• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.1-32
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• 2000

It has long been known that SOAT is effective for sudden palpitation occurring unexpectedly in Oriental Medicine. However, effect of SOAT on the isolated heart has not been studied yet. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of SOAT on hemodynamics and ECG of isolated rat hearts induced by electrical stimulation using Langendorff perfusion apparatus for nonworking heart. SOAT extract was manufactured by water-alcohol precipitated method. Sprague-Dawley rats weighting $120{\sim}150g$ were used for the experiments, Subject animals were divided into four groups, which are consisted of 1) control(Group orally administered by normal saline 1ml for 14days), 2) sample A(Group orally administered by SOAT extract 1ml for 14days), 3) sample C(Group injected by SOAT extract 0.5ml after stimulation, 4) sample C(Group injected by SOAT extract 1ml after stimulation. To evluate the effects of SOAT on hemodynamics and ECG of isolated rat heart induced by stimulation, heart rate, left ventricular pressure, systolic power, diastolic power, coronary artery perfusion volume and ECG were measured using Langendorff apparatus in both stimulation mode(5 volts, 450 beats/min) and arrythmic mode(5 volts, 420 beats/min including 60 beats/min) The results obtained are as follows : 1. After receiving stressful electrical stimuli, isolated heart showed the heart rate, left ventricular pressure, systolic power, diastolic power, coronary artery perfusion volume were all decreased temporarily, but perfusion continued longer recovery to the control state appeared. However, the coronary artery perfusion volume diminished continuously. 2. The heart rates did not change significantly with both stimulation mode and arrhythmic mode, among experimental groups. 3. The left ventricular pressure showed with both stimulation mode and arrhythmic mode, the significant changes(p<0.05) especially in the injection sample group. In case of stimulation mode, low concentration injection group(0.5ml) was more significantly increased rather than high concentration group(1ml) and in case of arrhythmic mode, high density group(1ml) was so increased than the other(0.5ml). 4. For the systolic power and diastolic power, no significant changes were noticed in the stimulation mode, but in the arrhythmic mode of injection sample groups, significant change(p<0.05) was noticed in both systolic power and diastolic power. Specially the high concentration group(1ml) showed more significant increase than the low concentration group. 5. For the coronary artery perfusion volume, no significant change difference among sample groups was observed in both the stimulation mode and the arrhythmic mode. 6. For the ECG recordings, arrhythmia was induced by electrical stimulus of arrythmia mode and after the stimulus was removed, irregular wave appeared temporarily, but as perpusion continued, recovery to the control state was abtained like the stimulation mode. According to the above results, SOAT significantly changed the hemodynamic data from the electrically stressed, isolated hearts of connected Langendorff perfusion apparatus and we propose SOAT has the direct effects on the muscular function of heart.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.53 no.10
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• pp.903-915
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• 2020

Long-term high-resolution hydro-meteorological data has been recognized as an essential element in establishing the water resources plan. The increasing demand for spatial precipitation in various areas such as climate, hydrology, geography, ecology, and environment is apparent. However, potential limitations of the existing area-weighted and numerical interpolation methods for interpolating precipitation in high altitude areas remains less explored. The proposed PRISM (Precipitation-Elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model) model can produce gridded precipitation that can adequately consider topographic characteristics (e.g., slope and altitude), which are not substantially included in the existing interpolation techniques. In this study, the PRISM model was optimized with SCEM-UA (Shuffled Complex Evolution Metropolis-University of Arizona) to produce daily gridded precipitation. As a result, the minimum impact radius was calculated 9.10 km and the maximum 34.99 km. The altitude of coastal weighted was 681.03 m, the minimum and maximum distances from coastal were 9.85 km and 38.05 km. The distance weighting factor was calculated to be about 0.87, confirming that the PRISM result was very sensitive to distance. The results showed that the proposed PRISM model could reproduce the observed statistical properties reasonably well.

• Informatization Policy
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.73-97
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• 2016

Social changes due to ICT like Big Data, IoT, Cloud and Mobile is progressing rapidly. Now, we get out of the old-fashioned frame was measured at the level of the information society through the introduction of PC, Internet speed and Internet subscribers etc and there is a need for a new type of diagnostic information society framework. This study is the study for the framework established to diagnose and measure post-information society. The framework and indicators were chosen in accordance with the technological society coevolution theory and information society-related indicators presented from authoritative international organizations. Empirical results utilizing the indicators and framework developed in this study were as follows: First, the three sectors, six clusters (items), 25 nodes (indicators) that make up the information society showed that all strongly connected. Second, it was diagnosed as information society development (50.34%), technology-based expansion (25.03%) and ICT effect (24.63%) through a network analysis (ANP) for the measurement of importance of the information society. Third, the result of calculating the relative importance of the cluster and nodes showed us (1)social development potential (26.04%), (2)competitiveness (15.9%), (3)ICT literacy (15.5%) (4) (social)capital (24.3 %), (5)ICT acceptance(9.54%), (6)quality of life(8.7%). Consequently, We should take into account the effect of the economy and quality of life beyond ICT infrastructure-centric when we measure the post-information society. By applying the weighting we should performs a comparison between countries and we should diagnose the level of Korea and provide policy implications for the preparation of post-information society.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.77-86
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• 2003

How to compare the environmental damage caused by vehicles with different foe]s and drive trains\ulcorner This paper describes a methodology to assess the environmental impact of vehicles, using different approaches, and evaluating their benefits and limitations. Rating systems are analysed as tools to compare the environmental impact of vehicles, allowing decision makers to dedicate their financial and non-financial policies and support measures in function of the ecological damage. The paper is based on the "Clean Vehicles" research project, commissioned by the Brussels Capital Region via the BIM-IBGE (Brussels Institute for the Conservation of the Environment) (Van Mierlo et at., 2001). The VriJe Universiteit Brussel (ETEC) and the universite Libre do Bruxelles (CEESE) have jointly carried out the workprogramme. The most important results of this project are illustrated in this paper. First an overview of environmental, economical and technical characteristics of the different alternative fuels and drive trains is given. Afterward the basic principles to identify the environmental impact of cars are described. An outline of the considered emissions and their environmental impact leads to the definition of the calculation method, named Ecoscore. A rather simple and pragmatic approach would be stating that all alternative fuelled vehicles (LPG, CNG, EV, HEV, etc.) can be considered as ′clean′. Another basic approach is considering as ′clean′ all vehicles satisfying a stringent omission regulation like EURO IV or EEV. Such approaches however don′t tell anything about the real environmental damage of the vehicles. In the paper we describe "how should the environmental impact of vehicles be defined\ulcorner", including parameters affecting the emissions of vehicles and their influence on human beings and on the environment and "how could it be defined \ulcorner", taking into account the availability of accurate and reliable data. We take into account different damages (acid rain, photochemical air pollution, global warming. noise, etc.) and their impacts on several receptors like human beings (e.g., cancer, respiratory diseases, etc), ecosystems, or buildings. The presented methodology is based on a kind of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in which the contribution of all emissions to a certain damage are considered (e.g. using Exposure-Response damage function). The emissions will include oil extraction, transportation refinery, electricity production, distribution, (Well-to-Wheel approach), as well as the emission due to the production, use and dismantling of the vehicle (Cradle-to-Grave approach). The different damages will be normalized to be able to make a comparison. Hence a reference value (determined by the reference vehicle chosen) will be defined as a target value (the normalized value will thus measure a kind of Distance to Target). The contribution of the different normalized damages to a single value "Ecoscore" will be based on a panel weighting method. Some examples of the calculation of the Ecoscore for different alternative fuels and drive trains will be calculated as an illustration of the methodology.

• Survey Research
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.53-69
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• 2006

Weights can be made and imposed in both sample design stage and analysis stage in a sample survey. While in design stage weights are related with sample data acquisition quantities such as sample selection probability and response rate, in analysis stage weights are connected with external quantities, for instance population quantities and some auxiliary information. The final weight is the product of all weights in both stage. In the present paper, we focus on the weight in analysis stage and investigate the effect of such weights imposed on the weighted mean when estimating the population mean. We consider a finite population with a pair of fixed survey value and weight in each unit, and suppose equal selection probability designs. Under the condition we derive the formulas of the bias as well as mean square error of the weighted mean and show that the weighted mean is biased and the direction and amount of the bias can be explained by the correlation between survey variate and weight: if the correlation coefficient is positive, then the weighted mein over-estimates the population mean, on the other hand, if negative, then under-estimates. Also the magnitude of bias is getting larger when the correlation coefficient is getting greater. In addition to theoretical derivation about the weighted mean, we conduct a simulation study to show quantities of the bias and mean square errors numerically. In the simulation, nine weights having correlation coefficient with survey variate from -0.2 to 0.6 are generated and four sample sizes from 100 to 400 are considered and then biases and mean square errors are calculated in each case. As a result, in the case or 400 sample size and 0.55 correlation coefficient, the amount or squared bias of the weighted mean occupies up to 82% among mean square error, which says the weighted mean might be biased very seriously in some cases.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.573-586
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the Quality of stress experienced in counseling and counseling of elderly female novice counselors and, through this, to provide information and information that can help counselors of elderly to continue their counseling. The study participants interviewed 157 elderly women who were studying at religious institutions, counseling graduate schools, and general graduate schools. in the data collection, each individual participated in a one - to - one interview for 3 months from May to August, 2017. To analyze this material, it was used CQR method, as one of the Qualitative analysis methods. The results were divided into two factors of stress in the academic and counseling domains. in academic stress, academic stress symptoms, content, and weighting factors were separated into three key factors. in counseling stress, four core factors were identified: client, supervision, counselor's ability, and social environmental factors. The significance of this study is that the elderly novice counselors in the elderly have specified the areas of stress experienced by them and provided them with helpful information Then, implications and suggestions were discussed.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.122-132
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• 1998

SB-31 which contains Pursatilla, Licoris and Ginseng extracts was recently proved as an anticancer agent. In a preclinical effort to be applied this drug to human, pharmacokinetics of SB-31 was carried out in rats and rabbits. Glycyrrhizin(GZ), a saponin of Licoris was used as a standard ingradient for the pharmacokinetics of SB-31. The rat's blood, bile and urine samples were serially collected in femoral vein, common bile duct and bladder, respectively, after bolus i.v. injection at a dose of 1 or 1/5 ampul/rat and rabbit's blood samples from the marginal ear vein at a dose of 1 or 3 amp./rabbit. GZ and glycyrrhetic acid(GA), a major metabolite of GZ in the physiological samples were analysed by HPLC with UV detection. The decline of GZ in plasma concentration was generally biexponential at each dose. GZ was almost completely recovered in bile within 18 hour. GA wasn't detected in the samples with UV detector. In the rat, Vss and Kel at a dose of 1 and 1/5 ampul of SB-31 were $98.06\pm6.07\;ml,\;0.33\pm0.05\;hr^{-1}\;and\;65.46\pm11.19\;ml,\;0.68\pm0.25\;hr^{-1}$, respectively. Those in rabbits at a dose of 3 and 1 ampul of SB-31 were $235.24\pm30.72\;ml,\;0.13\pm0.36\;hr^{-1}\;and\;341.32\pm28.58\;ml,\;0.27\pm0.04\;hr^{-1}$, respectively. 'WinNonlin' was utilized for the compartmental analysis. A two-compartment model was chosen as the most appropriate pbarmaco-kinetic model. The data were best described by using a weighting factor of $1/y^2$. To evaluate the effect of SB-31 on cardiovascular system, serially diluted SB-31 was directly injected into coronary artery in the isolated perfused rat heart and the effect of PSF, PSH, saponins of Pursatilla, and SB-31 on PT, APTT of healthy human plasma was examined. Except the positive inotropic effect of ten times diluted solution of SB-31, there was no significant effect on LVDP, (- dp/dt)/(+dp/dt), heart rate and coronary flow in comparision with that of vehicle. SB-31 had no effect on PT but slightly delayed APTT about $6.9{\sim}11.5\%$. There was no significant effect of PSF and PSH on PT & APTT. Conclusively, SB-31 did not show any notable toxic effects on cardiovascular system.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.417-423
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between prosthetic status and health related quality of elderly by using EuroQol-5 dimension (EQ-5D) which is a standardized instrument used as a measure of health outcome. Data from 1,179 elderly subjects (over 65 years old) from the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used in our analysis. Oral examination were conducted to obtain wearing prosthetic and needed prosthetic. EQ-5D is a widely used health condition measuring instrument. It consists of the five dimensions: Mobility, Self-care, Usual activities, Pain/discomfort and Anxiety/depression. EQ-5D index is a score calculated out of a weighting system. In this study, the mean score of the EQ-5D index among the elderly was 0.86. For EQ-5D index gender, female showed statistically significantly lower quality of life than male. The related factors EQ-5D index, when the lower demand for fixed prosthodontics and full denture. Wearers in partial and complete denture than non-wearers showed higher EQ-5D index. In order to improve EQ-5D index among the elderly who demand prosthetic status, which has lost its function through providing proper dental prostheses.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.39-52
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• 2014

Limestone caves that consist of main passages and branches are formed by a variety of processes, and have the characteristic of developing with a preferred orientation controlled by discontinuities such as bedding, joints, and faults around the cave. However, it is difficult to analyze a representative orientation from various orientations. To interpret the overall development orientation of limestone caves, this study proposes new development orientation analysis methods, termed the Average Span Ratio Method (ASRM) and the Individual Development Ratio Method (IDRM), using the weighting of persistence. Nine limestone caves in Korea were randomly selected for testing the new methods. The methods show a stronger development orientation for limestone caves than that obtained by traditional methods, which consider only the distribution of development orientations. Based on an analysis of the relationship between the average span and the dip angle of bedding, it is confirmed that shallowly dipping bedding is a major contributor to the expansion of span in limestone caves. In addition, using scan-line survey data acquired in the field, we perform an RMR analysis of stability of the ground around limestone caves.

• Journal of Information Management
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.85-111
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to seek a workable alternative to replace a big deal related to the journal budget for the maintenance of academic libraries with the largest issue on the E-journal consortium. The contents of this study was to present it. It had examined the current situation, strengths, weaknesses and corresponding to replace the big deal contract. After reviewing the literature, we looked into the alternative activities for the big deal such as open access-based, usage-based, consortium improvement-based, publishers lead, and other models. As a result, the 'consortium cost reapportion model' was an alternative for the KESLI. The alternative was in the short term for cost division format, but long-term oriented for a consortium single(bloc) payment type or national licence model. The model was based on the data from the last year. It had evaluated download the PDF and HTML documents, but the three times weighting more than others, and the rest of 14 factors of 0.5 to 5 out of 100 total score. The total amount negotiated by national units 10, 20 and 30 grades for the final step was allocated to the participating library on the KESLI consortium.