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Studies on White Potato Processing for Mixed Cooking with Rice as Main Dish (PartII)-Polyphenol oxidase inactivation and safety of treated potato granules- (감자 주식화(主食化)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) (제2보(第2報))-감자쌀의 변색방지(變色防止) 및 안정성(安定性)에 관(關)하여-)

  • Kim, Ze-Uook;Cho, Sung-Hwan;Yuo, Young-Keun;Kim, Hyung-Soo
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • v.20 no.1
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    • pp.43-57
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    • 1977
  • In order to establish methods of potato processing for mixed cooking with rice as main diet, treatment for polyphenol oxidase inactivation in potato tissues, and safety in regard to sanitation were studied. The results were summarized as follows: 1. Cut potato granule which were blanched in boiling water are practical and best in color within $3{\sim}6\;minutes$ dipping. 2. Dipping treatment of potato granules in a saline solution is not pratical because of the resulting color and saline taste. 3. Dipping treatment of potato granules in a boiling saline solution is not practical because of residual salt. 4. Dipping treatment of potato granules in low concentration of hydrochloric acid solution is not effective in color changes but dipping treatment from 0.1N concentration for 4-10 minutes to 0.5N concentration for $1{\sim}10minutes$ shows good effects. 5. Dipping treatment in boiling hydrochloric acid solution of 0.04-0.068N concentration for 3-5 minutes dipping is practical for its resulting color. 6. Dipping treatments in 0.05% of $K_2S_20_5$ solution for $50{\sim}60\;minutes$ and in 0.06% for $40{\sim}60\;minutes$ and 0.065% for $10{\sim}60\;minutes$ shows a small palatability in color but its boiled potato granules shows good color 7. Treatments for any time in $0.01{\sim}0.03%$ of boiling $K_2K_20_5$ solution after predipping in its cold solution for longer time than 30minutes show effective in the color and palatability of the potato granules and their cooked ones. 8. From the view of food sanitation, dipping treatment of the potato granules in the solution of $K_2S_20_5$ is safe because of the few residual amount of $SO_2$. 9. All the methods of treatment that potato granules are dipped for any time at 0.01% of $K_2S_20_5$ solution are safe from the view of fond sanitation. At 0.03% of $K_2S_20_5$ solution, nothing but the methods of treatment that they are dipped within 30 minutes and boiled within 4 minutes are safe.

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Figuration of farewell and aspect of confrontation expressed in the poem of Hwang Jin I (황진이(黃眞伊) 시조(時調)의 이별(離別) 형상화(形象化)와 대응양상(對應樣相))

  • Kim, Seong-Moon
    • Sijohaknonchong
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    • v.30
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    • pp.319-332
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    • 2009
  • The research on the poem work of Hwang Jin I may have been discussed relatively profoundly compared to the number of works left by her. On the prolongation of such result that has been made thus far, the author tried to investigate aspect of confrontation of figuration and situation of farewell revealed in the poem work of Hwang Jin I through this dissertation. The 6 poems of Hwang Jin I are works which are directly or indirectly related to the situation of farewell. Thus, the author began to discuss dissertation, thinking that the difference in aspect of confrontation in the farewell situation of Hwang Jin I projected in the work can be confirmed by analyzing the poem work of Hwang Jin I. First, with respect to the figuration of farewell in the poem of Hwang Jin I, it cannot be said that she left many poems. However, it could be confirmed that the universal human emotion felt in the situation of farewell was effective converted to figuration by personality of the author through the delicate symbol and simile felt in each work and diverse poetic devices. Then, the aspect of confrontation of farewell situation revealed in the poem of Hwang Jin I was investigated in 3 large divided aspects. First, it is the nature-compliant aspect of confrontation that does not artificially reject or disobey but accepts the moment of farewell by relying on the providence of nature with respect to the situation of farewell. Four works pertain to this category, namely, <니 언지 무언(無言)하여$\sim$>, <어뎌 니 일이여$\sim$>, <산(山)은 넷 산(山)이로디$\sim$> and <청산(靑山)은 내 뜻이요$\sim$>. Next, it may be challenge to the nature, that is, to cut time and space at own intention against the providence of nature. The work, <동지인(冬至人)달 기나긴 밤을$\sim$> pertains to this category. Finally, it is mixed aspect of confrontation in which the above-mentioned compliant aspect of confrontation is mixed with challenging aspect of confrontation. The work, <청산리(靑山裡) 벽계수(碧溪水)ㅣ야$\sim$> may pertain to this category. As explained above, the aspect of confrontation revealed differently in the situation of farewell may be due to the peculiarity of her status as official kisaeng. Furthermore, her magnanimous and affectionate character may be also quite influential on this matter. The matters to be supplemented to make the above discussion successful need to be studied in the subsequent research.

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The Microleakage in Class V Cavity Based on Different Kinds of Several Dentin Adhesive and Composite Resin (5급 와동에서 수종의 상아질 접착제와 복합레진의 종류에 따른 미세누출)

  • Choi, Yoo-Seok;Jeong, Soon-Jeong;Jeong, Moon-Jin;Ahn, Yong-Soon;Park, Seon-Nyeo;Lim, Do-Seon
    • Journal of dental hygiene science
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    • v.13 no.3
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    • pp.330-338
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    • 2013
  • In order to explore microleakage in class V cavity based on different kinds of several dentin adhesive and composite resin, 2 kinds of composite resin was restored and exposed after applying 4 kinds of dentin adhesives. Deposited in methylene blue solution for 4 hours and cut in parallel with tooth longitudinal axis. By observing dye penetration level of enamel and dentin margins of each restored resin following conclusion was obtained. 1. In composite resin Filtek Z350XT Universal (3M/ESPE Dental Products, USA) in enamel margin, Easy Bond (3M/ESPE Dental Products) showed the lowest microleakage and this leakage was represented to be high in the order of Single Bond 2 (3M/ESPE Dental Products), Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (3M/ESPE Dental Products) and Cearfil SE Bond (Kuraray Medical Inc., Japan). In case of Filtek Z350XT Flowable (3M/ESPE Dental Products), Scotchbond Multi-Purpose showed the lowest microleakage and this leakage was represented to be high in the order of Single Bond 2, Clearfil SE Bond and Easy Bond. 2. In case of Filtek Z350XT Universal in dentin margin, Easy Bond showed the lowest microleakage and this leakage was represented to be high in the order of Scotchbond Multi-Purpose, Single Bond 2 and Clearfil SE Bond. In case of Filtek Z350XT Flowable, Scotchbond Multi-Purpose and Single Bond showed the lowest microleakage and this leakage was represented to be high in the order of Clearfil SE Bond and Easy Bond. 3. In all the groups excepting S-U group (Single Bond 2+Filtek Z350XT Universal), enamel margin showed more higher microleakage than that of dentin margin. 4. There was a difference between enamel and dentin margin among each group but it was not significant statistically (p>0.05). When summarizing this result, it is considered that composite resin and dentin adhesive could be applied selectively and particularly in case of applying 1-step self-etching dentin adhesive, this method would be advantageous for manipulation convenience and shortening of operation time.

Economic Performance Test of Commercial Chickens (CC) Crossbred with Parent Stock (PS) of Korean Native Chicken (KNC) (토종 부모계통 종계 간 교배 실용계의 경제능력 검정)

  • Cha, Jae-Beom;Hong, Eui-Chul;Kim, Sang-Ho;Kim, Chong-Dae;Heo, Kang-Nyeong;Choo, Hyo-Jun;Oh, Ki-Seok;Kang, Bo-Seok
    • Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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    • v.43 no.4
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    • pp.207-212
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    • 2016
  • This work was carried out to investigate the ability of thirteen crossbreds for production of commercial chicken (CC) of Korean native chicken to be cut out for Korean circumstance. Total of one thousand three hundred of crossbreds were divided thirteen groups (100 birds/group) that were twelve groups (1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B, 4A, 4B, 5A, 5B, 6A, 6B) to crossbreed with two sires (A, B) and six dams (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) of parent stock (PS) of Korean native chicken and one group (HH) as commercial Korean native chicken. Experimental diets were starter diet (0~7d; CP 22.0% ME 3,150 kcal/kg), early diet (8d~Wt 800 g; CP 19.0% ME 3,150 kcal/kg) and finished diet (Wt 800 g~12 wk; CP 18.0% ME 3,150 kcal/kg). Fertility of 1B group was higher than other groups. Hatchability per fertilization eggs and hatchability per setting eggs were 87.5~89% and 87.9~96.3%, respectively, and those of 4B and 6B groups were lower compared to other groups. Weekly body weight of HH group was lower than other groups. CV values of body weight of thirteen groups were showed over 12% as 12.5~18.2%, and especially, those of 2B, 3B, 5B, HH groups were lower compared to other groups. Weekly feed conversion ratios (FCRs) of 13 crossbreds were 1.7~2.3, 2.1~2.5, 2.4~2.7 and 2.7~3.2 at the age of 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks, respectively. Weekly production indexes of 2A, 3A and HH groups were the lower than other groups and those of thirteen groups decreased following weeks. Feed costs per body weight gain (kg) were 1,069~1,255 won, 1,100~1,263 won, and 1.468~1,696 won at starter, earlier and finished period of broilers. These results leaded down to conclusion to be possible selection of new Korean native commercial chicken that have the excellent performance and economics.

The Use of Normal Tissue Complication Probability to Predict Radiation Hepatitis (간암의 정상조직손상확률을 이용한 방사선간염의 발생여부 예측가능성에 관한 연구)

  • Keum Ki Chang;Seong Jinsil;Suh Chang Ok;Lee Sang-wook;Chung Eun Ji;Shin Hyun Soo;Kim Gwi Eon
    • Radiation Oncology Journal
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    • v.18 no.4
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    • pp.277-282
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    • 2000
  • Purpose : Though It has been known that the to tolerance of the liver to external beam irradiation depends on the irradiated volume and dose, few data exist which Quantify this dependence. However, recently, with the development of three dimensional (3-D) treatment planning, have the tools to Quantify the relationships between dose, volume, and normal tissue complications become available. The objective of this study is to investigate the relationships between normal tissue complication probabili쇼 (WCP) and the risk of radiation hepatitis for patients who received variant dose partial liver irradiation. Materials and Methods : From March 1992 to December 1994, 10 patients with hepatoma and 10 patients with bile duct cancer were included in this study. Eighteen patients had normal hepatic function, but 2 patients (prothrombin time 73$\%$, 68$\%$) had mild liver cirrhosis before irradiation. Radiation therapy was delivered with 10MV linear accelerator, 180$\~$200 cGy fraction per day. The total dose ranged from 3,960 cGy to 6,000 cGy (median dose 5,040 cGy). The normal tissue complication probability was calculated by using Lyman's model. Radiation hepatitis was defined as the development of anicteric elevation of alkaline phosphatase of at least two fold and non-malignant ascites in the absence of documented progressive. Results: The calculated NTCP ranged from 0.001 to 0.840 (median 0.05). Three of the 20 patients developed radiation hepatitis. The NTCP of the patients with radiation hepatitis were 0.390, 0.528, 0.844(median : 0.58$\pm$0.23), but that of the patients without radiation hepatitis ranged fro 0.001 to 0.308 (median .0.09$\pm$0.09). When the NTCP was calculated by using the volume factor of 0.32, a radiation hepatitis was observed only in patients with the NTCP value more than 0.39. By contrast, clinical results of evolving radiation hepatitis were not well correlated with NTCP value calculated when the volume factor of 0.69 was applied. On the basis of these observations, the volume factor of 0.32 was more correlated to predict a radiation hepatitis. Conclusion : The risk of radiation hepatitis was increased above the cut-off value. Therefore the NTCP seems to be used for predicting the radiation hepatitis.

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The Characteristics of Sediment and Organic Content in the Dalpo Wetland (달포늪의 퇴적물과 유기물함량 특성 연구)

  • Kang, Dong Hwan;Kim, Sung Soo;Jung, Hwee Je;Kwon, Byung Hyuk;Kim, Il Kyu
    • Journal of Wetlands Research
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    • v.9 no.3
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    • pp.1-12
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    • 2007
  • In this study, the correlation of organic content with particle size and type of sediment was found out.Particle size, stratigraphic section and organic content of sediments sampled from Dalpo wetland was analyzed. Dalpo wetland consists of three wetlands, and the area of Dalpo wetland is about $31,295m^2$. The particle size analyses for sampled sediments of 7 points (3 points in wetland A, 3 points in wetland B and 1 point in wetland C) were tested. As results of the particle size analyses, the sediment particle size becomes larger as to the edge of the wetland. It is revealed in order of wetland A > wetland C > wetland B. Borehole surveys with horizontal distance in the major and minor axes of wetland A, the major and minor axes of wetland B and the major axis of wetland C were accomplished. Clayey peat deposit is distributed at 10~90 cm depth below ground surface in the major axis of wetland A. The clayey peat deposit was the most thick at the center of wetland A that horizontal distance is 100 m. As the depth below ground surface of clayey peat deposit is less than 27 cm in the wetland B, we can infer that the life for the wetland B is being finished. Sediment composition of wetland C is simple because wetland C is small scale, and clayey peat deposit is distributed at 10~34 cm depth below ground surface. Sediment sampled by borehole survey in the Dalpo wetland was cut at interval of 10 cm, then organic content was analyzed. Organic content of wetland A sediment showed more than 40% until 70 cm depth below ground surface, also sediment of wetland B is similar to wetland A until 10 cm depth below ground surface, but is showed within 20 % above 30 cm depth below ground surface. Organic content of wetland B is showed the lowest as organic content near the ground surface is about 40%. All of the three wetlands, organic content is showed higher at clayey peat deposit near to ground surface. This is caused by finer particles of the clayey peat deposit, also organic materials were supplied from dead vegetation. Organic content of the Dalpo wetland showed in order of wetland A > wetland C > wetland B. This result is caused by thickness of clayey peat deposit in sediment. Through this study, it was verified that organic content of the Dalpo wetland sediment was dominated by particle size of sediment and vegetation of the upper part.

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RNA Interference of Chitinase Gene in Spodoptera litura (담배거세미나방(Spodoptera litura) Chitinase gene의 RNA interference)

  • Jeon, Mi Jin;Seo, Mi Ja;Youn, Young Nam;Yu, Yong Man
    • The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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    • v.18 no.3
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    • pp.202-209
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    • 2014
  • RNA interference (RNAi) is the method which controls phenotypes of gene in live cells. Chitinase is the enzyme helping digestion and absorption of old cuticles during the ecdysis of insects. In order to investigate molting-inhibition effect with the chitinase related gene in Spodoptera litura, RNA was extracted from the $5^{th}$ instars. cDNA was synthesized and then we obtained about 700 bp size chitinase. After PCR products were cloned into a pGEM T-easy vector, colonies were picked. DNA was extracted from the colony cultures. EcoR I enzyme was used to check whether PCR products were inserted or not. And then we confirmed vector band of about 3 kb and insert band of about 700 bp. To synthesize the dsRNA, each DNA was cut with Spe I and Nco I enzymes (Circular DNA became lineared DNA). After synthesis of dsRNA, approximately 5 ul dsRNA was injected into the $3^{rd}$ abdominal segment of S. litura $4^{th}$ larvae. The concentration of dsRNA was about $10{\mu}g/{\mu}l$. We confirmed larval-larval molting : there were phenotypically abnormal individuals - for instance malformation, molting inhibition and change of integument color. Pupaadult molting : there were phenotypically abnormal individuals - for instance molting inhibition, change of wings and malformation. Also we could investigate the pupation, emergence and variation about noninjection, treated with DW and dsRNA. Each pupation was non-injection 83.3%, DW 78.3% and dsRNA 66.7%. Each emergence was non-injection 90.0%, DW 72.3% and dsRNA 65.0%. So we considered that chitinase dsRNA induced molting inhibition effect. But each variation was non-injection 8.9%, DW 2.9% and dsRNA 19.2%. Therefore dsRNA group showed the highest variation value. When 18 hours after injecting dsRNA, we could obtain abnormal individual.

ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIA FROM THE ROOT CANAL OF THE TEETH DIAGNOSED AS THE ACUTE PULPITIS AND ACUTE PERIAPICAL ABSCESS (급성 치수염 및 급성 치근단 농양의 치근관으로부터의 세균 분리 및 동정)

  • Lee, Yeon-Jae;Kim, Mi-Kwang;Hwang, Ho-Keel;Kook, Joong-Ki
    • Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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    • v.30 no.5
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    • pp.409-422
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    • 2005
  • The aim of this study was to identify the bacteria isolated from acute endodontic lesions by cell culture and 16S rDNA sequencing. The necrotic pulpal tissue was collected from 17 infected root canals, which were diagnosed as being either an acute pulpitis or acute periapical abscess. Samples were collected aseptically from the infected pulpal tissue of the infected root canals using a barbed broach and a paper point. The cut barbed broaches and paper points were transferred to an eppendorf tube containing 500 ul of 1 XPBS. The sample solution was briefly mixed and plated onto a BHI-agar plate containing $5\%$ sheep blood. The agar plates were incubated in a $37^{\circ}C$ anaerobic chamber for 7 days. The bacteria growing on the agar plate were identified by 16S rRNA coding gene (rDNA) cloning and sequencing at the species level. Among the 71 colonies grown on the agar plates, 56 strains survived and were identified. In dental caries involving the root canals, Streptococcus spp. were mainly isolated. Actinomyces, Clostridia, Bacteroides and Fusobacteria were isolated in the periapical lesion without dental caries. Interestingly, two new Actinomyces spp. (ChDC B639 and ChDC B631) were isolated in this study. These results showed that there was diversity among the species in endodontic lesions, This suggests that an endodontic infection is a mixed infection with a polymicrobial etiology. These results may offer the bacterial strains for pathogenesis studies related to an endodontic infection.

EFFECT OF LIGHT IRRADIATION MODES ON THE MARGINAL LEAKAGE OF COMPOSITE RESIN RESTORATION (광조사 방식이 복합레진 수복물의 변연누출에 미치는 영향)

  • 박은숙;김기옥;김성교
    • Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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    • v.26 no.4
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    • pp.263-272
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    • 2001
  • The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of four different light curing modes on the marginal leakage of Class V composite resin restoration. Eighty extracted human premolars were used. Wedge-shaped class Y cavities were prepared on the buccal surface of the tooth with high-speed diamond bur without bevel. The cavities were positioned half of the cavity above and half beyond the cemento-enamel junction. The depth, height, and width of the cavity were 2 mm, 3 mm and 2 mm respectively. The specimens were divided into 4 groups of 20 teeth each. All the specimen cavities were treated with Prime & Bond$^{R}$ NT dental adhesive system (Dentsply DeTrey GmbH, Germany) according to the manufacturer's instructions and cured for 10 seconds except group VI which were cured for 3 seconds. All the cavities were restored with resin composite Spectrum$^{TM}$ TPH A2 (Dentsply DeTrey GmbH, Germany) in a bulk. Resin composites were light-cured under 4 different modes. A regular intensity group (600 mW/${cm}^2$, group I) was irradiated for 30 s, a low intensity group (300 mW/${cm}^2$, group II) for 60 s and a ultra-high intensity group (1930 mW/${cm}^2$, group IV) for 3 s. A pulse-delay group (group III) was irradiated with 400 mW/${cm}^2$ for 2 s followed by 800 mW/${cm}^2$ for 10 s after 5 minutes delay. The Spectrum$^{TM}$ 800 (Dentsply DeTrey GmbH, Germany) light-curing units were used for groups I, II and III and Apollo 95E (DMD, U.S.A.) was used for group IV. The composite resin specimens were finished and polished immediately after light curing except group III which were finished and polished during delaying time. Specimens were stored in a physiologic saline solution at 37$^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. After thermocycling (500$\times$, 5-55$^{\circ}C$), all teeth were covered with nail varnish up to 0.5 mm from the margins of the restorations, immersed in 37$^{\circ}C$, 2% methylene blue solution for 24 hours, and rinsed with tap water for 24 hours. After embedding in clear resin, the specimens were sectioned with a water-cooled diamond saw (Isomet$^{TM}$, Buehler Co., Lake Bluff, IL, U.S.A.) along the longitudinal axis of the tooth so as to pass the center of the restorations. The cut surfaces were examined under a stereomicroscope (SZ-PT Olympus, Japan) at ${\times}$25 magnification, and the images were captured with a CCD camera (GP-KR222, Panasonic, Japan) and stored in a computer with Studio Grabber program. Dye penetration depth at the restoration/dentin and the restoration/enamel interfaces was measured as a rate of the entire depth of the restoration using a software (Scion image, Scion Corp., U.S.A.) The data were analysed statistically using One-way ANOVA and Tukey's method. The results were as follows : 1. Pulse-Delay group did not show any significant difference in dye penetration rate from other groups at enamel and dentin margins (p>0.05) 2. At dentin margin, ultra-high intensity group showed significantly higher dye penetration rate than both regular intensity group and low intensity group (p<0.05). 3. At enamel margin, there were no statistically significant difference among four groups (p>0.05). 4. Dentin margin showed significantly higher dye penetration rate than enamel margin in all groups (p<0.05).

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An Analysis of Economic and Psychological Factors on the Forest Protection of the Mountain People in Jeonbuk Province -On the Economic Psychological Status Associated with Structure in Forest Production- (산촌주민(山村住民) 산림보호(山林保護)에 대한 경제적(經濟的) 심리적요인(心理的要因) 분석(分析) -산림생산구조(山林生産構造)에 따르는 경제심리상(經濟心理狀)-)

  • Lee, Kwang Won;Kim, Jae Seng
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.36 no.1
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    • pp.38-46
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    • 1977
  • The purpose of this study are to analyze economic and psychological factors associated with the forest protection of the mountain people, and to explain the forms of the forest management by ownership classes, especially with forest in the production structure of the mountain villages, particulary from Aprial 1st to 20th in 1975. And the basis of the data for this study is to have been obtained by the sample of 462 households, in Jeonbuk province, which were selected by the method of Yandom sampling. In order to determine what relations there are between the forest ownership classes are independent and each of the selected economic and psychological factors, the chi-squre test was used. The findings may be summarized as follows; 1. The area per household forest land of the mountain villages farm families with forest was 1.4ha and are middle classes with the cultivated area, and manage their forest in favor of the forest fuel and the byproducts, which we call "Earn Ownership Management Form". As it is acomplished by the agricultural surplus labor, we can't expect the positive forest investments. 2. The expectation of the proceeds of forest investments seems to be high but 30% of them doubtful. And the mountain villages farm families with above 3ha forest area expect their forest investments to be positive and in future they have hope in the economic management from. 3. The mountainous mountain fram families reply to a small sums of capital and the control of after the fact on account of the negative factors of forest investment. But rural mountain villages farm famillies assist on spending too much money for the control and nexious insects damage. 4. The reason about illegal cut away was mainly their fuels problem and then most of moumtain farm villages was used to forest fuel in their fuel. But 57% of mountainous mountain villages farm families not having forest area, and 66% of them get their fual on the self-supply, and 66.9% of them get from public and nationat forest and other's forest. That is one of the big problems of the forest protection. 5. Above 66% of mountain people think that forest law is severe and 50% of mountainous mountain villages farm families think if usual. Especially ones not having forest area but taking advantage of forest among them think so. 6. Rural mountain villages farm families have comparatively positive attitude for protecting forest, but mountainous mountain villages farm families negative. Classes with above 3ha forest area have more outlook of forest protection. And the more such classes are, the better they can protect forest. 7. There are problem about operation and education of the forest law on the mountainous mountain villages farm families.

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