• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.37
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• pp.187-216
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• 2008

Risk regarding the possibility of loss can be especially problematic. If a loss is certain to occur, it may be planned for in advance and treated as a definite, known expense. It is when there is uncertainty about the occurrence of a loss that risk becomes an important problem. The word risk is often used in connection with insurance. No one generally accepted definition of risk exists, however. Of the many definitions, two distinctive ones are commonly used. One defines risk as the variation in possible outcomes of an event based on chance. That is, the greater the number of different outcomes that may occur, the greater the risk. Another way of expressing this concept is to state: The greater the variation around an average expected loss, the greater the risk. The second definition of risk is the uncertainty concerning a possible loss. The definition of risk as a useful one because it focuses attention on the degree of risk in given situations. The degree of risk is a measure of the accuracy with which the outcome of an event based on chance can be predicted. For now, it will serve our purpose to note the more accurate the prediction of the outcome of an event based on chance, the lower the degree of risk. After sources of risks are identified and measured, a decision can be made as to how the risk should be handled. A pure risk that is not identified does not disappear, the business merely loses the opportunity to consciously decide on the best technique for dealing with that risk. The process used to systematically manage risk exposures is known as risk management. Some persons use the term risk management only in connection with businesses, and often the term refers only to the management of pure risks. In this sense, the traditional risk management goal has been to minimize the cost of pure risk to the company. But as firms broaden the ways that they view and manage many different types of risk, the need for new terminology has become apparent. The terms integrated risk management and enterprise risk management reflect the intent to manage all forms of risk, regardless of type. International trade transaction is called between countries has features of globalism, cultural gap, long distance and long terms for the transaction. It is riskier than domestic transaction has its specific risks, such as foreign exchange risk and political risk, and requires various active risk management skills. Risks in relation to the international trade transaction are the contract risk, transit risk and payment risk, etc. The risk management in relation to the international trade transaction is to identify and measure these risks. The purpose of this study is to analyse the practical problems and its solution plan by analyzing various cases related to the risk management of bill of lading in the international trade transaction.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.186-194
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• 2016

This study was conducted to determine whether if the emotional response of participants influences senior citizens at a senior citizen center and to develop the qualities and skills of the instructors of the senior citizens. Not only will we provide effective materials but also provide basic materials as well. The emotional response of interpersonal relationships, achievement goal of ability to performance, and influence of orientating themselves. Additionally, the emotional response of interpersonal relationships, ability to concentrate, and confidence. Finally, the achievement goal of task orientation, concentration of ability to performance on orientating oneself, as well as confidence. Therefore, we will be able to determine if the emotional response of a participant influences achievement of a goal and of the effectiveness of senior citizen instructors. This will not only help with practical and cultural issues, but will close the distance between the instructors participants based on consideration of their situational aspects. Furthermore, the sports activities and continued participation of the elderly. Always need to be ready mentally, and rather than the consideration of others as well as the game results, it is important to have an interest in achieving their own standards. Instructors toned to lend support while setting goals for the participants so that they contribute to the personal development and overall quality of life of the participants.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.63-71
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• 2012

This paper presents a design and implementation of U-Seum(Ubiquitous Museum) system based on the LBS(Location Based Service) and mobile augmented reality technique. The mobile services under the smart space of the ubiquitous environments have been expanded in the various fields. In this study, we introduce U-Seum which supports tourists in the museum. U-Seum is developed by use of the position tracking technique based on Wi-Fi and mobile augmented reality. The GPS which is widely used in the position tracking has a difficulty to be utilized in the inside of the building because it requires the Line-of-Sight between a sender and a receiver. Therefore, in this paper, we develop a realtime tour-supported service through experience and evaluate the performance of the system in the world famous UNESCO's Hwa-Seong Museum by measuring the distance from the Wi-Fi signal which is suitable to track the position interior of the museum. U-Seum provides various push services such as mobile augmented reality service for explanation of the artifacts of the museum, game services and the statistics information of the tourist when the tourist approach a specific AP. U-Seum is developed in the Haw-Seong Museum by the support of the Swon Haw-Seong Cultural Foundation. With a field test, we prove that the excellence and expandability of the system.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.709-718
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• 2016

The study considers viewpoints for qualitative improvement of landscape planning based on research literature, books and reports. By classifying items used in this study, evaluation criteria was derived for viewpoint selection using SPSS Statistics. In addition, we establish weights and prioritize viewpoints by measuring the relative importance within the hierarchical index. The analysis results are as follows: First, 16 viewpoints were determined using surveys from experts to establish specific and systematic plans for landscape simulation. Second, with respect to the medium classification level of viewpoint evaluation, the most important factor found was 'view' followed by 'publicness' and 'place.' Third, priority by viewpoint was found to exhibit the following order of relative importance: visual openness of viewpoint, favorability as view target, cultural property space, historicity, public place, gateway place, area where the target can be observed, thickly-populated or most-used place, place where various shapes of targets and surrounding landscape can be identified, ecological protection area, river and waterside area, viewing angle (relief-etching), viewing direction, major roads, distance between the viewpoint and the target, and plains and farmland. These results can contribute to developing systematic and reliable analysis frame for qualitative improvement of landscape planning and evaluating landscape simulation.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.49
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• pp.95-126
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• 2017

The purpose of this paper is to compare learners' academic texts with academic texts of native speakers and to examine the usage patterns of learners' objectification strategies in detail. In order to achieve objectivity as a discourse mechanism applied to describe the results of academic inquiry in a scientific way with universality and validity, we analyzed concepts and signs such as related intentionality, accuracy, and mitigation of the linguistic markers of objectification strategies. As a result of the comparison, it was analyzed that there are intersectional overlaps with the signs that reveal objectivity, signs indicating related mechanisms, and there is a different set that is differentiated. Objective markers can be broadly classified as emphasizing stativity of research results, separating research subjects from research results, and generalizing research contents. Sustainable expressions and noun phrases emphasize statehood, and non-inhabited expressions, passive expressions, and self-quotations are maintained in the distance between the claimant and the writer, and the pluralization through first-person pronouns and suffixes contributes to generalization. In the case of the learner, the non-inhuman expression of the quotation type appears to be very less compared to the maw speaker, which could be due to the lack of recognition of the citation method of the Korean academic text. Next, in the generalization of the research contents, the expression of 'we' was very less compared to the maw speakers.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.53
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• pp.193-218
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• 2018

In this essay, I examine the interactions of chronotopes in the narrative of Gangnam Blues, a film written and directed by Yu Ha and released in 2015. Bakhtin's chronotope, the connectedness of temporal and spatial relationships in literary narratives, provides the background for the representability of events and becomes the organizing center for the events. Each chronotope offers a different way of acting, interacting and understanding experience, and chronotopes can interact with each other in a single text or between the reader and the represented world. Gangnam Blues is a gangster movie, first of all, showing an individual's illusion of an unlimited possibility for achieving wealth and power. At the same time, the film describes the government's project to transform Gangam, a rural area in the south of the Han, into a new downtown and residential area for Seoul. As the world in the narrative and the world of the author or the reader are all chronotopic, we can see the interactions of chronotopes between the narrative of an individual and the historical narrative, as well as between the narrative about the beginning of Gangnam and the audience's perception of the present Gangnam. In this film, the main character's ambition is shown as part of the social desire for rapid economic achievements in the 1970s, along with high social mobility. The social desire can be explained as envy, as it is fueled by social comparisons and competitions. The main character's pursuit of money and power through the possession of Gangnam land overlaps with the envious desire for the present Gangnam shared by many. The individual's exceptional ambition and violence are not fully examined in this text. Moreover, the film's dependence on the feelings of envy to represent the individual's choice and violence can be a symptom of the lack of critical distance from social desire and envy.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.12-21
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• 2011

We investigated the location and surveillance system of fortress using inter-visibility analysis between fortress and the capital of the Silla Dynasty. The digital terrain model(DTM) was generated with $10{\times}10m$ grid in Arcview 3.2. Then three fortresses lines(Myeonghwal-sanseong, Namsan-shinseong, Seohyeong-sanseong) were superimposed on the DTM. 4 results of this study were drew out from the cumulative visibility analysis. First, the most of fortress lines which showed the high visible frequency from the Sila-Capital(538 viewpoints) have a good aspect toward the capital. It means that 3 fortresses secured the visibility to the capital. Second, the cumulative visibility analysis from 3 fortresses generated evenly distributed visible frequency across the inside of fortress. It shows that the inner area of fortress is more advantageous to command during the war. On the contrary, a number of invisible(vulnerable) regions which is scattered on the outside were supplemented by adjacent fortress. Third, the north area of the Sila-captial showed the highest visible frequency generated by sum up the visibility from 3 fortresses. The northern captial is placed within 4km distance easy to support at the Myeonghwal and Seohyeong-sanseong. We proved that the Sila-capital had organized a solid surveillance system by 3 fortresses. Fourth, we could infer the practical process of fortress layout from comparing a cumulative visibility map. For the secure of visibility and defense systems, the fortress line would form a rising shape to the peak. This practical location theory can replace the vague common location theory that the fortress would constructed on two thirds of mountain height. It will be an empirical method in the ancient remains research.

• 한국사회정책
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.83-112
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• 2016

Increase of immigrants in Korean society means that ethnic and cultural diversity witnessed in Western immigration countries is also appearing in overall Korean society. The purpose of this study is to suggest policy directions which fit multicultural society in the future by comparing and analyzing the difference in the recognition of multiculturalism between Koreans and immigrants. As the result of empirical analysis, it turned out that there is difference in recognition between Koreans and immigrants, for which different policy directions are required. First, it was contact experience that decided Koreans' multicultural attitudes. High level of influence of contact experience means that although Koreans take multicultural society as granted, they actually have low level of contact experience with immigrants, which requires policy tools to convert actual strengthened contact experience into positive directions. Second, in the case of immigrants, the less they recognize discrimination and the more bias is fortified, the more they accept multiculturalism as a threat. This exhibits their dual sense of identity in which they recognize themselves as foreigners toward Koreans but they distinguish themselves from other foreigners. Thus, assimilation to Korean society is not deemed to be the only alternative and Korean society needs to practice genuine multiculturalism to strengthen immigrants' ethnic identity. Study also conducted in-depth discussions on the implications of above results.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.39-48
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• 2022

The main purpose of the work is to analyze modern innovative educational practices in the field of culture and art and their effectiveness in the context of the spread of digitalization trends. The study used general scientific theoretical methods of analysis, synthesis, analogy, comparative, induction, deduction, reductionism, and a number of others, allowing you to fully understand the pattern of modern modernization processes in a long historical development and demonstrate how the rejection of the negativity of progress allows talented artists to realize their own potential. The study established the advantages and disadvantages of involving innovative technologies in the educational process on the example of European experience and outlined possible ways of implementing digitalization processes in Ukrainian institutions of higher education, formulated the main difficulties encountered by teachers and students in the use of technological innovation in the pandemic. The rapid development of digital technologies has had a great impact on the sphere of culture and art, both visual, scenic, and musical in all processes: creation, reproduction, perception, learning, etc. In the field of art education, there is a synthesis of creative practices with digital technologies. In terms of music education, these processes at the present stage are provided with digital tools of specially developed software (music programs for composition and typing of musical text, recording, and correction of sound, for quality listening to the whole work or its fragments) for training programs used in institutional education and non-institutional learning as a means of independent mastering of the theory and practice of music-making, as well as other programs and technical tools without which contemporary art cannot be imagined. In modern stage education, the involvement of video technologies, means of remote communication, allowing realtime adjustment of the educational process, is actualized. In the sphere of fine arts, there is a transformation of communicative forms of interaction between the teacher and students, which in the conditions of the pandemic are of two-way communication with the help of information and communication technologies. At this stage, there is an intensification of transformation processes in the educational industry in the areas of culture and art.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.46-56
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• 2022

This study aimed to analyze the locational characteristics of heritage sites in Seoul in order to identify flood susceptibility by type. As for the location factors related to flood susceptibility, elevation, slope, distance to streams, and topographic location were analyzed. Literature review was supplemented for the historical and humanistic environments of heritage sites. The results of the study are as follows. First, heritage sites in Seoul are distributed throughout the city, and are especially highly dense in the Hanyangdoseong fortress. It was also confirmed that heritage sites were concentrated around Jung-gu, Jongno-gu, Jingwan-dong, and Ui-dong in the quantitative spatial analyses. Second, types of heritage sites at the circumstance susceptible to flood damage were related to commerce and distribution, traffic, modern traffic and communication, geological monument, residence, government office, and palace. Third, heritage types with locational characteristics that showed low flood susceptibility were found to be natural scenic spots, telecommunication, ceramics, Buddhism, tombs, and tomb sculptural heritage assets. In a time when risk factors that can damage the value of heritage are gradually increasing due to anthropogenic influences along with changes in the natural environment, this study provides basic data for vulnerability analysis that reflects the unique characteristics of heritage assets. The results can contribute to more comprehensive and comprehensive insights for the management and protection of heritage by including the humanities and social science data together with natural factors in the analysis.