• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.531-537
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• 2007

Small amounts of trans fatty acids exist naturally in beef and dairy foods. Also, they can be produced in the process of partial hydrogenation to manufacture shortning or margarine. They can provide a better palatability and shelf life. According to the recently studies, trans fatty acids can raise health risk such as heart diseases and coronary artery diseases. They can also increase low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and decrease high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in the blood plasma, therefore increasing the risk of atherosclerosis and diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine total lipids and trans fatty acids (TFAs) content in processed foods and meat products. The analysis of trans fatty acids was performed in 28 samples of donuts, 18 samples of bakeries, 4 samples of frozen doughs, 2 samples of popcorns, and 4 samples of meat products (ham, sausage, nuget, and bacon). Total lipids in processed foods and meat products were extracted by chloroform-Methanol method and acid digestion, respectively. They were analyzed by gas chromatography using a SP-2560 column and flame ionization detector. The amounts of TFAs per 100 g of foods were 0-3.3% (0.74% on average) in donuts, 0.2-5.8% (1.18% on average) in bakeries, 0.2-6.3% (1.93% on average) in frozen doughs, and 0-5.8% in popcorns. Meat products such as ham, sausage, and nuget analyzed 0.1% of TFAs, respectively and trans fatty acids in bacon were not detected. As a result, the distribution of TFAs in processed foods was widely ranged from O% to 6.3% according to manufacturers and types of products, whereas the content of TFAs in meat products ranged from 0% to 0.1%.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.862-870
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• 1998

This study shows the application of Ci-ELISA method for monitoring the denaturation of myosin by the frozen treatment in order to differentiate thawed beef from chilled. Hanwoo M.Semitendinosus (n=25) was treated under the two different frozen process as follows; simple frozen treatment (Exp-1) at 4 different temperatures, -10, -20, -50 and $-80^{\circ}C$, respectively, and repeated thawing-refreezing treatment (Exp-2) stored at 4 different temperatures, -10, -20, -50 and $-80^{\circ}C$, respectively. Antibodies (Abs) were produced from rabbits immunized with myosin whole molecule (MWM) isolated from beef round, heavy meromyosin S-1 (S-1) and light meromyosin (LMM) prepared by digestion of MWM. Each immunoglobulin G (IgG) was separated from antiserum. At 6 month storage, IA of anti-MWM IgG for myosin was decreased to 32.67, 32. 23, 51.52 and 34.27% in Exp-1 and to 14.82, 15.61, 25.3 and 23.7% in Exp-2 at -10, -20, -50 and $-80^{\circ}C$, respectively (P<0.05). In Exp-1, the reactivities of anti-LMM IgG were decreased to 25.12, 21.42, 49.05 and 28.96%, and those of Exp-2 were to 11.88, 9.56, 20.63 and 12.64% at -10, -20, -50 and $-80^{\circ}C$, respectively, at 6 times thawing (P<0.05). Conclusively, myosin was denaturated by freezing treatment and LMM or myosin rod part might have suffered from more extreme demage than HMM S-1, and samples at $-50^{\circ}C$ were slightly injured less than others by freezing treatment.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.114-120
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• 2006

Anti-diabetic effects of extracts and fractions of Sasa borealis (SB), white lotus roots (LR) and leaves (LL), and their mixture were determined in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and Min6 cells by investigating insulin-sensitizing activity and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, respectively. SB, LR, LL, and mixture of SB, LR, and LL (3 : 2 : 3) were extracted using 70% ethanol, and m mixture extract was fractionated by XAD-4 column chromatography with serial mixture solvents of methanol and water. Fractional extractions were utilized for anti-diabetic effect assay. SB and LR extracts increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, but not as much as mixture of SB, LR, and LL. Significant insulin-sensitizing activities of 20 and 80% methanol fractions of SB, LR, and LL mixture extract were observed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, giving 0.5 or $5\;{\mu}g/mL$ each fraction with 0.2 nM insulin to attain glucose uptake level similar to that attained by 10 nM insulin alone. Similar to pioglitazone, peroxisome proliferators-activated $receptor-{\gamma}\;(PPAR-{\gamma})$ agonist, 20 and 80% methanol fractions increased adipocytes by stimulating differentiation from fibroblasts and triglyceride synthesis. LL extract and 20, 60, and 80% methanol fractions of the mixture suppressed ${\alpha}-amylase$ activity, but did not modulate insulin secretion capacity of Min6 cells in both low and high glucose media. These data suggest 20 and 80% methanol tractions contain potential insulin sensitizers with functions similar to that of $PPAR-{\gamma}$ agonist. Crude extract of SB, LR, and LL mixture possibly improves glucose utilization by enhancing insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and inhibiting carbohydrate digestion without affecting insulin secretion in vivo.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.69-79
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• 2011

This study was conducted to estimate effects of by-products of medical herbs replacing rice straw on in vitro fermentation characteristics. Each trial was composed of five treatments including medical herbs : rice straw (%) = 20 : 80 (T1), 40 : 60 (T2), 50 : 50 (T3), 100 : 0 (T4) and the control. Each treatment had eight fermentation times (3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hours) with three replications. The gas production and DM degradation were significantly (P<0.05) increased by supplementation, especially T4, during the whole fermentation periods. Methane production increased along with addition of by-products similar to the gas production and DM degradation. The pH values ranged from 5.39 to 6.80 and were significantly (P<0.05) decreased by supplementation of by-products of medical herbs. Microbial growth rates reached the peak at between 36 and 48h, thereafter tended to decrease. Although there were no significant differences in the enzyme activities, there was a tendency of increase in T4 treatment. From above results, the replacement levels, particularly 100% replacement of rice straw by by-products of medical herbs, resulted in improving the in vitro fermentation characteristics such as increasing gas production, microbial growth and DM degradation. Also it may help digestion by increasing enzyme activities.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.23-32
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• 2009

The sorption of europium (Eu (III)) onto kaolinite and the influence of humic acids over a range of pH 3 ~ 11 has been studied by batch adsorption experiment (V/m = 250 : 1 mL/g, $C_{Eu(III)}\;=\;1\;{\times}\;10^{-5}\;mol/L$, $C_{HA}\;=\;5{\sim}50\;mg/L$, $P_{CO2}=10^{-3.5}\;atm$). The concentrations of HA and Eu(III) in aqueous phase were measured by UV absorbance at 254nm (e.g., $UV_{254}$) and ICP-MS after microwave digestion for HA removals, respectively. Results showed that the HA sorption onto kaolinite was decreased with increasing pH and their sorption isotherms fit well with the Langmuir adsorption model (except pH 3). Maximum amount ($q_{max}$) for the HA sorption at pH 4 to 11 was ranged from 4.73 to 0.47 mg/g. Europium adsorption onto the kaolinite in the absence of HA was typical, showing an increases with pH and a distinct adsorption edge at pH 3 to 5. However in the presence of HA, Eu adsorption to kaolinite was significantly affected. HA was shown to enhance Eu adsorption in the acidic pH range (pH 3 ~ 4) due to the formation of additional binding sites for Eu coming from HA adsorbed onto kaolinite surface, but reduce Eu adsorption in the intermediate and high pH above 6 due to the formation of aqueous Eu-HA complexes. The results on the ternary interaction of kaolinte-Eu-HA are compared with those on the binary system of kaolinite-HA and kaolinite-Eu and adsorption mechanism with pH was discussed.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.247-258
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• 2018

The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether the degree of air pollution can be evaluated via examination of local plants. Selected sites included two parks in an industrial area, as well as two parks in an urban area. Selected plant samples comprised one-year-old pine shoot leaves. Leaves growing over 2 m from the ground were collected from over 10 pine trees. Leaf surface was analyzed for deposition of 14 trace elements and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including particle size and mass, surface imaging, precipitation-mediated particle removal rate, and concentration. Particle size ranged from 0.4 to $200{\mu}m$, and the volume percentage of particles ${\leq}10$ was 20 %. Deposited particle mass ranged from 0.450-0.825 mg, and precipitation-mediated removal rate ranged from 10.0-27.6 %. Trace element concentration, as measured by ICP/MS after microwave acid digestion, was 18.8-26.3 mg/kg As, 0.08-0.13 mg/kg Be, 0.06-0.08 mg/kg Cd, 4.91-17.8 mg/kg Cr, 5.26-405 mg/kg Cu, 1,930-2,670 mg/kg Fe, 3.03-28.1 mg/kg Pb, 26.9-42.8 mg/kg Mn, 2.66-10.4 mg/kg Ni, 4,560-8,730 mg/kg Al, 2,500-6,120 mg/kg Ba, 5.27-17.8 mg/kg Rb, 40.9-95.3 mg/kg Sr, and 4,030-8,260 mg/kg Zn. Concentration of PAHs, as analyzed by GC/MS/MS after liquid-liquid extraction and purification of deposited particles, ranged from 1.17 to 12.378 mg/kg for ${\Sigma}PAH_{16}$ and from 1.17 to 12.378 mg/kg for ${\Sigma}PAH_7$.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.234-241
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• 2019

An intensive interaction between yeasts and insects has highlighted their relevance for attraction to food and for the insect's development and behavior. Yeast associated in the gut of insects secretes cellulase which aided in the food digestion (cellulose degradation). Three strains of cellulose-degrading yeast were isolated from the gut of adult grasshoppers collected in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. The strains $ON22^T$, $G10^T$, and $G15^T$, showed positive cellulolytic activity in the carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-plate assay. The phylogenetic tree based on sequence analysis of D1/D2 domains of the large subunit rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions revealed that the strains $ON22^T$ (100 and 98.4% sequence similarities in D1/D2 domains and ITS) and $G10^T$ (99.8 and 99.5% in D1/D2 domain and ITS region) were most closely related to the species Moesziomyces aphidis JCM $10318^T$; $G15^T$ (100% in D1/D2 domains and ITS) belongs to the species Moesziomyces antarcticus JCM $10317^T$, respectively. Morphology and biochemical test results are provided in the species description. Cellulase with its massive applicability has been used in various industrial processes such as biofuels like bioethanol productions. Therefore, this is the first report of the cellulolytic yeast strains $ON22^T$, $G10^T$, and $G15^T$ related to the genus Moesziomyces in the family Ustilaginaceae (Ustilaginales), in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.362-368
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• 2018

Grasshoppers play vital role in the digestion of photosynthetically fixed carbons. With the aid of intestinal microflora, the grasshopper can degrade leaves constituents such as cellulose and hemicellulose. The purpose of this study was to examine cellulolytic yeast isolates from the gut of grasshoppers collected in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. Among the yeast isolates, ON2, ON17 (two strains), and ON6 (one strain) showed positive cellulolytic activity in the CMC-plate assay. The sequence analyses of D1/D2 domains of the large subunit rDNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions revealed that the strains ON2 and ON17 were most closely related to Papiliotrema aspenensis CBS $13867^T$ (100%, sequence similarity in D1/D2 domains; 99.4% sequence similarity in ITS) and strain ON6 related to Saitozyma flava (100% in D1/D2 domains; 99.0% in ITS). All these three yeast strains are capable of degrading cellulose; therefore, the members of endosymbiotic yeasts may produce their own enzymes for carbohydrate degradation and convert mobilized sugar monomers to volatile fatty acids. Thus, the endosymbiotic yeast strains ON2, ON17 (represents the genus Papilioterma) and ON6 (Saitozyma) belonging to the family Tremellomycetes, are unreported strains in Korea.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.236-243
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• 2020

This study was to evaluate the feed value of whole crop rice silage (WCRS) and to investigate a suitable ratio of the WCRS and concentrate by an analysis of rumen fermentation. A total of 6 treatments were used according to WCRS: concentrate ratio on in vitro rumen fermentation: T1 (100:0), T2 (60:40), T3 (40:60), T4 (20:80), T5 (10:90), and T6 (0:100). The ruminal pH, total gas emission, ammonia nitrogen, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) were determined as fermentation parameters. Total nutrients digestibility trial was conducted by 4 treatments according to WCRS: concentrate ratio at 40:60 (W40), 20:80 (W20), and 10:90 (W10), respectively. Feed value was analyzed according to AOAC (2019) and nutrient digestibility was calculated based on NRC (2001). The levels of crude protein (CP), crude fat, and neutral detergent fiber of the WCRS were 12.29%, 1.67%, and 59.79%, respectively. It was found to be 51.49% as a result of predicting the total digestible nutrient of WCRS using the NRC (2001) model. In vitro rumen fermentation, T4, T5, and T6 treatments showed a greater gas emission and total VFA concentration compared with other treatments (p<0.05). Acetate and acetate to propionate ratio of T4, T5, and T6 were significantly higher than other treatments (p<0.05). There was a significant difference in the level of propionate and butyrate according to the WCRS: concentrate ratio (p<0.05). The digestibility of dry matter and CP was significantly lower in W40 than in other treatments (p<0.05); however, there was no difference in W20 and W10. In conclusion, the 20:80 (WCRS: concentrate) is beneficial for stabilizing the rumen that does not inhibit rumen fermentation and nutrient digestion. This ratio might have a positive effect on the economics of farms as a valuable feed.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.379-386
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• 1990

Varietal difference of protein content in forty eight Korean recommended rice cultivars and environmental Variation in protein content of milled rice harvested at six sites of the middle and/or southern plain and four locations of mid-mountainous and/or alpine area in 1989 were investigated. Also, the composition of amino acid in milled rice was compared among three rice varieties: a high-protein japonica rice, Nongbaek, a high-protein Tongil-type rice, Yongjubyeo, and a low-protein japonica rice, Hwaseongbyeo. Korean recommended rice varieties showed 7.93% of average protein content with varietal variation from 5.5% to 10.2% for milled rice harvested in 1988, and 9.17% of mean protein content with the variation from 6.3% to 12.0% for milled rice harvested in 1989. Tongil-type rice was about 1% higher in protein content of milled rice than japonica. The low-protein japonica rice, Hwaseongbyeo exhibited lower content of essential amino acids per g of rice flour sample than the high-protein japoinica, Nongbaek and/or Tongil-type rice, Yongjubyeo, but the relative content of essential amino acids per 16.8g of nitrogen in milled rice of the former was not so different with those of the latters. Among amino acids the content of glutamic acid was highest and among essential amino acids the content of leucine was highest while methionine was lowest. The protein content of milled rice was negatively correlated with days from seeding to heading, K/Mg ratio, alkali digestion value(l-7) and amylose content, but it was positively correlated with translucency and magnesium content of milled rice. The protein content of milled rice harvested in the southern plain paddy field was about 1% higher compared with those harvested in the Middle plain. Also, the protein content of milled rice harvested in the southern mid-mountainous and alpine area was about 0.8% higher compared with those harvested in the resemble altitude area of the middle-northern part of Korea. The contribution of environmental variation to total in plain area was about 28.1% while that in mid-mountainous and alpine area was about 56.4%.