• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권8호
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• pp.1297-1304
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• 2007

We conducted a series of investigations in order to elucidate role of nutritional status in regulating GLUT expression and energy metabolism in porcine muscle. Firstly, the role of mild undernutrition in regulating muscle GLUT gene expression and function was studied in growing pigs (3 wk of age) on a high (H) or low (L) food intake (H = 2L) at $35^{\circ}C$ or $26^{\circ}C$. Low food intake selectively upregulates GLUT1 and GLUT4 gene expression; mRNA levels were elevated in longissimus dorsi (L. dorsi) and rhomboideus muscles but not in diaphragm or cardiac muscles. Our next step was to determine whether dietary lysine, a major primary limiting amino acid in diets for pigs, affects muscle GLUT4 expression. Pigs of 6 wk of age were pair-fed a control or low lysine (LL) diet. The control diet contained optimal amounts of all essential amino acids, including 1.15% lysine. The LL diet was similar but contained only 0.70% lysine. GLUT4 mRNA expression was upregulated by the LL diet in L. dorsi and rhomboideus muscles, whereas that in cardiac muscle was unaffected. GLUT4 protein abundance was also higher in rhomboideus muscle of animals on the LL diet. We conducted another investigation in order to elucidate effects of the LL diet on post-GLUT4 glucose metabolism. Activity of hexokinase was unaffected by dietary lysine levels while that of citrate synthase was higher both in L. dorsi and rhomboideus muscles of pigs fed on the LL diet. Glucose 6-phosphate content was higher in L. dorsi msucle in the LL group. Glycogen content was higher both in L. dorsi and rhomboideus muscles in the LL group. Further, we determined the effects of dietary lysine levels on accumulation of intramuscular fat (IMF) in L. dorsi muscle of finishing pigs. A low lysine diet (lysine content was 0.40%) meeting approximately 70% of the requirement of lysine was given to finishing pigs for two months. IMF contents in L. dorsi of the pigs given the low lysine diet were twice higher than those of the pigs fed on a control diet (lysine content was 0.65%). Finally, we proved that a well known effect of breadcrumbs feeding to enhance IMF of finishing pigs could be attributed to shortage of amino acids in diets including breadcrumbs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.981-991
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• 2020

Objective: To evaluate calcium stearoyl-2 lactylate (CSL) performance as an exogenous emulsifier together with lipase for broiler diets. Methods: In total, 252 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were allocated in a completely randomized design to give 6 replications per treatment with 7 birds in each cage. There were six dietary treatments representing a 2×3 factorial arrangement consisted of two energy levels (standard energy [positive control, PC] and -100 kcal/kg of the requirement level [negative control, NC]) and three dietary treatments (without additives [CON], CON+CSL [CSL], and CON+CSL+lipase [CSL-Lipase]). Corn and soybean meal-based experimental diets containing vegetable oil were formulated. Growth performance, blood parameters, visceral organ weights, ileal morphology, nutrient digestibility, and cytokine gene expression were measured. Results: Birds fed a diet including CSL increased (p<0.05) lipase level in blood compared to birds fed a diet including CSL-Lipase on day 21. Similarly, higher (p<0.05) liver weight was observed in birds fed a diet including either CSL or CSL-Lipase on day 21. Birds fed NC diet with CSL improved (p<0.05) nutrient digestibility compared to the NC diet on day 21. However, birds fed a diet supplemented with CSL or CSL-Lipase did not affect (p>0.05) the weight gain, feed efficiency, ileal morphology, and cytokine concentrations during the experiment period, regardless of dietary energy levels. Conclusion: Our results indicated that CSL has a role in improving nutrient digestibility in young birds when supplemented to a corn-soybean meal based broiler diet.

• 한국가금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국가금학회 2002년도 가을 학술발표논문집
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• pp.133-135
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• 2002

DE와 GE의 급여가 어린 병아리의 골격발달에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 1일령된 Hy-Line Brown 수평아리 4처리$\times$4반복$\times$5수/반복 100마리에게 3주간 대조군으로 IF 함량이 매우 낮은 SPC를 급여했다. 실험군은 DE와 GE를 1. 0, 2.0mM 두 수준으로 첨가 급여하였다. 이때 사료의 Ca 수준은 골격발달에 좀더 민감한 반응을 나타낼 수 있도록 요구량의 50% 수준으로 했으며, Phosphate는 정상수준으로 급여하였다. 식이섭취량과 체중증가량은 군간에 차이를 보이지 않았고, ALP activity는 GE군과 대조군에 비해 DE군에서 유의하게 감소하였으나(p〈0.05) 첨가수준간에는 차이가 없었다. 경골의 회분 %는 대조군에 비해 DE, GE군에서 유의하게 증가하였으나(P〈0.05), 두 IF간 및 첨가수준 간에는 차이가 없었다. 경골의 파괴강도는 모든 처리군에서 유의차를 보이지 않았다. 즉 DE의 급여가 GE에 비해 ALP를 유의적으로 감소시켰지만, 경골의 회분 %와 경골 파괴강도에 있어서는 DE와 GE군 간에 급여수준에 따른 차이를 보이지 않아 이에 대한 연구가 더 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.719-725
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• 2003

An experiment was conducted to study the requirement of calcium (Ca) and non-phytin phosphorus (NPP) in commercial broilers during starter phase. Seven hundred and twenty day-old Vencob male broiler chicks were randomly distributed into 144 stainless steel battery brooders, 5 birds in each. Four levels each of Ca (6, 7, 8, and 9 g/kg) and NPP (3, 3.5, 4, and 4.5 g/kg diet) were fed in a factorial design in a corn-soya basal diet. Levels of dicalcium phosphate and oyster shell grit were adjusted to obtain the desired levels of Ca and NPP. Each diet was fed ad libidum to chicks in 9 battery brooders from one d to 21 d of age. Body weight gain and feed intake were depressed (p<0.01) by increasing the dietary Ca level (8 and 9 g/kg) at lower levels of NPP (3 and 3.5 g/kg diet). The growth depression observed at lower NPP level was alleviated by reducing the Ca content to 6 g/kg diet. The tibia ash content and tibia breaking strength increased with increase in both Ca (>6 g/kg) and NPP (>3 g/kg) levels. The leg abnormality score decreased (p<0.01) with increase in NPP content in the diet at all levels of Ca tested. The serum Ca and inorganic P levels were increased with increase in the level of the respective mineral in the diet, but the serum concentration of Ca and P were inversely related to the level of NPP and Ca, respectively /kg diet. In general, the excretion of macro minerals (Ca, and P), and micro minerals {zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu)} was significantly lower at lower levels of Ca and NPP tested (6 and 3 g/kg diet, respectively). The mineral excretion increased with increase in dietary Ca and NPP levels, more conspicuously at the disproportionate ratio of these minerals (>2:1, Ca and NPP). Similarly, the retention of Zn, Mn, and Fe in liver was significantly higher (p<0.01) at lower levels of Ca and NPP tested. Results from this study indicate that the commercial broilers do not require more than 3 g NPP and 6g Ca/kg diet during starter phase (up to 21 d of age) for optimum weight gain, feed efficiency and utilization of Ca, P, Zn, Mn, Fe and Cu. However, the requirements of these minerals for optimum bone mineralization were higher than the levels suggested above.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.209-214
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• 1974

Casein을 단백원으로 하고 조단백질과 지질의 함량을 조사한 사료로서 치무지개송어를 19일간 사육하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) 무지개송어의 체중은 사료중의 단백질 함량이 많을수록 증가하며 단백질의 함량 $40\%$ 부근에서 최대치에 달하고 그 이상 단백질이 증가하여도 체중은 증가하지 않았다. 체단백질의 증가도 사료중의 단백질 함량이 $40\%$ 부근에서 최대치에 가까워지며 그 이상 단백질이 증가하여 도 변화는 적었다. 2) 단백질의 이용치는 사료중의 단백질 함양이 많을 수록 증가하였으나 체단백질의 축적률은 단백질의 함량 $40\%$ 부근에서 최대치에 달했다. 3) 이상의 결과에서 Casein을 단백원으로 하는 경우 치무지개송어의 단백질 요구량은 사료중 $40\%$라고 생각했다. 4) 사료의 단백효율(y)은 단백질의 함양(x)이 많을 수록 감소하고 그 관계는 y=4.91-0.034x의 방정식으로 표시 할 수 있었다. 5) 사료의 단백질 함량과 사료효율 및 사료계수와의 관계를 검토하였다. 끝으로 시종 실험을 지도하여 주신 동경수산대학에 야진길 교수에게 사의를 표한다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.247-253
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• 2002

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of high temperature and dietary tryptophan (Trp) on performance, selected organ weights and plasma free amino acid (AA) concentrations in broiler chickens. In Experiment 1, exposure to $27-33^{\circ}C$ of chickens for 2 weeks from 2 weeks of age did not affect growth and plasma free AA concentration except for a decrease in the concentration of plasma tyrosine (Tyr). In Experiment 2, 2-week-old birds were allocated to one of three temperature treatments; $24^{\circ}C$ (control), $36^{\circ}C$ (heat stress, HS) and $24^{\circ}C$ pair-fed (24PF) for 2 weeks and fed on diets containing 50, 100 and 300% of NRC requirement for Trp. Heat stress caused a reduction of weight gain and feed intake irrespective of dietary Trp levels compared with control counterparts, while feeding of 300% Trp diet did not attenuate the reduced performance by HS exposure. In groups fed the 100% Trp diets, plasma aromatic AA (AAA) and Tyr concentrations were decreased in the HS birds compared with the 24PF group. Plasma concentrations in most of AA groups were increased by HS in chickens fed the 50% Trp diet, while those were not changed by HS in chickens fed the 300% Trp diet, compared with 24PF counterparts. The plasma Trp/LNAA (LNAA=large neutral AAs, which are comprised of BCAA, AAA and Trp) ratio was increased by HS in chickens fed the 100% Trp diet, while it was decreased in chickens fed on 50% Trp diet as compared with 24PF group. From these results, it is suggested that performance and plasma amino acid profile deranged by heat stress are modulated, at least, to be relieved from the heat stress by feeding 50% Trp diet but not at all by feeding 300% Trp diet. The involvement of altered plasma AA profiles, in particular plasma Tyr concentrations and Trp/LNAA ratio, is discussed in association with the performance characteristics of HS chickens.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.539-549
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• 2008

This study was conducted to examine food and nutrient intakes of weekday and weekend with 329 high school boys residing in Seoul using the 3-day food record. Frequency for breakfast skipping was the highest as compared with lunch and dinner skipping. Frequencies for breakfast and lunch skipping were significantly higher in weekend than weekday (p<0.05). The daily average food, vegetable food and animal food intakes were 1,327.6 g, 800.5 g, and 425.8 g, respectively. Total food and vegetable food intakes of weekday were significantly higher than weekend(p<0.05). The dietary variety score(DVS) was 20.5 in daily average, 23.3 in weekday and 15.1 in weekend, which showed significantly higher in weekday than weekend(p<0.05). The daily averages of energy, protein, fat and carbohydrate intake were 2244.9 kcal, 89 g, 72.6 g, and 311.2 g, respectively. Fat intake was significantly lower and carbohydrate, fiber, phosphate, iron, sodium, potassium, vitamin A, niacin, folate, and vitamin C intakes were significantly higher in weekday than weekend (p<0.05). The percentages of energy intake from carbohydrate, protein, and fat were 55.4%, 15.8%, 28.8% in daily average, 56.8%, 15.8%, 27.4% in weekday and 53.6%, 15.8%, 30.7% in weekend, respectively. The percentages of energy intake from carbohydrate in weekday and weekend were below 60%, and that from fat was above 27% in weekday and weekend. Carbohydrate intake was significantly higher and fat intake was significantly lower in weekday than weekend(p<0.05). Energy intakes of daily average, weekday and weekend were above 83% as compared with estimated energy requirement(EER). Intakes of dietary fiber, calcium, potassium, vitamin C, riboflavin and folate were below 75% as compared with adequate intake(AI) or recommended intake(RI). Mean adequacy ratios(MAR), an index of overall dietary quality were 0.78 in daily average, 0.80 in weekday and 0.75 in weekend. MAR of weekend showed significantly lower than weekday(p<0.05). This study revealed that the overall nutrient intake status was worse in weekend than weekday among high school boys.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.259-271
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary habits and daily intake of nutrients in college students. This survey was conducted using a self-administered questionaire. The average heights and weights were 173.5 cm and 72.3 kg of male students and 161.8 cm and 57.2 kg of female students. The average of BMI was $24.2kg/m^2$ of male and $21.9kg/m^2$ of female, and the value of male students was higher than the value of female students. The response to the daily meals was 54.6% for '$2{\sim}3$ times/week'. The regularity of mealtime was 41.7% for irregular and the frequency eating after nine was 45.7% for '5-6 times/week', respectively. The repast was 72.2% for 'overeating and little eating' and was a significant difference of male and female students (p<0.05). The eating rate was higher '$10{\sim}20min$'. As for breakfast food eaten, skipping breakfast was 23.6% for 'no/week' and female students were higher than male students (p<0.05). The frequency of snacks was 36.0% for 'nothing' of males students and 34.8% for '3-4 times/week' of female students (p<0.05). The type of snack was a significant difference of males and females students (p<0.01), and was the highest 75.0% for carbonated drinks of males and 37.5% for snacks of females. The eating due to stress solution was a significant difference of male and female students (p<0.01), and was the highest 23.0% for 'frequency' of males and 44.7% for 'sometime' of females. As for food intake of male and female students, the meat intake was 66.7% for 'everything of male and female students. The fish intake was 68.1 % for '1-2times/week'. The milk, milk products, eggs and beans were each 40.3%, 58.3%, 56.9%, 47.2% for '1-2 times/week' (p<0.05). The fat intake was 55.6% for '$1{\sim}2$ times/week'. The average consumption of energy was 58% of male and 67% of female of estimated energy requirement (EER). Their mean ratio of carbohydrate: protein: fat was 57 : 15 : 28 of all subjects. The mean intakes of vitamin C and folic acid were 70% and 51% of males and 62% and 52% of females of recommended intake (RI). The mean intakes of Ca, P, Fe and Na were 71%, 140%, 146% of males and 72%, 122%, 76% of female of RI and 273% of males and 233% of females of adequate intake (AI). Therefore, nutritional education is necessary for college students to establish physicall and mentall optimal health conditions though nutritional intervention.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.287-294
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• 2003

본 연구는 임상영양 분야의 전문 웹사이트로서 고지혈증 환자를 위한 식사관리 및 영양평가 프로그램을 개발하기 위하여 수행되었다 프로그램은 고지혈증을 고콜레스테롤혈증과 고중성지방혈증으로 분류하고 이들에 대한 식사관리, 영양상담 및 영양평가 프로그램으로 구성하였다. 프로그램은 표준체중 및 열량 필요량 파일, 열량별 식단 및 일일 식단표 파일, 식사요법 및 영양관리 파일, 식사력 조사 및 평가파일, 식품 및 영양소 데이터베이스 파일, 식품의 지방산 파일, 음식 영양소 함량 및 영양소별 20순위 식품 파일 등을 데이터베이스로 하여 웹 페이지 형식으로 만들어졌다. 사용자는 인터넷 사이트로 들어가 자신의 정보를 입력하면 그 결과로 1일 열량 필요량 및 기타 영양소 필요량이 제시되고 그에 알맞은 식단을 보고 이용할 수 있도록 하였다. 식사관리 프로그램에서는 열량별 식단 자료실을 두어 1200 kcal에서 2500kcal까지 100 kcal 단위로 일주일간의 식단을 볼 수 있게 하였고, 식단계획시 고려사항, 식품의 선택방법, 식품교환표, 고지혈증 식사지침, 식사요법 및 영양관리, 영양소별 20순위식품, 용어설명 및 관련 사이트를 소개하였다 영양상담 프로그램으로는 고지혈증 예방을 위한 식습관 평가와 질환에 바른 식사력조사 및 상담 평가, on-line 영양상담, FAQ 등이 있다. 영양평가프로그램으로는 섭취음식을 입력함으로서 영양소 섭취 상태, 열량 영양소, 지방산, 식사별, 식품군별 영양소 섭취상태, 동ㆍ식물성 식품 영양소 섭취 상태, 기간별 영양소 섭취 변화 등을 평가받을 수 있도록 하였다. 영양소 섭취상태는 환자의 필요량과 비교하여 그래프로 제시되고, 열량영양소, 식사별 영양소, 지방산 섭취 상태는 아침, 점심, 저녁 ,간식으로 구분하여 결과를 볼 수 있고, 동ㆍ식물성 식품 섭취 및 기간별 영양소 변화 등은 각각의 영양소별로 그 섭취 상태를 비교할 수 있도록 하였다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제38권8호
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• pp.1037-1041
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• 2009

아연의 공급수준이 다량 무기질 함량에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 흰쥐를 대상으로 아연을 결핍, 적정, 과잉 수준으로 공급하여 혈청 및 조직의 칼슘, 마그네슘, 나트륨, 칼륨함량을 분석하였다. 아연 공급수준을 달리했을 때 혈청의 다량 무기질 함량은 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았지만 간과 비장에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 아연의 결핍은 간의 칼슘 함량을 감소시키는 영향을 주었고, 아연의 과잉은 비장 마그네슘과 칼륨 함량을 감소시키는 결과를 나타냈다. 결론적으로 아연의 결핍과 과잉이 간과 비장의 다량 무기질함량에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났는데, 특히 아연의 결핍이 더 많은 조직 내 무기질 함량 변화를 가져왔다. 그러나 본 연구에서는 아연의 결핍수준을 적정수준의 50%, 그리고 과잉을 200%로 설정하였으나 앞으로 좀 더 세분화된 아연의 결핍과 과잉 수준에 대한 체계적인 연구가 필요하다고 사료 된다.