}=69.43\;{\mu}g/mL$) activities while the water extracts generated the lowest values. The ethanol extract showed the highest tyrosinase inhibitor activity (88.90%) at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. These results indicated that persimmon flower-buds may be a useful source of natural antioxidants.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Bio-Environment Control Conference
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• 2001.04b
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• pp.45-50
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• 2001

Stem firmness and flowering response of cut lily as influenced by medium composition (Control: Upland soil, Pt: Peatmoss, Pe: Perlite, Ve: Vermiculite, Rrh: Rotted rice-hull, RPt: Russian Peatmoss) were studied. For 'Casa Blanca', plant height and length of flower stalk increased when bulbs were planted in Pt:Rrh:Ve(1:1:1, v/v), and dried leaves of lower part plants decreased by RPt:Pe:Rrh(1:1:1, v/v). In case of 'Marco Polo' plant height and length of flower stalk increased with Pt:Rrh(1:1, v/v) as compared to other treatment, number of leaves and dried leaves increased when bulbs were planted in RPt:Pe:Rrh(1:1:1, v/v) as compared to control. Flowering of 'Casa Blanca' was promoted in Pt:Pe:Ve(1:1:1, v/v) and 'Marco Polo' was accelerated in Pt:Rrh:Ve(1:1:1, v/v). Flower length of 'Casa Blanca' was increased by RPt:Pe:Rrh(1 :1 :1, v/v) as compared with control and 'Marco Polo' was increased when bulbs planted to Pt:Rrh(1 :1, v/v). Flower-bud blasting of two cultivars was increased with Pt as compared with other treatment. Stem firmness of 'Casa Blanca' was increased by Pt:Pe:Ve (1:1 :1, v/v), and especially, stem firmness of upper part plants was increased by Pt:Rrh(1 :1, v/v) in 'Marco Polo' as compared to control plants. but generally, stem firmness of 'Casa Blanca' was not influenced with all cultural media as compared to control.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1227-1233
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• 2008

The effect of freeze drying and fixatives in post-treating freeze drying on the morphological properties of the rose (Rosa hybrida L.) petal were investigated for the production of high quality of freeze dried rose. The morphology including form and color of the dried flowers of cut rose were depended on the drying methods. The drying time was extended due to their density and water content, and was shorter in the freeze drying than that in the natural and hot air drying. Freeze dried process for dried flowers took 2 days in a freeze dryer and did not cause shrinkage or toughening of rose petal being dried, preserving its natural shape and color. The diameter of freeze dried flowers showed little reduction compared to fresh flowers. In Hunter color values of petals of freeze dried flowers, L and a values were high and showed little variations in comparison to fresh petals. Freeze drying led to a noticeable increase in anthocyanin contents in petals, suggesting that anthocyanin contents play an important role in the acquisition of freezing tolerance. Exposure of flowers to freeze drying was accompanied by an increase in the carotenoid content. In the post-treating freeze drying, epoxy resin, a fixative, applied alone or in combination to petals of freeze dried flowers showed efficient coating for the protection from humidity and sunlight. Combined application of epoxy and acetone to freeze dried petals permitted maintenance of natural color and excellent tissue morphology, showing color stability and shiny texture in surface of petals. These findings suggest that application of fixatives to freeze dried rose petals improves the floral preservation and epoxy coating provides good quality in the freeze dried flower product.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2010

Inhalational drug is an attractive modality for local therapy of pulmonary diseases as well as systemic drug delivery. Flower of Lonicera japonica (FLJ) and flower of Tussilag farfara (FTF) are medicinal herbs for respiratory disease in traditional Korean medicine. As a preliminary study for effective inhalable formulation of FLJ and FTF, this study was to provide the toxicity and anti-inflammatory effect on murine macrophages. The dried FLJ and FTF were extracted with distilled water, filtered and freeze-dried. After treatment with FLJ and FTF extract on RAW 264.7 cells, the cell viabilities were measured by MTT assay. FLJ and FTF did not show cytotoxicity on RAW 264.7 cells. LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were treated with 3 and $30\;{\mu}g/ml$ of FLJ or FTF. FLJ and FTF did not inhibit TNF-a and IL-6 secretion in both concentration of treatment. We suggest that FLJ and FTF may be useful drugs for respiratory disease. Future work will focus on the physical characteristics for inhalable formulation.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.51-58
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• 2008

Objectives : Trimellitic anhydride (TMA), a sensitizer that induces occupational asthma and atopic dermatitis, is widely used industrially to make epoxy and alkyd resins, plasticizers, high temperature polymer, and surfactants. The aim of this study was to investigative the effects of aqueous extracts of Lonicera japonica Flower(LJFAE) on TMA-induced contact hypersensitivity (CHS) in Balb/c mice. Methods : The dried flowers of L. japonica were extracted with distilled water at $100^{\circ}C$ for 7 h. The extract was freeze-dried following filteration through 0.45 ${\mu}m$ filter. Mice were orally administrated with or without LJFE of a different doses(25-100 mg/kg) for 28 days. In the challenge period, mice were externally applied at difference doses of LJFAE one time per day 30 min before TMA treatment. We examined the effects of LJFAE on the the serum levels of IgE and prostagladin E2 (PGE2), the Thl/Th2 cytokine production of spleen cells, ear swelling responses, and the leukocyte infiltration induced by TMA. Results : The orally and externally administration of LJFAE dose-dependently reduced the serum levels of IgE and PGE2 production as well as ear swelling responses and leukocyte infiltration in TMA-induced Balb/c mice. Furthermore, the levels of Thl (TNF-${\alpha}$, IFN-${\gammer}$, IL-2)/Th2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) cytokine production from spleen cells stimulated with anti-CD3 and CD28 mAbs was markedly suppressed by the orally and externally treatment with LJFAE in a concentration dependent manner. Conclusions : These results suggest that LJFAE suppresses the inflammatory mediators and regulates the Thl/Th2 cytokines. Therefore, these properties may contribute to the strong anti-CHS response effect of LJFAE.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.329-334
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• 2009

The effects of drying conditions on the antioxidant activities, luteolin, and volatile compounds of Chrysanthemi Flos flowers were evaluated. The flowers were dried with hot-air or far-infrared radiation at 40${^{\circ}C}$, 50${^{\circ}C}$ and 60${^{\circ}C}$, respectively, to reach 22$\pm$1% of moisture content. Each 10 g of the dried flowers were extracted with 100 mL of 95% ethanol. Increasing temperature in hot-air dried (HAD) conditions increased the antioxidant activities of the flower extracts. However, increasing temperature in far-infrared dried (FID) conditions decreased the antioxidant activities of the extracts. Luteolin, one of main flavonoids of Chrysanthemi Flos flowers, was present in the highest content at 60${^{\circ}C}$ FID flowers with a value of 139 $\mu$g/mL. Thirteen volatile compounds including camphor and β-caryophyllene were identified in chromatograms. Higher amount of the volatiles were found at 50${^{\circ}C}$ HAD and 40${^{\circ}C}$ FID. The results indicated that the antioxidant activities and volatile compounds of Chrysanthemi Flos flowers were significantly affected by drying conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.1-7
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• 1984

Traditionally dyeing fabrics with pigment extracted from carthamus flower was a popular method of obtaining red color in Korea. Such a method existed in several countries throughout the world before the synthetic dyestuff was developed. However, the traditional procedures of using natural products in obtaining colored materials are completely forgotten in modern Korea. The details of dyeing procedures fare not well documented in literature, either. In this study the method of extracting and dyeing with carthamus flower is reconstructed from Korean literature and actually carried out in laboratorf. The reconstructed method is compared with those of Japan, China, France, and Egypt, and the scientific basis of such an ancient tradition is discussed. Carthamus contains two kinds of coloring components : yellow carthamin and red carthamone. Water-soluble carthamin is first extracted by repeated washing and is usually used for the initial soaking procedure. Then carthamone is extracted in alkali solution by adding ashes of dried plants such as carthamus stalks and bean hull. Finally the solution of carthamone is made acidic by adding schizandra juice for dyeing on fabrics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1996

Chemical composition and microscopic observation of white powder developed in the surface of dried persimmon which produced in several region in Korea were studied. Sugar content in flesh of dried persimmon was $56{\sim}59%$ and composed of glucose and fructose. White powder developed in the surface of dried persimmon was composed of sugar 84.6%, moisture 12.5% and insoluble matter 2.7%, respectively. The major sugar of white powder was glucose with 83.3% and fructose was 16.7%. With scanning electron microscopic obsevation, white powder was seen the shape like a plate, flower, needle and horn, and it was similiar to the shape of recrystalized glucose after hydration. White powder in surface of dried persimmon was seemed that glucose and fructose in flesh were migrated with moisture to drying surface during drying process and glucose was crystalized in the surface of dried persimmon.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.691-696
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• 2006

This study was carried out to analyze useful component in freeze-dried persimmon flower powder made from six cultivais. The cultivais were Dogunjosang, Kojongsi, Kabjubaeknok, Chalang, Weolhasi and SangjuDungsi. Powder of persimmon flower was prepared by milling after freeze drying at $-70^{\circ}C$. Crude lipid was the highest in Dogunjosang (57.26%). Major free sugars of the persimmon flowers were fructose ($95{\sim}310mg%$), glucose ($75{\sim}281mg%$) and sucrose ($7{\sim}28mg%$). Major organic acids were malic acid (225 mg% in Kabjubaeknok (Jun. 4th)) and tartaric acid (189 mg% in Kabjubaeknok (Jun. 4th)). Predominant free amino acids were hydroxy-L-proline(25.33 mg% in Weolhasi), L-citrulline (58.83 mg% in SangjuDungsi (May 280)) and L-threonine (11.88 mg% in SangjuDungsi (May 280)). Major phenolic compounds in the persimmon flowers were caffeic acid ($1,946{\mu}g/100 g$ in Kabjubaeknok (Jun. 4th)), p-hydioxybenzoic acid($418{\mu}g/100 g$ in SangjuDungsi (May 29th)) and protocatechuic acid($181{\mu}g/100 g$ in Kabjubaeknok(Jun. 1st)). The results suggest that persimmon flowers be potential materials as useful food ingredients.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.47-57
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• 2007

This study focused on the properties natural dyeing and natural material and on the development of functional material for well-being in apparel industry. Comus officinalis Siebold et Zuccarini is used as natural dyeing material which had been reported that have curable effect for unbalanced immunity, geriatric diseases like urinary tract system, diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, tinnitus, hyperhidrosis and women's diseases like hypermenorrhea. And this material also has anti-cancer effect so that can restraint cancer cells. 3 kinds tester of cotton, wool and silk are dyed by boiled with each dye (flower, fruits, bark of tree) as first dyeing and dried in the shade. These testers are done by post-mordanting method. Aluminium Potassium(Alk(SO4)2), Cuprie Sulfate($CuSO4{\cdot}5H2O$), Stannous Chloride($SnCl2{\cdot}2H2O$), Ferrous Sulfate($FeCl2{\cdot}4H2O$), Titanium Sulfate 24% aqueous solution(Ti(SO4)2) are used as mordants. Dyeing results of Comus officinalis Siebold et Zuccarini flower and bark are shown as yellow color series. And dyeing result of fruits is pink color series. Silk shows the best dyeing property. As the point of view for dyeing property, Ti, Sn, Fe would be the properchoice for mordant. Following results are extracted in this study. Yellow color is resulted in dyeing with Cornus officinalis flower as non-mordanting condition. Yellowish red color is come from dyeing with Comus officinalis fruit as non-mordanting condition. Grayish yellow tone is resulted in dyeing with bark as non-mordanting condition. Orange tone color with Ti-mordanting, green tone color with Sn-mordanting and gray tone color with Fe-mordanting is resulted respectively. However light-fastness of Comus officinalis(flower, fruit, bark) is very low as 1 or 2 level in non-mordanting condition, Comus officinalis flower dyeing is turned out 3 or 4 level and fruit dyeing is 4 or 5 level, bark dyeing is 2 or 3 level with Ti-mordanting respectively. Eventually Comus officinalis fruit has the best light-colorfastness property among all of dyes. dry cleaning colorfastness of Cornus officinalis(flower, fruit, bark) is good as 4 or 5 level in Ti-mordanting condition, perspiration-colorfastness of Cornus officinalis(flower, fruit, bark) is good as 4 or 5 level in Ti-mordanting condition, With these results, this study could conclude that dye-ability, colorfastness problem is getting better after mordanting process and practical usage would be possible.