• Informatization Policy
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.3-18
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• 2015

We explore the issues on online political participation study in Korea compared with international one. More specifically, we characterize Korea's study trends as focusing on "who" is participating while international studies center on what the new "forms" of online political participation are. In other words, domestic studies try to show that online media play a role as a factor promoting bottom-up model of civic participation. Moreover, this function of online media is stimulated by the rapid growing of civic participation during democratization and citizens' deep disapproval of political institutions since then. However, previous studies are more interested in the expansion of participants, in particular, ordinary people. Therefore, the themes on conceptualizing and categorizing the online political participation seem to have been treated lightly. In this perspective, we need to view online political participation in a more multidimensional manner. In addition, we should pay attention to "those who do not participate" as well as "those who participate" in politics. Because the current media environment more tends to provoke citizens' political indifference than ever before. If it comes to that, we will be likely to face the circumstances worrying the democratic divide beyond the digital divide.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.2-12
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• 2002

The small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) beamline BL4C1 at the 2.5 GeV storage ring of the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL) has been in its first you of operation since August 2000. During this first stage it could meet the basic requirements of the rapidly growing domestic SAXS user community, which has been carrying out measurements mainly on various polymer systems. The X-ray source is a bending magnet which produces white radiation with a critical energy of 5.5 keV. A synthetic double multilayer monochromator selects quasi-monochromatic radiation with a bandwidth of ca. 1.5%. This relatively low degree of monochromatization is sufficient for most SAXS measurements and allows a considerably higher flux at the sample as compared to monochromators using single crystals. Higher harmonics from the monochromator are rejected by reflection from a flat mirror, and a slit system is installed for collimation. A charge-coupled device (CCD) system, two one-dimensional photodiode arrays (PDA) and imaging plates (IP) are available its detectors. The overall performance of the beamline optics and of the detector systems has been checked using various standard samples. While the CCD and PDA detectors are well-suited for diffraction measurements, they give unsatisfactory data from weakly scattering samples, due to their high intrinsic noise. By using the IP system smooth scattering curves could be obtained in a wide dynamic range. In the second stage, stating from August 2001, the beamline will be upgraded with additional slits, focusing optics and gas-filled proportional detectors.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.315-324
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• 2005

Pain is an unpleasant sensation experienced when tissues are damaged. Thus, pain sensation in some way protects body from imminent threat or injury. Peripheral sensory nerves innervated to peripheral tissues initially respond to multiple forms of noxious or strong stimuli, such as heat, mechanical and chemical stimuli. In response to these stimuli, electrical signals for conducting the nociceptive neural signals through axons are generated. These action potentials are then conveyed to specific areas in the spinal cord and in the brain. Sensory afferent fibers are heterogeneous in many aspects. For example, sensory nerves are classified as $A{\alpha}$, $-{\beta}$, $-{\delta}$ and C-fibers according to their diameter and degree of myelination. It is widely accepted that small sensory fibers tend to respond to vigorous or noxious stimuli and related to nociception. Thus these fibers are specifically called nociceptors. Most of nociceptors respond to noxious mechanical stimuli and heat. In addition, these sensory fibers also respond to chemical stimuli [Davis et al. (1993)] such as capsaicin. Thus, nociceptors are considered polymodal. Recent advance in research on ion channels in sensory neurons reveals molecular mechanisms underlying how various types of stimuli can be transduced to neural signals transmitted to the brain for pain perception. In particular, electrophysiological studies on ion channels characterize biophysical properties of ion channels in sensory neurons. Furthermore, molecular biology leads to identification of genetic structures as well as molecular properties of ion channels in sensory neurons. These ion channels are expressed in axon terminals as well as in cell soma. When these channels are activated, inward currents or outward currents are generated, which will lead to depolarization or hyperpolarization of the membrane causing increased or decreased excitability of sensory neurons. In order to depolarize the membrane of nerve terminals, either inward currents should be generated or outward currents should be inhibited. So far, many cationic channels that are responsible for the excitation of sensory neurons are introduced recently. Activation of these channels in sensory neurons is evidently critical to the generation of nociceptive signals. The main channels responsible for inward membrane currents in nociceptors are voltage-activated sodium and calcium channels, while outward current is carried mainly by potassium ions. In addition, activation of non-selective cation channels is also responsible for the excitation of sensory neurons. Thus, excitability of neurons can be controlled by regulating expression or by modulating activity of these channels.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.02a
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• pp.141-141
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• 2013

We have generated the needle-typed nonthermal plasma jet by using an Ar gas flow at atmospheric pressure. Diagnostics of electron temperature anddensity is critical factors in optimization of the atmospheric plasma jet source in accordance with the gas flow rate. We have investigated the electron temperature and density of plasma jet by selecting the four metastable Ar emission lines based on the atmospheric collisional radiative model and radial profile characteristics of current density, respectively. The averaged electron temperature and electron density for this plasma jet are found to be ~1.6 eV and ~$3.2{\times}10^{12}cm^{-3}$, respectively, in this experiment. The densities of OH radical species inside the various bio-solutions are found to be higher by about 4~9 times than those on the surface when the argon bioplasma jet has been bombarded onto the bio-solution surface. The densities of the OH radicalspecies inside the DI water, DMEM, and PBS are measured to be about $4.3{\times}10^{16}cm^{-3}$, $2.2{\times}10^{16}cm^{-3}$, and $2.1{\times}10^{16}cm^{-3}$, respectively, at 2 mm downstream from the surface under optimized Ar gas flow 250 sccm.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.175-187
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• 2013

Each participant in building construction project requires their own workspace to execute their activities. In this environment, inappropriate workspace planning in construction site causes workspace conflicts which result in a loss of productivity, safety hazard and poor-quality issues. Therefore, workspace should be regarded as one of the most important resources and constraints have to be managed at construction site. However, current construction planning techniques such as Gantt chart, network diagram and critical path method have proven to be insufficient to workspace planning. This paper contains formalized process for workspace planning in 4D BIM environment to prevent workspace related problems in construction project. The proposed process in this paper represents workspace occupation status for each activity and suitable solutions for identified workspace conflicts by integrating workspace attributes and activity execution plan. Based on the result of this study, project manager will be able to prevent probable workspace conflicts and negative effect on project performance by devising appropriate workspace plan during preconstruction phase.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-23
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• 2013

Upper extremity dysfunction is a common consequence following stroke. Spontaneous recovery during the first six months post-stroke is rigorous and considered as a significant indicator of potential long-term progress. Various approaches have been utilized to regain functional upper limb movement necessary for independent living; however, conventional therapy approaches have failed to prove consistency, especially for subacute stroke patients. There is, thus, a need for innovative therapeutic strategies that motivate stroke survivors to facilitate neural and functional recovery during the critical window immediately following stroke. The effect of music on physical enhancement has been frequently reported in the field of medicine as well as neurorehabilitation. The efficacy of rhythm on lower extremity deficits has been well established. Yet, the rationale for using instrumental music making enhancing subacute upper extremities rehabilitation is not clearly described to date. Based on the key mechanism of music as sensori-motor movement facilitator, this paper reviews previous empirical research that utilized music-based interventions for upper extremity rehabilitation for stroke patients, either in the form of receptive or expressive activity. This paper, further, focuses on the current research trends in subacute stroke upper limb rehabilitation and provides applicable rationale of using instrumental music playing.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.237-244
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• 2017

Magnetic flux ropes, often observed during intervals of interplanetary coronal mass ejections, have long been recognized to be critical in space weather. In this work, we focus on magnetic flux rope structure but on a much smaller scale, and not necessarily related to interplanetary coronal mass ejections. Using near-Earth solar wind advanced composition explorer (ACE) observations from 1998 to 2016, we identified a total of 309 small-scale magnetic flux ropes (SMFRs). We compared the characteristics of identified SMFR events with those of normal magnetic cloud (MC) events available from the existing literature. First, most of the MCs and SMFRs have similar values of accompanying solar wind speed and proton densities. However, the average magnetic field intensity of SMFRs is weaker (~7.4 nT) than that of MCs (~10.6 nT). Also, the average duration time and expansion speed of SMFRs are ~2.5 hr and 2.6 km/s, respectively, both of which are smaller by a factor of ~10 than those of MCs. In addition, we examined the geoeffectiveness of SMFR events by checking their correlation with magnetic storms and substorms. Based on the criteria Sym-H < -50 nT (for identification of storm occurrence) and AL < -200 nT (for identification of substorm occurrence), we found that for 88 SMFR events (corresponding to 28.5 % of the total SMFR events), substorms occurred after the impact of SMFRs, implying a possible triggering of substorms by SMFRs. In contrast, we found only two SMFRs that triggered storms. We emphasize that, based on a much larger database than used in previous studies, all these previously known features are now firmly confirmed by the current work. Accordingly, the results emphasize the significance of SMFRs from the viewpoint of possible triggering of substorms.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.97-114
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• 2020

Recently, many studies have been actively conducted on the application of machine learning in all branches of science and engineering. Studies applying machine learning are also rapidly increasing in all sectors of seismic exploration, including interpretation, processing, and acquisition. Among them, fault detection is a critical technology in seismic interpretation and also the most suitable area for applying machine learning. In this study, we introduced various machine learning techniques, described techniques suitable for fault detection, and discussed the reasons for their suitability. We collected papers published in renowned international journals and abstracts presented at international conferences, summarized the current status of the research by year and field, and intensively analyzed studies on fault detection using machine learning. Based on the type of input data and machine learning model, fault detection techniques were divided into seismic attribute-, image-, and raw data-based technologies; their pros and cons were also discussed.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.11-21
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• 2010

To aim at improving performance and reflecting user's needs of retrieval, the number of researches has been actively conducted in recent year as the quantity of information and generation of the web pages exceedingly increase. One of alternative approaches can be a tagging system. It makes users be able to provide a representation of metadata including writings, pictures, and movies etc. called tag and be convenient in use of retrieval of internet resources. Tags similar to keywords play a critical role in maintaining target pages. However, they still needs time consuming labors to annotate tags, which sometimes are found to be a hinderance caused by overuse of tagging. In this paper, we present an automatic tagging scheme for a solution of current tagging system conveying drawbacks and inconveniences. To realize the approach, face recognition-based tagging system on SNS is proposed by building a face area detection procedure, linear-based classification and boosting algorithm. The proposed novel approach of tagging service can increase possibilities that utilized SNS more efficiently. Experimental results and performance analysis are shown as well.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.55-66
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• 2015

Big tidal differences, which range from 3.0 m to 8.0 m, exist with regional locations at south and west shores of Korea. Under this ocean circumstance, since a large scour may occur due to multi-directional tidal current and transverse stress of the wind, the scour surrounding the wind turbine structure can make instability of the system due to unexpected system vibration. The hydraulic resistance capacity of soils consolidated under different pressures are evaluated by Erosion Function Apparatus (EFA) under unidirectional and bi-directional flows in this study. It was found that the flow direction change affects significantly on the sour rate and critical shear stress, regardless of soil types while the consolidation pressure affects mainly cohesive soil. Among geotechnical parameters, the undrained shear strength can be well-correlated with the hydraulic resistance capacity, regardless soil type while the shear wave velocity shows the proportional relationships with the hydraulic resistance capacities of fine grained soil and coarse grained soil, respectively.