• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.38 no.3
• /
• pp.180-185
• /
• 2002

The direct viable count (DVC) and plate count (PC) methods was used to measure the number of bacteria in potable groundwater samples collected from bottled water from the market, mineral water, and edible groundwater near the urban areas and the stock farming congested areas. As a result, the number of living bacteria by DVC was comprised 30~80% of the total direct count (TDC), whereas the number of living bacteria by PC was around l~30% of DVC. Such results show that viable but non-culturable (VBNC) bacteria exist in the potable groundwater with high percentages. On the other hand, upon measuring the value from the conventional nutrient broth (NB), $10^-2$ fold diluted nutrient broth (DNB), and R2A broth, the values from the DNB and R2A showed 2~50 times higher than the conventional NB medium. These results indicate that oligotrophic bacterial groups which can multiply in the low nutrient broth abundantly exist in the oligotrophic environment like potable groundwater.

• Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.263-266
• /
• 1999

In examining bacterial growth on glass surfaces immersed in sea water, we found serious differences between enumeration methods. Therefore, we compared various methods and found sonication and direct count methods were superior to other methods. Since the direct count method was not suitable for long-term investigation, we chose the sonication method and confirmed that sonication periods 8 times for 30 seconds was optimal for the detachment of bacteria from glass surfaces.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.17 no.9
• /
• pp.1558-1562
• /
• 2007

To elucidate the influence of pipe materials on the VBNC (viable but nonculturable) state and bacterial numbers in drinking water, biofilm and effluent from stainless steel, galvanized iron, and polyvinyl chloride pipe wafers were analyzed. Although no HPC (heterotrophic plate count) was detected in the chlorinated influent of the model system, a DVC (direct viable count) still existed in the range between 3- and 4-log cells/ml. Significantly high numbers of HPC and DVC were found both in biofilm and in the effluent of the model system. The pipe material, exposure time, and the season were all relevant to the concentrations of VBNC and HPC bacteria detected. These findings indicate the importance of determining the number of VBNC cells and the type of pipe materials to estimate the HPC concentration in water distribution systems and thus the need of determining a DVC in evaluating disinfection efficiency.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.15 no.8
• /
• pp.3757-3761
• /
• 2014

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic significance of the CD56+NK-TIL count in infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) of breast. Material and Methods: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed using antibodies specific for CD56 on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue sections of 175 infiltrating ductal carcinomas (IDC) of breast. Distribution of intratumoral and stromal CD56+NK-TILs was assessed semi-quantitatively. Results: A low intratumoral CD56+count showed significant and inverse associations with tumor grade, stage, and lymph node status, whereas it had significant and direct association with response to treatment indicating good prognosis. These patients had better survival (${\chi}^2$=4.80, p<0.05) and 0.52 fold lower death rate (HR=0.52, 95% CI=0.28-0.93) as compared to patients with high CD56+ intratumoral count. The association of survival was insignificant with low CD56 stromal count as compared to high CD56 stromal count (${\chi}^2$=1.60, p>0.05). Conclusion: To conclude, although NK-TIL count appeared as a significant predictor of prognosis, it alone may not be sufficient for predicting the outcome considering the fact that there exists a crosstalk between NK-TILs and the other immune infiltrating TILs.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.39 no.3
• /
• pp.181-186
• /
• 2003

This study was performed to analyze quantitatively the number of living bacteria in forest soil samples collected from Mt. Keryong using improved direct viable count (DVC) and plate count (PC) methods. The number of living bacteria by DVC comprised 18～44% of the total direct count (TDC), whereas the number of living bacteria by PC was less than 1% of TDC. These results showed that viable but non-culturable (VBNC) bacteria existed in the soil with high percentages. Besides, DVC was proved to make it possible to make a quantitative detection of the VBNC bacteria. On the other hand, upon measuring the value from the conventional nutrient broth (NB) and $10^{-2}$ folded diluted nutrient broth (DNB), the values from the DNB showed 5 to 10 times higher than those from the conventional NB medium. These results indicate that oligotrophic bacterial groups, which could multiply in the low nutrient broth, abundantly exist in the soil ecosystem. It would also be possible to apply this kind of method to other substrate to make a quantitative detection of soil bacterial groups.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.42 no.3
• /
• pp.205-209
• /
• 2006

For measuring the viable cells in lakes, quantitative direct viable count (qDVC) method is applied. In the qDVC process, the final concentration of glycine is fixed as 2%. For confirming the effectiveness of qDVC for enumerating the viable cells, the viable bacterial numbers were measured by plate count, CTC reduction method and qDVC method at 5 different lakes. Among these 3 methods, the bacterial numbers by qDVC is $2.4{\sim}6.0$ times higher than those by the other 2 methods. And by the qDVC method, the viable cells were easily discriminated from dead or dormant cells.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
• /
• v.23 no.6
• /
• pp.49-53
• /
• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate whether dual-hemisphere transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) could induce more cortical activity, compared to single-hemisphere, using functional MRI (fMRI). Methods: One right-handed healthy subject was recruited. Three phases of dual-hemisphere tDCS (i.e. anodal tDCS over the left-dominant primary sensoriomotor cortex (SM1) and cathodal tDCS over the right-non dominant SM(1) were consecutively delivered on to a subject, during fMRI scanning. The voxel count and the intensity index in the averaged cortical map were analyzed among the three tDCS phases. Results: Our result showed that cortical activation was observed on all the three phases of the dual-hemisphere tDCS. Voxel count and intensity index were as following; 912 and 4.07 in the first phase, 1102 and 3.90 in the second phase, 1031 and 3.80 in the third phase. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that application of the dual-hemisphere tDCS could induce cortical activity and maintain to recruit cortical neurons. Our findings suggested that application of dual-hemisphere tDCS could produce efficiency of the ongoing tDCS effect to facilitate cortical excitability.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.105-114
• /
• 1976

The study was conducted for an attempt to improve the diluting fluid for total leukocyte count, and to prepare a multipurpose diluting fluid for concurrent direct counts of total leukocytes, eosinophils and the other leukocytes. Through the experiment, two better fluids for total leukocyte count of blood of human, bovine, swine, canine and rabbit were selected, and which conserved cell morphology of leukocytes better than $T{\ddot{u}}rk$-solution. Each formula of two fluids were given as under R I and R II. Formula of multipurpose diluting fluid selected in the experiment was given as under III. With this fluid, direct counts of total leukocytes, eosinophils and probably basophils of blood of human, bovine and swine were practicable concurrently in the same counting chamber of a hemocytometer. In this fluid, eosinophils were stained red in the part of eosinophilic granules and blue in other part of cell, and basophils were stained dark blue like as a lump of black granules, staining three other leukocytes faint blue. Eosinophils of canine blood were not so enough red those in other animal and human and eosinophils of rabbit blood were not distinguishable from pseudoeosinophils in this fluid.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.252-257
• /
• 2013

In this study the automated technique TEMPO STA method, a new automated enumeration based on MPN method, was compared to the direct plate count method by testing various ready-to-eat compound food products. Artificially inoculated food samples with Staphylococcus aureus - Bibimbap, Bibimnaengmyeon, Mulnaengmyeon, Kimmaki, Salad, Japchae, and Sushi- were tested. Statistical analysis of the results showed above 99% in agreement between the two enumeration methods. Also, we monitored 466 various ready-to-eat compound food products samples. The measure uncertainties of the two methods is also familiar, while TEMPO STA automated method is simpler, less time-consuming, more effective and more stable.

• Journal of Power Electronics
• /
• v.14 no.6
• /
• pp.1314-1321
• /
• 2014

A new simplified topology for a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) based on direct converter with a reduced number of switches is presented. The direct converter is fabricated using only three bi-directional controlled switches. The direct converter is connected between the grid and center-tapped series transformer. The center-tapped series transformer is used to inject the compensating voltage synthesized by the direct converter. The DVR can properly compensate for long-duration, balanced, and unbalanced voltage sag and swell by taking power from the grid. The switches are driven by ordinary pulse width modulation signals. Simulation and hardware results validate the idea that the proposed topology can mitigate sag of 50% and swell of unlimited quantity.