• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.133-145
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• 1998

$Ca^{2+}-signals$ in endothelial cells are determined by release from intracellular stores and entry through the plasma membrane. In this review, the nature of $Ca^{2+}$ entry and mechanisms of its control are reviewed. The following ion channels play a pivotal role in regulation of the driving force for $Ca^{2+}$ entry: an inwardly rectifying $K^+$ channel, identified as Kir2.1, a big-conductance, $Ca^{2+}-activated$ $K^+$ channel (hslo) and at least two $Cl^-$ channels (a volume regulated $Cl^-$ channel, VRAC, and a $Ca^{2+}$ activated $Cl^-$ channel, CaCC). At least two different types of $Ca^{2+}$-entry channels exist: 1. A typical CRAC-like, highly selective $Ca^{2+}$ channel is described. Current density for this $Ca^{2+}$ entry is approximately 0.1pA/pF at 0 mV and thus 10 times smaller than in Jurkat or mast cells. 2. Another entry pathway for $Ca^{2+}$ entry is a more non-selective channel, which might be regulated by intracellular $Ca^{2+}$. Although detected in endothelial cells, the functional role of trp1,3,4 as possible channel proteins is unclear. Expression of trp3 in macrovascular endothelial cells from bovine pulmonary artery induced non-selective cation channels which are probably not store operated or failed to induce any current. Several features as well as a characterisation of $Ca^{2+}$-oscillations in endothelial cells is also presented.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.107-118
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• 2019

Purpose - The present study examines the effect of service employees' experienced customer incivility through their emotional exhaustion. We identified service employees' emotion regulation ability as a boundary condition (i.e., moderating variable) that decreased the positive relationship between service employees' experienced customer incivility and their emotional exhaustion. Furthermore, we also investigated the negative relationship between service employees' experienced customer incivility and their service performance via emotional exhaustion. Research design, data, and methodology - Drawing on AET (affective event theory) and COR (conservation of resources) theory, we developed three research hypotheses (i.e., mediation, moderation, and moderated mediation). Online panel survey data from 552 frontline employees at several service organizations (e.g., department stores, retail stores, hotels, restaurants, airlines, banking, insurance company, and etc) in South Korea were examined. To assess two types of validity (i.e., convergent and discriminant validity) and reliability of measurement model, we employed the CFA (confirmatory factor analysis) using M-plus 8.2 software. Internal consistency also was tested by Cronbach' α. In addition, we employed the SPSS PROCESS MACRO 2.16, which was recommended by Hayes (2013, 2015), to estimate mediation, moderation, and moderated mediation effects. Results - As predicted, the negative relationship between service employees' experienced customer incivility and their service performance was mediated by emotional exhaustion. Furthermore, service employees' emotion regulation ability also played a significant moderating role of the relationship between service employees' experienced customer incivility and emotional exhaustion, such that this relationship was less pronounced when service employees had a high level of their emotion regulation ability than when thir emotion regulation ability was low. Service employees' emotion regulation ability further moderated this mediation effect of service employees' experienced customer incivility on service performance through emotional exhaustion. These findings have theoretical implications for employees' experienced customer incivility and emotion regulation ability research and provide managerial implications for practitioners. Conclusions - This study empirically elaborated the previous model of service employees' experienced customer incivility and personal resource (e.g., emotion regulation ability) literature by presenting the findings that service employees' experienced customer incivility influences their service performance via emotional exhaustion and that emotion regulation ability effectively reduces this negative effect.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.66-73
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to develop the basis data for methods of the plan to make the office space of the psychological environment by survey of preference to users in Department Store. The results are as follows : First, we could know that the space plan has to be considered the privacy and sociality for the psychological environment in office space. Second, we could know that there are efficient methods of space plan to use the cutoff division by partitions, the psychological division by furniture and the sensitive division by material for privacy in office and resting space. For sociality, there are efficient arrangement methods to plan by division type in office space and by opening type in resting space. And it is good method to use by color that is one in esthetical elements. Third, if we considered users, it is good method to use partitions to cutoff from the floor to the ceiling for privacy in office space and to use movable furnitures to cutoff for privacy in resting space. Forth, we could know that there is the difference in methods of space plan to be preferred by user's variables for privacy and sociality in office and resting spaces. Thus, i think that we have to study considering user's variables and types of department store.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.153-169
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• 2018

A submarine has a pressure hull that can withstand high hydraulic pressure and therefore, requires the use of highly advanced shipbuilding technology. When producing a pressure hull, periodic inspection, repair, and maintenance are conducted to maintain its soundness. Of the maintenance methods, Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) is the most effective, because it does not damage the target but sustains its original form and function while inspecting internal and external defects. The NDT process to detect defects in the welded parts of the submarine is applied through Magnetic particle Testing (MT) to detect surface defects and Ultrasonic Testing (UT) and Radiography Testing (RT) to detect internal defects. In comparison with RT, UT encounters difficulties in distinguishing the types of defects, can yield different results depending on the skills of the inspector, and stores no inspection record. At the same time, the use of RT gives rise to issues related to worker safety due to radiation exposure. RT is also difficult to apply from the perspectives of the manufacturing of the submarine and economic feasibility. Therefore, in this study, the Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT) method was applied to propose an inspection method that can address the above disadvantages by designing a probe to enhance the precision of detection of hull defects and the reliability of calculations of defect size.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.40-47
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• 2015

We propose a method to provide a selective VoD service during live streaming sessions. In the proposed method, each peer joined the live streaming session receives video stream packets with P2P manner and stores the packets to provide a VoD service. To mitigate the overhead of each peer node to store the video stream packets, the proposed scheme categorizes peers into three different groups based on their link types. To increase data gathering speed and reduce the network load, we also proposes the P2P transmission scheme within the same AP network for the peers with Wi-Fi link. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, we implement computer simulator using NS-3. Simulation results show that the proposed method reduces the overhead about 66% and increases the P2P data gathering speed about 50% compared to the conventional schemes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.197-209
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• 2020

Signboards are installed in different types and sizes depending on the shop characteristics. However, the local government is having difficulty managing signboards with frequent opening and closing of stores and insufficient management personnel. In this study, a methodology was proposed to standardize and efficiently manage signboard information. To this end, the signboard display method of the enforcement ordinance related to outdoor advertising was analyzed to define the attribute elements of standard signboard data. In addition, physical information of signboards was obtained through signboard recognition technology, which is a prior study, and attribute elements of signboard standard data were defined through information that can be read with the naked eye, building integration information of the Ministry of the Interior and Safety, and street name address. In order to standardize the signboard information by spatial characteristics, data product specifications and metadata were defined according to the national spatial information standard. Lastly, standard data for signboards were produced in XML (Extensible Markup Language) format for compatibility, and XSD (XML Schema Definition) was defined for XML integrity so that data validity could be verified. Through this, a standard data model for the informatization of signboards was designed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.340-349
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• 2022

Objectives: The importance of MSDS is emphasized for communicating hazardous information due to the increase in the types and usage of chemical substances. The purpose of this study is to assess the reliability of MSDS by collecting and examining paint thinners commercially available in South Korea. Methods: Twenty-five paint thinners were purchased at paint stores and the provision of MSDS was checked. Quantitative and qualitative analysis was performed on the chemical constituents of the thinners using GC-MSD and GC-FID. Reliability was evaluated by the MSDS collection rate for the paint thinners and calculating the rate of matching between laboratory analysis results and the contents and composition of chemical constituents given in the MSDS. Results: Unlike a study conducted in 2006, MSDS were provided for all 25 thinners. As a result of qualitative analysis using GC-MSD, 104 chemical substances were detected. The substances with the highest detection rate were identified in the order of toluene, butyl acetate, acetone, xylene, and ethyl benzene. A component matching rate of 41% was found by comparing the differences between the number of substances detected in laboratory testing and the number of substances listed in the MSDS. Benzene, a carcinogen not listed in the MSDS, was detected in two thinners produced by a small company. The detected benzene contents were 0.039 and 0.040%. When benzene is used, it should be strictly handled according to the Industrial Safety and Health Act. However, since it is not listed on the MSDS, it is judged that benzene was not being managed as a carcinogen in the workplaces where it is used. Conclusions: Since the reliability of MSDS, which play an important role in hazard communication, was evaluated to be low, it is necessary to systematically and continuously secure this reliability. In particular, carcinogens should be managed more strictly.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.76-91
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• 2024

This study analyzed the colors used in the logos of infants' and children's clothing brands, comparing them based on brand type and the pursued image. A total of 34 brands with the highest recent sales rates were selected. Among these, 17 were large-sized enterprise brands found in department stores, and the other 17 were in-house production enterprise brands. All colors used in the logos of the selected brands were extracted from the brand logo images. In addition, the study classified the pursued images of the selected brands using emotional adjectives in order to assess variations in different color attributes of the logos according to the brand type and pursued image. The study found that in-house production enterprise brands used lighter and more varied colors compared to department store brands. For both brand types, reddish-to-yellowish hues were most commonly used. Brands projecting a 'cute' and 'gorgeous' image exhibited a greater array of colors in their logos, while brands with a 'neat', 'modern', and 'luxurious' image used less saturated colors. In terms of logo type, symbol logos used the most colors with a moderate level of lightness, while typographic logos used the fewest colors with a low level of lightness.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.63-84
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• 2011

There are about 1,500 small or large traditional markets in Korea. Those conventional markets have been struggling for survival in rapidly changing market environment with highly intensified competition by accelerating the entrance of the Large-scale Discount Store and Super Supermarket which are managed and supported by Large companies like Samsung and Lotte. The loosing power of conventional markets have threatened the local merchants' survival and have influenced local economics falling down. To create better value for the customers who have more preference for department store and discount stores than conventional markets, conventional markets should have market orientation, which has three sub dimensions; customer orientation, competitor orientation and inter-functional coordinations. First objective of study is to find the appropriate roles of conventional markets in local areas. Second is to find out the market orientation functions for conventional markets to be survival in local markets in the long terms. Finally, this study will suggest some policies for the appropriate types of successful conventional markets considering various local situations. To achieve those objectives, we did the following procedure. First, we review the previous reports and studies of policies for conventional markets and local economy development, and propose some pros and cons of the previous policies. Secondly, we develop a market orientation framework of conventional markets, in which we suggest the developmental types and functions of market-orientation of conventional markets in accordance with the characteristics of local market and economic conditions of local areas. Then we formulate and discuss the study's contributions, managerial implications, and directions for future policy development. Especially for the policy development, we suggest the efficiency and economical effects of policy, human being development and management system, and the role of government and protection of local merchants in the development process.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.5-15
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• 2013

Purpose - With the increase in fervor to purchase luxury brands, new social problems have arisen, such as excessive preoccupation with luxury brands and high preference for forged luxury goods. Therefore, the issues related to luxury brands, termed "Luxury Syndrome," have emerged as an area of great interest for researchers and practitioners. However, previous studies neglect to categorize this preference for luxury brands. Therefore, this study aims to identify the different purchasing behaviors of consumers using the types of luxury brands preferences as parameters. Research design, data, and methodology - This study arranges a causal relationship model assuming that purchase behaviors positively (+) affect typified preference for luxury brands and purchase intentions. We administered a questionnaire survey to the purchasers who bought luxury brands from department stores to secure additional data necessary to verify the hypotheses in this study. We then processed the data using SPSS 19.0. We further analyzed the basic data using frequency and descriptive statistical analysis, and verified the measurement tools through feasibility and reliability analyses. Moreover, this study uses multiple regression analysis to verify the hypotheses. Further, this study tests the path effect between luxury brand purchase attitude and purchase behavior, with non-intrinsic preference and intrinsic preference as the mediating variables. Results - Based on the results, the impact of tendencies of conspicuous consumption and self-monitoring on non-intrinsic preference was significantly positive (+), while the impact of tendencies of pursuit of a reference group, conspicuous consumption, and self-monitoring on intrinsic preference and purchase intentions was significantly positive (+). Further, non-intrinsic and intrinsic preferences positively (+) influence purchase intentions and the impact of non-intrinsic preference took an absolute portion. However, the tendency of dependence on brands negatively (-) impacts purchase intentions. The results showed that self-monitoring and conspicuous consumption tendencies have greater effect on purchase intention, which is mediated by non-intrinsic preference. In contrast, reference group following tendency has a greater effect on purchase intention, which is mediated by intrinsic preference. Conclusions - Based on the results, the study verifies that the consumption of luxury brands in Korea has not yet entered the settling period. The tendency for conspicuous consumption and the tendency for pursuit of the reference group were relatively important aspects for the consumers who prefer luxury brands non-intrinsically and intrinsically, respectively. Especially, it was found that the purchase intentions for forged brands originate from the tendency to depend on brands. Based on these findings, this study suggests the measures to develop and mature the luxury brands market, and reinforce marketing performance at the three levels, that is, government, distributors, and manufacturers. The luxury brands manufacturers should devote themselves to the production and design of products to catch the attention of mature consumers of luxury brands. The luxury brands distributors should then raise the level of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) for opinion leaders. Finally, the Government should prepare effective policies for the development of luxury brands and provide a variety of economic support.