Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the interrelationship between ranges of motion of the knee and ankle joints on the sagittal plane and the attenuation magnitude of impact shock at high frequency (9~20 Hz) in the support phase during downhill running. Method: Fifteen male heel-toe runners with no history of lower extremity injuries were recruited for this study (age, $25.07{\pm}5.35years$; height, $175.4{\pm}4.6cm$; mass, $75.8{\pm}.70kg$). Two uniaxial accelerometers were mounted to the tuberosity of tibia and sacrum, respectively, to measure acceleration signals. The participants were asked to run at their preferred running speed on a treadmill set at $0^{\circ}$, $7^{\circ}$, and $15^{\circ}$ downhill. Six optical cameras were placed around the treadmill to capture the coordinates of the joints of the lower extremities. The power spectrum densities of the two acceleration signals were analyzed and used in the transfer function describing the gain and attenuation of impact shock between the tibia and the sacrum. Angles of the knee and ankle joints on the sagittal plane and their angle ranges were calculated. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to test the relationship between two variables, the magnitude of impact shock, and the range of joint angle under three downhill conditions. The alpha level was set at .05. Results: Close correlations were observed between the knee joint range of motion and the attenuation magnitude of impact shock regardless of running slopes (p<.05), and positive correlations were found between the ranges of motion of the knee and ankle joints and the attenuation magnitude of impact shock in $15^{\circ}$ downhill running (p<.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, increased knee flexion might be required to attenuate impact shock during downhill and level running through change in stride or cadence while maintaining stability, and strong and flexible ankle joints are also needed in steeper downhill running.
Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
/
v.24
no.3
/
pp.329-335
/
2011
The finite element method (FEM) has been used for various fields like mathematics and engineering. However, the FEM has a difficulty in describing the geometric shape exactly due to its property of piecewise linear discretization. Recently, however, a so-called isogeometric analysis method that uses the non-uniform rational B-spline(NURBS) basis function has been developed. The NURBS can be used to describe the geometry exactly and play a role of basis functions for the response analysis. Nevertheless, constructing the NURBS basis functions in analysis is as costly as a meshing process in the FEM. Since the isogeometric method shares geometric data with CAD, it is possible to intactly import the model data from commercial CAD tools. In this paper, we use the Rhinoceros 3D software to create CAD models and export in the form of STEP file. The information of knot vectors and control points in the NURBS is utilized in the isogeometric analysis. Through some numerical examples, the accuracy of isogeometric method is compared with that of FEM. Also, the efficiency of the isogeometric method that includes the CAD and CAE in a unified framework is verified.
Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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v.31
no.3
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pp.54-60
/
2013
This study carried out a phytosociological research by Z.-M. school's method describing vegetation structure and management solution about nutmeg tree's(Torreya nucifera ) forests. The nutmeg tree's forests have developed intervale and hills in warm-temperate evergreen broad-leaved forests zone. The nutmeg tree's forests composed 50 familly, 80 genus, 88 species divided two syntaxa(typical sub-community, Arachniodes aristata sub-community) by species composition and correspond to habitat condition. The nutmeg tree's forests show a uniform forest's structure which composed 3~4 layer of sub-tree and shrub. And it was worthy of special mention which characterized diagnostic species of Camellietea japonicae in the warm-temperate evergreen broad-leaved forests. In case of forests floor, were a high rate in order of Ophiopogon japonicus, Polystichum tripteron, Arisaema ringens. And Oplismenus undulatifolius which represent mantle communities as well. This indicates that the nutmeg tree's forests are exposed by humman effects sustainedly. The nutmeg tree's young trees appeared a high rate at half shade and shade. The vigorous tree species have to spacing cutting instead of the heavy thinning that consist in with a shout of declining astructur and function of the forest ecosystem for maintaining a nutmeg tree's forests. And we suggest for the density regulation of the sub-tree and shrub. In conclusion, need to the continuous monitoring about the vegetation structure and management solution for the sustainable nutmeg tree's forests.
Seo, Young Il;Kim, Joo Il;Oh, Taeg Yun;Lee, Sun Kil;Kim, Sung Tae;Joo, Hyun
Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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v.19
no.4
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pp.324-331
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2007
Age and growth of the robust tonguefish, Cynoglossus robustus were estimated using scale of 353 fish specimens from February, 2004 to December, 2005 in the Southern Sea of Korea. Marginal increment of the scale formed annual rings from October to November at the beginning of autumn season. In the relationship between total length and body weight, a multiplicative error structure was assumed because variability in growth increased as a function of the length, and the estimated equation was $BW=0.0013TL^{3.399}$ ($R^2=0.916$). The relative growth as body weight at total length has significant difference between females and males (p<0.05). For describing growth of the robust tonguefish, C. robustus a von Bertalanffy growth model was adopted. The von Betalanffy growth curve had a additive error structure and the growth parameters estimated from Walford method were $L_{\infty}=43.77cm$, K=0.186/year and $t_0=-2.295year$. Growth at age of females and males shows no significant difference (P>0.05).
Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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v.13
no.1
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pp.5-14
/
2003
Principles of a novel pulse growing method are described. The method realized in the crystal growing on a seed from melts under raw melt feeding provided a more reliable control of the crystallization process when producing large alkali halide crystals. The slow natural convection of the melt in the crucible at a constant melt level is intensified by rotating the crucible, while the crystal rotation favors a more symmetrical distribution of thermal stresses over the crystal cross-section. Optimum rotation parameters for the crucible and crystal have been determined. The spatial position oi the solid/liquid phase interface relatively to the melt surface, heaters and the crucible elements are considered. Basing on that consideration, a novel criterion is stated, that is, the immersion extent of the crystallization front (CF) convex toward the melt. When the crystal grows at a <> CF immersion, the raised CF may tear off from the melt partially or completely due to its weight. This results in avoid formation in the crystal. Experimental data on the radial crystal growth speed are discussed. This speed defines the formation of a gas phase layer at the crystal surface. The layer thickness il a function of time a temperature at specific values of pressure in the furnace and the free melt surface dimensions in the gap between the crystal and crucible wall. Analytical expressions have been derived for the impurity component mass transfer at the steady-state growth stage describing two independent processes, the impurity mass transfer along the <> path and its transit along the <> one. The heater (and thus the melt) temperature variation is inherent in any control system. It has been shown that when random temperature changes occur causing its lowering at a rate exceeding $0.5^{\circ}C/min$, a kind of the CF decoration by foreign impurities or by gas bubbles takes place. Short-term temperature changes at one heater or both result in local (i.e., at the front) redistribution of the preset axial growth speed.
This study examined how the meaning of news stories covering the split of national opinion was constructed in the media to represent social conflicts. To clarify the function of the term 'split of national opinion' as an ultimate term, this study examined the meaning of the term in the context of both text and society. Ten newspapers were included in the content analysis. The frequency of words used for the purpose of metaphor and equivalent in describing the split of national opinion was calculated to determine their meaning in the textual context. The frequency of incidents and subjects involved in allegedly causing the split of national opinion was calculated to determine their meaning in the social context. The results of this study are summarized as follows: First, the term 'split of national opinion' was coined by the newspapers as a metaphor of disease, disaster, and cost. The attitudes or the ways in which the split of national opinion was dealt with were generally negative and passive. Second, the term 'split of national opinion' was dealt with an equivalent status of such terms as national policy, national loss, societal problems, and ideology. Third, each newspaper reported that the split of national opinion had been caused by certain subjects, which indicates that each newspaper had its own position of viewing who was the key player in splitting the national opinion. The implication was also discussed that the use of the ultimate term would incur the unbalance of power between participants and the existing players, which would make individuals or groups who were involved in the social actions excluded and make the newspapers exercise the rhetorical power as news media.
The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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v.10
no.1
/
pp.56-68
/
2005
We measured nitrate and other nutrients in sediment pore waters retrieved from three sites at the southern upper-tidal flats of the Ganghwa Island. Denitrification rate is estimated by applying a simple 1-D model to the nitrate profiles. Results from Jangwha and Dongmak sites are $7.8{\sim}9.4{\times}10^{-7}{\mu}mol{\cdot}cm^{-2}{\cdot}sec^{-1}$, and $1.4{\sim}3.6{\times}10^{-7}{\mu}mol{\cdot}cm^{-2}{\cdot}sec^{-1}$, respectively. Rates are comparable to those reported around the world in an order of magnitude. Denitrification was lower in summer. The rates were about 1.5 times higher at site where the surface sediments consist of relatively coarser particles. This implies that particle size would control the reactant supply to the subsurface sediment. One may claim the denitrification as an evidence of the biogeochemical purification function of tidal flat. However, the purification seems not a general attribute of a tidal flat when whole system is scrutinized by a thermodynamic criterion. Currently the term 'tidal flat' is used when describing the diverse coastal wetlands such as salt marshes, sandy tidal flats and muddy tidal flats, which exhibit quite different ecological functions. Thus it is worthy of mentioning that the classification of coastal wetlands on the basis of sedimentological characteristics and biogeochemical functions should facilitate our understanding.
Currently, highway design speed is determined by considering highway function, area type, and terrain type. Sometime it is pointed out that determining a reasonable design speed which is both efficient and safe is not an easy task and that Practicing engineers often select an unsuitable design speed on purpose, capitalizing on some ambiguous and discretionary expressions in describing the highway design speed. This undesirable Problem is arising mostly due to the fact, that the current geometric design standard fails to include rolling terrain type and can not reflect the whole characteristics of land use patterns adjacent to the design highway route. A recent research was Published considering this problem and it attempted to improve the highway design speed determining process. In this research Project, tn see the effects of this recently developed procedure, a new and reduced design speed was calculated based on the new Procedure and subsequently another highway design route was selected. The travel time. construction cost. and the expected degree of safety associated with the new route were assessed to be compared with the ones with the existing procedure. As a result. it was found that the new procedure was successful in reflecting the localities such as terrain type and area type into better determining highway design speed, eliminating much of highway engineers' discretion when applying engineering judgments. Also the new Procedure is keen to produce a more economical highway project. In other words, despite of producing reduced amount of user benefits accrued, in the new highway route, the construction cost has been cut significantly leading to higher values in B/C. NPV, and IRR. Also EMME-II output, which Provided the link assigned volumes, rendered only a slightly reduced Levels of Service along surrounding links in the study network. This reduction was believed to occur because of lower design speed and it had been expected from the beginning.
Tongmu I Je-ma(1837-1900) set up Sasang Constitutional Medicine(四象體質醫學), a medical theory that would be original in the Korean medical history through his book ${\ll}$Tang-uisusebowon(東醫壽世保元)${\gg}$. In this book, he writes that he found the clue to his sasang Constitution(四象體質) theory from ${\ll}$Hwangjenaegyong(黃帝內經)${\gg}$. But the main logic that gives shape to the Constitution(體質) theory is $s{\check{o}}ng-ch{\check{o}}ng$ theory(性情論) of Confucian. Therefore, Tongmu(東武)'s Constitution $s{\check{o}}ng-ch{\check{o}}ng$ theory(體質性情論) is fundamentally based on confucian thoughts. Kongmaeng(孔孟) saw $s{\check{o}}ng$(性) as a base for connecting the entire mankind to be united, and $ch{\check{o}}ng$(情) as a individual thing that can exalted differently according to one's state of mind. Chuja(朱子) weakene the human's active volition by dividing $s{\check{o}}ng$ and $ch{\check{o}}ng$ as ibal(理發) and kibal(氣發) and therefore describing mankind to be submitted to Heaven's will. On the other hand Yolgok(栗谷) generalized $s{\check{o}}ng-ch{\check{o}}ng$ in the active mind of man himself by saying that $s{\check{o}}ng$ is when i-ki(理氣) does not act as a bodily function of the mind and $ch{\check{o}}ng$ is when it does. Furthennore he emphasized man's activeness on pursuing good by saying that the division of good and bad does not start from the origin of motion but is divided by the condition of ki(氣) which leads motion. Tongmu, who was influenced by Yulgok linked both $s{\check{o}}ng$and $ch{\check{o}}ng$ through, happiness, anger, sadness, pleasure(喜怒哀樂), and saw $s{\check{o}}ng$ as the ability to recognize good which is in the kijil(氣質) formed from the integration of i-ki, and saw $ch{\check{o}}ng$ as $s{\check{o}}ng$ blurred by man's greed. In addition to this, he says that the direct connection between each person's divergence in $s{\check{o}}ng-ch{\check{o}}ng$ and the condition of Four-organ(四臟) which is ki, not the mind which is i(理) forms sasangch'ejirin(四象體質人). His theory that illness comes from the partiality of $s{\check{o}}ng-ch{\check{o}}ng$ and therefore can prevent this by clarifying the mind and adjusting $s{\check{o}}ng-ch{\check{o}}ng$ through volition, has led Korean oriental medicine to be human based.
Kim, Yeong Hye;Lee, Sun Kil;Lee, Jae Bong;Lee, Dong Woo;Kim, Young Seop
Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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v.18
no.1
/
pp.45-54
/
2006
Age and growth of the small yellow croaker, Larimichthys polyactis were estimated using right sagittal otoliths of 506 fish specimens from March to December, 2002 and from January to February, 2005 in the South Sea, part of the East China Sea of Korea. Examination of outer margins of the otolith showed that the opaque zone was formed once a year. Marginal increment of the otolith formed annual rings from May and June at the beginning of spawning season. In the relationship between total length and body weight, a multiplicative error structure was assumed because variability in growth increased as a function of the length, and the estimated equation was $BW=0.0044TL^{3.2502}$ ($R^2=0.97$). The relative growth as body weight at total length has significant difference between females and males (P<0.05). For describing growth of the small yellow croaker, Larimichthys polyactis a von Bertalanffy growth model was adopted. The von Bertalanffy growth curve had an additive error structure and the growth parameters estimated from non-linear regression were $L_{\infty}=33.88cm$, K=0.20/year and $t_0=-2.39year$. Growth at age of males and females shows no significant difference (P>0.05). Most examined fish were 1, 2 and 3 years old, although the oldest fish were 7 old for males and 8 for females.
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