Objectives : NK cells are spontaneously cytotoxic lymphocytes. These are not only important parts in the first line of defence against bacterial and viral infections of outside, but they may also play a critical role in chronic viral diseases. NK cells kill their targets spontaneously, without the need for prior sensitization and class I MHC restriction by the regulation of cytolytic functions and secretion of a variety of cytokines, such as interleukin-12(IL-12), MCP-1, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ. In addition, macrophage and NK cells cooperate through the production of cell mediates. These cooperation and modulation are one of major factors to prevent for evading immune surveillance of cancer. Hence, it could be assumed that if any candidate to enhance activities of macrophage and NK cell, it is considered as a potentially useful agents against cancer. Methods : In our study, to investigate effect of fermented soybean extracts by Lactic acid bacteria (SFE, soybean fermented extracts) work on intestinal immune cell to maintain general immune modulating and anti-cancer activity. We analyzed NK cytotoxicity assay and gene expressions of cytokine related with macrophage and NK cell activity. Results : In vitro experiment, SFE was verified as safety material for cell toxicicty to tumor cell strain without any toxicity of tumor growth inhibition and various cell strain. Effects of macrophage activity stimulating directly by SFE measured induced cytokine. The studies showed that IL-12 production by stimulation of SFE depended on concentration from 0.16mg/mL to 0.63mg/mL with non toxicity to cell, and it was the best activity at 0.63mg/mL. Besides, the effective concentration of SFE producing TNF-α is similar to IL-12, but it was the best activity at 1.25mg/mL. The level of MCP-1, IL-6 and IFN-γ depended on concentration from 0.16mg/mL to 10mg/mL, IFN-γ showed the best activity at the effective concentration of 0.63mg/mL. With the result of NK cell activity measurement, the spleen cell of mouse injected SFE had 1.5 times higher killing effect than non injected cell. Conclusions : The result of this studies is that Soybean fermetated extracts(SFE) has possibility to immune aided material for the function not only inhibition of microbial infection to macrophage but also activity of adaption immune and cellular immune system.
Lee, Dajeong;Park, Young Hwan;Lee, Ji Eon;Kim, Hyuk Soon;Min, Keun Young;Jo, Min Geun;Kim, Hyung Sik;Choi, Wahn Soo;Kim, Young Mi
Biomolecules & Therapeutics
/
v.28
no.5
/
pp.456-464
/
2020
Mast cells (MCs) are systemically distributed and secrete several allergic mediators such as histamine and leukotrienes to cause type I hypersensitivity. Dasatinib is a type of anti-cancer agent and it has also been reported to inhibit human basophils. However, dasatinib has not been reported for its inhibitory effects on MCs or type I hypersensitivity in mice. In this study, we examined the inhibitory effect of dasatinib on MCs and MC-mediated allergic response in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, dasatinib inhibited the degranulation of MCs by antigen stimulation in a dose-dependent manner (IC50, ~34 nM for RBL-2H3 cells; ~52 nM for BMMCs) without any cytotoxicity. It also suppressed the secretion of inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and TNF-α by antigen stimulation. Furthermore, dasatinib inhibited MC-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in mice (ED50, ~29 mg/kg). Notably, dasatinib significantly suppressed the degranulation of MCs in the ear tissue. As the mechanism of its effect, dasatinib inhibited the activation of Syk and Syk-mediated downstream signaling proteins, LAT, PLCγ1, and three typical MAP kinases (Erk1/2, JNK, and p38), which are essential for the activation of MCs. Interestingly, in vitro tyrosine kinase assay, dasatinib directly inhibited the activities of Lyn and Fyn, the upstream tyrosine kinases of Syk in MCs. Taken together, dasatinib suppresses MCs and PCA in vitro and in vivo through the inhibition of Lyn and Fyn Src-family kinases. Therefore, we suggest the possibility of repositioning the anti-cancer drug dasatinib as a treatment for various MC-mediated type I hypersensitive diseases.
Sister chromatid exchanges(SCEs) and cell cycle kinetics were proposed as a sensitive and quantitative assay for mutagenicity and cytotoxicity in short-term cultures of phytohema-gglutinin(PHA)-stimu1ated human 1ymphocytes. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate the relation between the cytotoxic effects and sister chromatid exchanges. The resultes are summarized as follows: 1) The frequency of SCEs per cell are 13.1±2.8 in the lower concentration of 6.25×10−9Mand75.8±8.2 in the highest concentration of 1.00±10−7M. Mitotic index is decreased in the higher concentration of mitomycin C. The result indicates that mitomycin C led to a dose dependent increase in SCE frequency, but decease in mitotic index. 2) Chromosomal analysis was performed on metaphase cells that have divided one, two, and three or more times for cell cycle kinetics by fluorescence-plus-Giemsa(FPG) technique. According to the increased concentration of mitomycin C, the proportion of metaphase cells in the first are profoundly increased but the cells of third division are greatly decreased. 3) The frequency of SCEs per chromosome by chromosomal group are decreased gradually from A group to G group. But relationships between specific chromosomal group and SCE frequency are not found.
Cha, Chun-Nam;Hong, Il-Hwa;Yu, Eun-Ah;Park, Eun-Kee;Yoo, Chang-Yeol;Kim, Suk;Lee, Hu Jang
Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
/
v.29
no.1
/
pp.67-72
/
2014
This study investigated the antibacterial effects of GR ethanol extracts (GRE), sodium chlorate (SC) and a combination of GRE and SC (GS) on Brucella abortus (B. abortus). The antibacterial activities of GRE, SC and GS towards B. abortus were evaluated by incubating B. abortus with GRE, SC and GS. Following treatment with GRE, SC and GS, B. abortus survival and intracellular proliferation in macrophages were monitored. In the cellular cytotoxicity assay, GRE, SC and GS are not cytotoxic at concentrations less than 400μg/ml, 15 mM and 0.6GS (1 of GS, GRE 1,000μg/ml + SC 30 mM), respectively. The viability of B. abortus was markedly decreased in a dose-dependent manner in all treatment groups. In addition, B. abortus intracellular proliferation within macrophages was significantly reduced in cells treated with GRE (400μg/mL), SC (15 mM) and 0.5GS (GRE 500μg/mL + SC 15 mM) after 48 hr-incubation (GRE, p < 0.01; SC and 0.5GS, p < 0.001). Especially, in the treatment of GS, the synergistic effect of GRE and SC treatment on B. abortus in macrophage was observed. In conclusion, GS is useful as an antibacterial candidate against B. abortus, and can be applied in the field of meat and milk hygiene.
This study was performed to determine the antioxidative effect of the hexane, dichloromethane, ethylacetate, butanol and water fractions of Ganoderma lucidum extracts on the inhibition of malondialdehyde(MDA) and bovine serum albumin(BSA) conjugation reaction, the inhibition of lipid peroxidation and the scavenging effect on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl(DPPH) radical, the antimutagenic capacity as measured by the Ames test and the inhibitory effect on cancer cell. Ganoderma lucidum is believed to have possible antioxidative capacities, although the results have varied according to the assay method. The most effective antioxidative capacity was inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Among the five fractions, water fraction showed strong inhibition rates on MDA & BSA conjugation reaction, and ethylacetate fractions showed the most effective inhibition rate on lipid peroxidation and scavenging effect on DPPH radical. The indirect and direct antimutagenic effects of ethanol extracts of Ganoderma lucidum were examined by Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. Among the samples, the water fraction did not have any antimutagenic effect. The inhibition rates on mutagenicity in the presence of 2.5 mg/plate were nearly 100% for Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 except the hexane fraction of the direct mutagenicity mediated by 2-Nitrofluorene in Salmonella typimurium TA98(64.69%). Under the 2.5 mg/plate concentration, the inhibitory effects of hexane and dichloromethane fraction were superior to that of the other fractions on the direct mutagenicity for Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and indirect mutagenicity for Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. The inhibitory effect of Ganoderma lucidum extracts on cell proliferation in HeLa and MCF-7 was investigated by U test. The dichloromethane fraction showed highly antiproliferative effect in HeLa and MCF-7(IC50: 0.122 mg/mL, 0.272 mg/mL, respectively) cells while the water faction had a weak inhibitory effect(IC50: 0.691 mg/mL, 10.919 mg/mL respectively). These results suggest that Ganoderma lucidum may have antioxidative, antimutagenic and anticancer capacities and may be a candidate of the prevention and dietetic treatment of chronic diseases and the development of antioxidative, antimutagenic and anticancer functional food.
Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
/
v.31
no.3
/
pp.440-445
/
2014
The purpose of this study was to investigate anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of essential oil from seed of Zanthoxylum schinifolium on cultured RAW 264.7 cell line. Antioxidant activity of essential oil was evaluated by two different assays as 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and super oxide dismutase (SOD) like activities. This essential oil was tested for cell viability on RAW 264.7 cell line by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The effects of anti-inflammatory on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cell line was studied by the content of nitric oxide (NO) and prostagladin E2 (PGE2) in cells. The essential oil of seed from Zanthoxylum schinifolium obtained dose-dependently increased the scavenging activity on DPPH radical scavenging activity and SOD like activity. The essential oil showed low cytotoxicity as more than 98% cell viability in 40μg/mL−1 concentration. The essential oil of seed extracted from Zanthoxylum schinifolium presented obvious effect on inflammation. These results suggest that essential oil of seed from Zanthoxylum schinifolium may have value as the potential anti-inflammatory effects by decreasing the action of NO and PGE2 and preventing the activation of oxidative.
Ji, Hae-Ri;Hwang, Deok-Sang;Lee, Chang-Hoon;Jang, Jun-Bok;Lee, Jin-Moo
The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
/
v.32
no.4
/
pp.1-13
/
2019
Objective: This study is aimed to investigate the anti-tumor metastasis by innate immunomodulating effects of crude polysaccharide isolated from Polygonati Rhizoma (CP-PR) on 4T1 breast cancer cells. Methods: CP-PR was isolated from Polygonati Rhizoma. Antimetastatic experiments were conducted in vivo mouse model by using 4T1 breast cancer cells. The cell viability of CP-PR was tested with normal spleen and 4T1 breast cancer cells. To observe the activation of macrophages with/without 4T1 breast cancer cells, production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF−α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10 and IL-12 were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. In addition, the lysis of YAC-1 cells and the production of granzymes were measured to observe the activation of natural killer (NK) cell. Results: Intravenous administration of CP-PR significantly inhibited metastasis of 4T1 breast cancer cells. In an in vitro cytotoxicity analysis, CP-PR affected the growth of normal spleen and 4T1 breast cancer cells above specific concentration. The production of TNF−α, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12 were significantly increased in macrophages with CP-PR. As compared with control, CP-PR showed significantly higher production of TNF−α, IL-10 and IL-12 in macrophages co-cultured with 4T1 breast cancer cells. The lysis of YAC-1 cells and the production of granzymes were significantly up regulated by CP-PR. Conclusion: CP-PR appears to have considerable activity on the anti-metastasis by activation of innate immune system.
Cheong, Sin Young;Kim, Yang Eun;Koh, Young Joo;Shin, Wang Soo;Lee, Jun Hee;Kim, Wan Doo;Yoo, Young Eun;Park, Su A
Polymer(Korea)
/
v.38
no.1
/
pp.93-97
/
2014
Biodegradable drug-eluting stent has dual functions of supporting the lumen and treating internal tumor preventing the restenosis by releasing drug. In this study, the polycaprolactone (PCL) based three dimensional (3D) mesh loaded with paclitaxel (PTX) was presented by rapid prototyping (RP) technique of solid freeform fabrication (SFF) for biodegradable drug-eluting stent application. PCL has many advantageous properties such as good biocompatibility, good mechanical properties, and good drug permeability. PTX is widely used in the cancer treatment by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation. Analytical methods of HPLC and NMR were used for simultaneous quantification of PTX. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to observe the architecture and morphologies of 3D mesh. The cytotoxicity assay results indicated released PTX's biological activity. This study provided that PCL based 3D mesh loaded with PTX by RP technique has great potential for biodegradable drug-eluting stent application.
Water-soluble sulfobetaine chitosan (SCs) was prepared for a blending film with Bombyx mori silk fibroin (SF) by reacting chitosan with 1,3-propanesultone. A series of SF/SCs blended films were successfully prepared by mixing aqueous solutions of B. mori SF and SCs. The SF/SCs blended films were examined through spectroscopic and thermal analysis to determine the morphological changes of SF in the SCs. The effects of the SF/SCs blend ratios on physical and mechanical properties were investigated to discover the feasibility of using these films as biomedical materials such as artificial skin and wound dressing. X-ray analysis showed good compatibility between the two biopolymers. The in vitro degradation behavior of the SF/SCs blended films was systematically investigated for up to 8 weeks in phosphate buffered saline solution at 37∘C and showed a mass loss of 46.4% after 8 weeks. All films showed no cytotoxicity by MC3T3-E1 assay. After 3 days of culture, the relative cell number on all the SF/SCs films was slightly lower than that of an optimized tissue culture plastic.
Choi, Beom Rak;Ku, Sae Kwang;Kang, Su Jin;Park, Hye Rim;Sung, Mi Sun;Lee, Young Joon;Park, Ki Moon
Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
/
v.33
no.2
/
pp.131-140
/
2019
The objective of present study is to evaluate concentration-dependent in vitro anti-osteoarthritic (OA) effects of synergic mixed formula consisted of dried pomegranate juice concentrate powder, Eucommiae Cortex aqueous extract and Achyranthis Radix aqueous extract 5:4:1 (g/g) mixture on the primary cultured rat articular chondrocytes. First, any cytotoxic effect of mixture was observed using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium Bromide) assay. Next, cyto-protective effect of test substances was evaluated by using the recombinant human interleukin (rhIL)−1α induced chondrocytes. In addition, anti-inflammatory effects were also observed on the lipopolysaccaride (LPS) treated chondrocytes through prostaglandin E2(PGE2) productions and 5-lipoxygenase (LPO) activities, and inhibitory effects on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 activities were observed on rhIL−1α treated chondrocytes with their extracellular matrix (ECM) related mRNA expressions. No obvious cytotoxic effects of mixture were demonstrated. Inflammatory damages of chondrocytes and related ECM degradations induced by treatment of LPS or rhIL−1α were significantly and concentration-dependently inhibited by pretreatment of mixture from a concentration level of 0.001 mg/ml to 1 mg/ml. In addition, mixture showed IC50 for rhIL−1α−induced MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities as 44.01 and 162.47μg/ml, and also showed EC50 for rhIL−1α−induced inhibition of collagen type II, SOX9 and aggrecan mRNA expression as 8.61, 10.79 and 4.47μg/ml, respectively. It is observed that mixture showed concentration-dependent anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective ECM preserved effects on the primary cultured rat articular chondrocytes without cytotoxicity.
본 웹사이트에 게시된 이메일 주소가 전자우편 수집 프로그램이나
그 밖의 기술적 장치를 이용하여 무단으로 수집되는 것을 거부하며,
이를 위반시 정보통신망법에 의해 형사 처벌됨을 유념하시기 바랍니다.
[게시일 2004년 10월 1일]
이용약관
제 1 장 총칙
제 1 조 (목적)
이 이용약관은 KoreaScience 홈페이지(이하 “당 사이트”)에서 제공하는 인터넷 서비스(이하 '서비스')의 가입조건 및 이용에 관한 제반 사항과 기타 필요한 사항을 구체적으로 규정함을 목적으로 합니다.
제 2 조 (용어의 정의)
① "이용자"라 함은 당 사이트에 접속하여 이 약관에 따라 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스를 받는 회원 및 비회원을
말합니다.
② "회원"이라 함은 서비스를 이용하기 위하여 당 사이트에 개인정보를 제공하여 아이디(ID)와 비밀번호를 부여
받은 자를 말합니다.
③ "회원 아이디(ID)"라 함은 회원의 식별 및 서비스 이용을 위하여 자신이 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을
말합니다.
④ "비밀번호(패스워드)"라 함은 회원이 자신의 비밀보호를 위하여 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을 말합니다.
제 3 조 (이용약관의 효력 및 변경)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트에 게시하거나 기타의 방법으로 회원에게 공지함으로써 효력이 발생합니다.
② 당 사이트는 이 약관을 개정할 경우에 적용일자 및 개정사유를 명시하여 현행 약관과 함께 당 사이트의
초기화면에 그 적용일자 7일 이전부터 적용일자 전일까지 공지합니다. 다만, 회원에게 불리하게 약관내용을
변경하는 경우에는 최소한 30일 이상의 사전 유예기간을 두고 공지합니다. 이 경우 당 사이트는 개정 전
내용과 개정 후 내용을 명확하게 비교하여 이용자가 알기 쉽도록 표시합니다.
제 4 조(약관 외 준칙)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스에 관한 이용안내와 함께 적용됩니다.
② 이 약관에 명시되지 아니한 사항은 관계법령의 규정이 적용됩니다.
제 2 장 이용계약의 체결
제 5 조 (이용계약의 성립 등)
① 이용계약은 이용고객이 당 사이트가 정한 약관에 「동의합니다」를 선택하고, 당 사이트가 정한
온라인신청양식을 작성하여 서비스 이용을 신청한 후, 당 사이트가 이를 승낙함으로써 성립합니다.
② 제1항의 승낙은 당 사이트가 제공하는 과학기술정보검색, 맞춤정보, 서지정보 등 다른 서비스의 이용승낙을
포함합니다.
제 6 조 (회원가입)
서비스를 이용하고자 하는 고객은 당 사이트에서 정한 회원가입양식에 개인정보를 기재하여 가입을 하여야 합니다.
제 7 조 (개인정보의 보호 및 사용)
당 사이트는 관계법령이 정하는 바에 따라 회원 등록정보를 포함한 회원의 개인정보를 보호하기 위해 노력합니다. 회원 개인정보의 보호 및 사용에 대해서는 관련법령 및 당 사이트의 개인정보 보호정책이 적용됩니다.
제 8 조 (이용 신청의 승낙과 제한)
① 당 사이트는 제6조의 규정에 의한 이용신청고객에 대하여 서비스 이용을 승낙합니다.
② 당 사이트는 아래사항에 해당하는 경우에 대해서 승낙하지 아니 합니다.
- 이용계약 신청서의 내용을 허위로 기재한 경우
- 기타 규정한 제반사항을 위반하며 신청하는 경우
제 9 조 (회원 ID 부여 및 변경 등)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객에 대하여 약관에 정하는 바에 따라 자신이 선정한 회원 ID를 부여합니다.
② 회원 ID는 원칙적으로 변경이 불가하며 부득이한 사유로 인하여 변경 하고자 하는 경우에는 해당 ID를
해지하고 재가입해야 합니다.
③ 기타 회원 개인정보 관리 및 변경 등에 관한 사항은 서비스별 안내에 정하는 바에 의합니다.
제 3 장 계약 당사자의 의무
제 10 조 (KISTI의 의무)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객이 희망한 서비스 제공 개시일에 특별한 사정이 없는 한 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록
하여야 합니다.
② 당 사이트는 개인정보 보호를 위해 보안시스템을 구축하며 개인정보 보호정책을 공시하고 준수합니다.
③ 당 사이트는 회원으로부터 제기되는 의견이나 불만이 정당하다고 객관적으로 인정될 경우에는 적절한 절차를
거쳐 즉시 처리하여야 합니다. 다만, 즉시 처리가 곤란한 경우는 회원에게 그 사유와 처리일정을 통보하여야
합니다.
제 11 조 (회원의 의무)
① 이용자는 회원가입 신청 또는 회원정보 변경 시 실명으로 모든 사항을 사실에 근거하여 작성하여야 하며,
허위 또는 타인의 정보를 등록할 경우 일체의 권리를 주장할 수 없습니다.
② 당 사이트가 관계법령 및 개인정보 보호정책에 의거하여 그 책임을 지는 경우를 제외하고 회원에게 부여된
ID의 비밀번호 관리소홀, 부정사용에 의하여 발생하는 모든 결과에 대한 책임은 회원에게 있습니다.
③ 회원은 당 사이트 및 제 3자의 지적 재산권을 침해해서는 안 됩니다.
제 4 장 서비스의 이용
제 12 조 (서비스 이용 시간)
① 서비스 이용은 당 사이트의 업무상 또는 기술상 특별한 지장이 없는 한 연중무휴, 1일 24시간 운영을
원칙으로 합니다. 단, 당 사이트는 시스템 정기점검, 증설 및 교체를 위해 당 사이트가 정한 날이나 시간에
서비스를 일시 중단할 수 있으며, 예정되어 있는 작업으로 인한 서비스 일시중단은 당 사이트 홈페이지를
통해 사전에 공지합니다.
② 당 사이트는 서비스를 특정범위로 분할하여 각 범위별로 이용가능시간을 별도로 지정할 수 있습니다. 다만
이 경우 그 내용을 공지합니다.
제 13 조 (홈페이지 저작권)
① NDSL에서 제공하는 모든 저작물의 저작권은 원저작자에게 있으며, KISTI는 복제/배포/전송권을 확보하고
있습니다.
② NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 상업적 및 기타 영리목적으로 복제/배포/전송할 경우 사전에 KISTI의 허락을
받아야 합니다.
③ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 보도, 비평, 교육, 연구 등을 위하여 정당한 범위 안에서 공정한 관행에
합치되게 인용할 수 있습니다.
④ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 무단 복제, 전송, 배포 기타 저작권법에 위반되는 방법으로 이용할 경우
저작권법 제136조에 따라 5년 이하의 징역 또는 5천만 원 이하의 벌금에 처해질 수 있습니다.
제 14 조 (유료서비스)
① 당 사이트 및 협력기관이 정한 유료서비스(원문복사 등)는 별도로 정해진 바에 따르며, 변경사항은 시행 전에
당 사이트 홈페이지를 통하여 회원에게 공지합니다.
② 유료서비스를 이용하려는 회원은 정해진 요금체계에 따라 요금을 납부해야 합니다.
제 5 장 계약 해지 및 이용 제한
제 15 조 (계약 해지)
회원이 이용계약을 해지하고자 하는 때에는 [가입해지] 메뉴를 이용해 직접 해지해야 합니다.
제 16 조 (서비스 이용제한)
① 당 사이트는 회원이 서비스 이용내용에 있어서 본 약관 제 11조 내용을 위반하거나, 다음 각 호에 해당하는
경우 서비스 이용을 제한할 수 있습니다.
- 2년 이상 서비스를 이용한 적이 없는 경우
- 기타 정상적인 서비스 운영에 방해가 될 경우
② 상기 이용제한 규정에 따라 서비스를 이용하는 회원에게 서비스 이용에 대하여 별도 공지 없이 서비스 이용의
일시정지, 이용계약 해지 할 수 있습니다.
제 17 조 (전자우편주소 수집 금지)
회원은 전자우편주소 추출기 등을 이용하여 전자우편주소를 수집 또는 제3자에게 제공할 수 없습니다.
제 6 장 손해배상 및 기타사항
제 18 조 (손해배상)
당 사이트는 무료로 제공되는 서비스와 관련하여 회원에게 어떠한 손해가 발생하더라도 당 사이트가 고의 또는 과실로 인한 손해발생을 제외하고는 이에 대하여 책임을 부담하지 아니합니다.
제 19 조 (관할 법원)
서비스 이용으로 발생한 분쟁에 대해 소송이 제기되는 경우 민사 소송법상의 관할 법원에 제기합니다.
[부 칙]
1. (시행일) 이 약관은 2016년 9월 5일부터 적용되며, 종전 약관은 본 약관으로 대체되며, 개정된 약관의 적용일 이전 가입자도 개정된 약관의 적용을 받습니다.