• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.387-394
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• 2019

Membrane distillation (MD) is one of the water treatment processes which involves the momentum, heat and mass transfer through channels and membrane. In this study, CFD modeling has been used to simulate the heat and mass transfer in the direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD). Also, the effect of operating parameters on the water flux is investigated. The result shows a good agreement with the experimental result. Results indicated that, while feed temperature is increasing in the feed side, water flux improves in the permeate side. Since higher velocity leads to the higher mixing and turbulence in the feed channel, water flux rises due to this increase in the feed velocity. Moreover, results revealed that temperature polarization coefficient is rising as flow rate (velocity) increases and it is decreasing while the feed temperature increases. Lastly, the thermal efficiency of direct contact membrane distillation is defined, and results confirm that thermal efficiency improves while feed temperature increases. Also, flow rate increment results in enhancement of thermal efficiency.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.233-244
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• 2009

이 연구에서는 석조문화재의 초음파 측정에 적합한 탐촉자 및 접촉매질을 선정하였으며, 과학적이며 정량적인 평가기술을 개발하기 위해 암종별 직접 및 간접전달방법의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 이 결과, 석조문화재에서 초음파 측정은 유형 3의 탐촉자(UTREXTX(RX)54kHz)와 접촉매질(고무찰흙)을 사용하는 것이 가장 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 이 유형 3의 직접 및 간접전달방법의 보정계수는 화강암 1.50, 반려암 1.38, 석영섬록암 1.58로 산출되었다. 이 결과는 초음파탐사의 신뢰도를 높이기 위한 최초의 연구로서 석조문화재의 초음파탐사 방법을 확립하는데 크게 기여할 것으로 판단된다. 또한 암석의 표면요철도와 다양한 접촉매질을 고려한 보완연구가 수행되어야 할 것이며, 암종별 직접-간접전달방법의 상관관계에 대한 데이터베이스도 구축되어야 할 것이다.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.685-692
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• 2001

This paper reports on the mixed lubrication characteristics between the cam and the tappet contact surface of direct acting type valve train systems. First, the dynamic characteristics are solved by using the lumped mass method to determine the load conditions at the contact point. Then, the minimum oil film thickness is calculated with consideration of elastohydrodynamic line contact theory and the friction force is obtained by using the mixed lubrication model which separates the hydrodynamic and the boundary friction. Finally, the average surface temperatures are calculated by using the flash temperature theory. The results show that, there are some peaks in the friction force due to the asperity contact friction, and flash temperature at the position of minimum oil film thickness. It is thought that there is a relationship between the surface temperature and cam surface wear, and therefore, the analysis on the worn cam profile has been performed.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2008년도 추계 학술발표회
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• pp.1456-1462
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• 2008

This study conducted a direct shear test to evaluate friction properties on contact surface of waste resources including turban shell, gastropod shell and PET bottle film. The contact surface that was considered for computation of shear strength in contact surface were turban shell/turban shell, gastropod shell/gastropod shell, and PET bottle film/PET bottle film. As a result of test, friction angle was found to be $16.7^{\circ}$ for contact surface of turban shell/turban shell, $35.4^{\circ}$ for gastropod shell/gastropod shell, and about $11^{\circ}$ for PET bottle film/PET bottle film. Using the results, the author aims to provide a possibility for application of waste resource in the field.

• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국태양에너지학회 2008년도 춘계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.203-208
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to compare the different shapes of condenser of the direct contact heat transfer from the heat pipe condenser to the receiving water using CFD. The heat transfer from the working fluid of the heat pipe to receiving fluid flows through the manifolder is one of the important part in evacuated solar collector system. The retrenchment of the thermal resistance between the heat pipe and the manifolder could increase the thermal performances of the whole system. Recently, direct heat transfer from the heat pipe condenser wall to the receiving water was suggested and accompanied experiments were achieved. This experiment shows the better performances of the direct contact heat transfer analogically. Preceding calculations are carried out for the performance comparison: mesh dependence test, discretization method test and equation model test. with these preceding tests, 4 different shapes of condenser are compared and each case were set up for the same heat flux at the condenser wall. The calculation result shows that the efficiency of the extended surface condenser shape is 10% higher then the that of the others.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.284-289
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• 2002

Background : The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the direct and indirect composite restorations which had been placed for 1 year Methods : The composite restorations which had been placed between 1999. Mar and 1999, Dec was evaluated after 1 year For direct restorations. Spectrum (Dentsply, USA) and Z100 (3M, USA) were used in the anterior teeth and Surefil (Dentsply, USA) were used. For class V restorations of anterior and posterior teeth. Spectrum was used. For indirect restorations, Targis/Vectris system (Vivadent/Ivoclar, Liechtenstein) was used 2 examiners evaluated marginal quality, proximal contact. discoloration, presence of 2$^{nd}$ caries, loss of filling and hypersensitivity of restorations. The restorations was clinically evaluated by modified methods based on USPHS. Results : 60 teeth were evaluated. 59 were clinically acceptable and 1 restoration which was placed in class v cavity in the posterior tooth was fallen out. In most cases, the restorations were clinically accept-able. For restorations which had been directly placed in the class II cavities, loose proximal contact was indicated as the main complaints. Conclusions : Most of Anterior and posterior restorations which bad been directly or indirectly placed for 1 year were clinically acceptable. For posterior teeth, loose proximal contact was indicated as the main problem in the directly placed Class II restorations. Long term clinical study is needed.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.45-57
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• 1997

The direct contact condensation phenomenon, which occurs when steam is injected into the subcooled water, has been experimentally investigated. Two plume shapes in the stable condensation regime are found to be conical and ellipsoidal shapes depending on the steam mass flux and the liquid subcooling. Divergent plumes, however, are found when the subcooling is relatively small. The measured expansion ratio of the maximum plume diameter to the injector inner diameter ranges from 1.0 to 2.3. By means of fitting a large amount of measured data, an empirical correlation is obtained to predict the steam plume length as a function of a dimensionless steam mass flux and a driving potential for the condensation process. The average heat transfer coefficient of direct contact condensation has been found to be in the range 1.0~3.5 ㎿/$m^2$.$^{\circ}C$. Present results show that the magnitude of the average condensation heat transfer coefficient depends mainly on the steam mass fin By using dynamic pressure measurements and visual observations, six regimes of direct contact condensation have been identified on a condensation regime map, which are chugging, transition region from chugging to condensation oscillation, condensation oscillation, bubbling condensation oscillation, stable condensation, and interfacial oscillation condensation. The regime boundaries are quite clearly distinguishable except the boundaries of bubbling condensation oscillation and interfacial oscillation condensation.

• 한국에너지공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국에너지공학회 1995년도 춘계학술발표회 초록집
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• pp.78-81
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• 1995

In the present study, the spray column type of direct contact heat exchangers are studied experimentally to analyze heat transfer characteristics for solar energy utilization. These experiments are carried out in the line of solar heating system, major results are as follows ; 1) the flow and aspect of working fluid drop for maxium heat transfer 2) efficiency and volumetric heat transfer coefficient of D. C. H. X. with a heavier working fluid are higher than those of D. C. H. X. with a lighter working fluid

• 정신신체의학
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.60-66
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• 2005

연구목적 : 병원에 근무하는 직원의 정신과에 대한 인식과 태도를 조사하여, 향후, 직원과 지역사회 주민을 대상으로 한 정신과와 정신과 질환에 대한 교육의 기초자료로 활용하기 위함이다. 방법: 일 병원에 근무중인 직원을 대상으로 하여 정신과에 대한 인식과 태도에 관한 설문지를 이용하여 조사하였다. 결과: 정신과에 대한 인식과 태도는 대체로 긍정적이었으며, 두 개의 요인에서는 유의하지 않은 요인이 있었으나, 직접 접촉군이 더 긍정적이었다. 정신과 영역의 장점 요인에서 여성이 더 긍정적이었으며, 효용 요인에서도 여성이 더 긍정적이었고, 정신과 의사의 기능과 역할 정의 요인과 일어날 수 있는 남용과 사회적 비난 요인과 경력과 개인적 보상 요인에서는 직접 접촉군이 더 긍정적이었다. 결론: 정신과에 대한 인식과 태도에 있어 직접 접촉군이 더 긍정적이었다. 그리고 정신과 병원에 근무하는 직원과 지역사회 주민에 대한 교육이 필요하리라 사료된다.

• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2015

This paper addresses technical problems of thermal contact conductance or resistance which inevitably occurs in most cryogenic engineering systems. The main focus of this paper is to examine what kind of physical factors primarily influences the thermal contact resistance and to suggest how it can be minimized. It is a good practical rule that the contact surface must have sub-micron roughness level with no oxide layer and be thinly covered by indium, gold, or Apiezon-N grease for securing sufficient direct contact area. The higher contact pressure, the lower the thermal contact resistance. The general description of this technique has been widely perceived and reasonable engineering results have been achieved in most applications. However, the detailed view of employing these techniques and their relative efficacies to reduce thermal contact resistances need to be thoroughly reviewed. We should consider specific thermal contact conditions, examine the engineering requirements, and execute each method with precautions to fulfil their maximum potentials.