• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.171-176
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• 1994

Wistar 계통 휜쥐를 면역억제하여 주폐포자충을 발현시킨 후, 기간 별로 폐단면 도말검사 표본에서 포낭의 수를 세고 폐 전체를 균질액으로 만들어 주폐포자충의 핵을 세었다. 또한 폐의 7개 부위에 따라서 포낭의 수를 비교하였다 포낭은 실험 3주가 되어서야 도말표본에서 20개의 1000배 확대 시야에서 평균 1개 이상이 검출될 정도로 나타났으나 폐 균질액에서 주폐포자충의 영양형은 실험 1주 후부터 $10^6$ 정도의 수가 계산되었다. 각 개체 별로 비교한 결과 도말검사에서 포낭형을 검출하려면 폐 전체에 적어도 $10^7$ 정도의 병원체가 있어야 된다는 사실을 확인하였다. 또한 20 개 시야에서 50 개 이상의 포낭을 관찰하는 경우에는 $10^9$ 이상의 병원체가 있다고 평가할 수 있었다. 좌우엽의 상, 중, 하 세 부분과 소엽(accessorylobe)의 부위에 따른 포낭의 수에서 어떠한 의미있는 경향을 인정할 수 없었다. 이 실험 자료를 통하여 폐 단면 도말표본에서 포낭의 수를 세는 것을 전체 병원체의 수를 파악하는 방법으로 사용할 수 있다고 판단하였다. 또한 주폐포자충은 감염 초기에 영양형으로 시작하여 일정수가 되어야 포낭형이 출현하는 것으로 추측하였다.

• 한국안광학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.135-145
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• 2011

목적: 본 연구는 소프트 콘택트렌즈의 보관 용기의 관리 실태를 조사하고 보관 용기의 균 오염도가 소프트 콘택트렌즈 착용 기간과 보관 용기에서의 렌즈 보관 기간에 따라 어떻게 달라지는지 알아보고자 수행되었다. 방법: 소프트 콘택트렌즈 보관 용기의 관리 실태는 총 63명을 대상으로 한 설문조사를 통하여 알아보았다. 소프트 콘택트렌즈를 착용 기간을 달리하여 각각 1일, 3일, 7일, 14일 동안 착용하게 하고 이들 렌즈를 보관 용기에서 1일, 3일, 7일간으로 각 착용군마다 보관 기간을 달리하여 보관하였다. 보관 용기의 균 오염도는 일반 세균, 그람음성균 및 진균 수를 측정하여 판단하였다. 결과: 장기간 소프트 콘택트렌즈를 보 관하였을 때 콘택트렌즈 보관 용기를 사용 후 솔로 문질러 닦아 헹구고 뒤집어 말린 후 재사용하는 사람은 14%에 불과하였다. 또한 다목적용액의 교체 없이 그대로 보관 용기에 장기간 담가 둔다고 한 사람이 54%에 달하였다. 1일 동안 착용한 소프트 콘택트렌즈를 다목적 용액으로 세척한 후 보관 용기에서 1일간 보관하였을 때에도 각각 정도의 차이는 있지만 일반 세균, 그람음성균 및 진균 모두 보관 용기에서 검출되었다. 소프트 콘택트렌즈의 보관 기간을 달리한 보관 용기 모두에서 일반 세균, 그람음성균 및 진균의 수가 증가하였으며 장기간 착용으로 인하여 소프트 콘택트렌즈의 오염도가 증가할수록 보관 용기의 균 오염도 역시 증가함을 확인하였다. 또한, 다목적 용액의 교체없이 보관 용기에서 보관하였을 경우에는 보관 기간이 길어질수록 보관 용기에서 검출되는 일반 세균, 그람음성균 및 진균의 수의 증가가 모두 통계적으로 유의하게 증가하였다. 결론: 본 연구를 통하여 소프트 콘택트렌즈 착용자들의 보관용기 관리가 미흡한 것으로 확인되었고 소프트 콘택트렌즈의 착용 기간과 보관 기간의 증가에 따라 보관 용기의 오염도 또한 높아짐을 알 수 있었으므로 이에 대한 주의 및 교육이 강조되어야 할 것으로 여겨진다.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.91-99
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• 2014

Oxygen consumption is a useful parameter for evaluating mammalian embryo quality, since individual bovine embryos was noninvasively quantified by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). Recently, several approaches have been used to measure the oxygen consumption rates of individual embryos, but relationship between oxygen consumption and pregnancy rates of Hanwoo following embryo transfer has not yet been reported. In this study, we measured to investigate the correlation between oxygen consumption rate and pregnancy rates of Hanwoo embryo using a SECM. In addition to, the expression of pluripotent gene and anti-oxidant enzyme was determined using real-time PCR by extracting RNA according to the oxygen consumption of in vivo embryo. First, we found that the oxygen consumption significantly increased in blastocyst-stage embryos (blastocyst) compared to early blastocyst stage embryos, indicating that oxygen consumption reflects the embryo quality (Grade I). Oxygen consumption of blastocyst was measured using a SECM and total cell number of in vitro blastocyst was enumerated by counting cells stained by propidium iodide. The oxygen consumption or GI blastocysts were significantly higher than those of GII blastocysts ($10.2{\times}10^{15}/mols^{-1}$ versus $6.4{\times}10^{15}/mols^{-1}$, p<0.05). Total cell numbers of in vitro blastocysts were 74.8, 90.7 and 110.2 in the oxygen consumption of below 10.0, 10.0~12.0 and over $12.0{\sim}10^{15}/mols^{-1}$, respectively. Pregnant rate in recipient cow was 0, 60 and 80% in the transplantation of embryo with the oxygen consumption of below 10.0, 10.0~12.0 and over $12.0{\times}10^{15}/mols^{-1}$, respectively. GPX1 and SOD1 were significantly increased in over -10.0 group than below 10.0 groups but in catalase gene, there was no significant difference. On the other hand, In OCT-4 and Sox2, pluripotent gene, there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between the below-10.0 ($0.98{\pm}0.1$) and over 10.0 ($1.79{\pm}0.2$). In conclusion, these results suggest that measurement of oxygen consumption maybe help increase the pregnant rate of Hanwoo embryos.

• 분석과학
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.262-269
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• 1996

저준위 및 환경준위의 알파입자 방출핵종의 방사능을 측정하기 위한 다중선 비례계수기를 개발하였다. 비례계수기의 외부 크기는 $350{\times}290{\times}30mm$이고, 측정이 가능한 측정선원의 최대 면적은 $250{\times}200mm$이다. 비례계수기의 재질은 최소의 background와 외부충격에 의한 형태변형을 방지하기 위해 스테인리스 스틸을 사용하였고, 양극선 및 음극선의 재질은 직경 $50{\mu}m$의 스테인리스 스틸 wire로서, 전체 전극선의 수는 각각 21개와 42개이다. 계수효율을 최대로 하고 검출기벽에 의한 흡수효과를 제거하기 위해서 측정선원은 검출기 내부에 위치하도록 하였으며, 선원두께에 의한 효율변화를 방지하기 위하여 선원 높이를 10mm까지 조절할 수 있도록 설계하였다. 제작된 검출기는 plateau, 작동전압, background, 계수효율, 선원위치에 따른 감도, 에너지분해능 등의 특성조사를 수행하였다. $^{241}Am$ 핵종의 경우, 시료 1L를 처리하여 50,000초를 측정하였을 때의 LLD(Lower Limit of Detection)는 5.0 mBq/L로 산출되어 ISO(International Organization for Standardization)에서 규정하고 있는 환경준위의 알파업자 측정용 장치의 LLD인 40mBq/L 보다 낮은 방사능을 분석할 수 있는 양호한 환경방사능 측정장치인 것으로 판명되었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.115-119
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• 1997

우유와 두유에 Bifidobacterium을 혼합한 후 $4^{\circ}C$에서 한 달(30 days)동안 보관했을 때, 저장기간에 따라 살아있는 Bifidobacterium을 함유한 우유와 두유의 최상 조건을 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 pH, 산도, glucose함량, 생균수를 관찰하고, 또한 관능검사(10 days)를 실시하였다. Bifidobacterium을 시료에 혼합한 후 $4^{\circ}C$에서 한 달(30 days)동안 보관시 적정산도 증가율은 탈지분유, 저지방유, 저온 처리유, 고온 처리유, 그리고 두유 순으로 나타났으며 이에 반해 모든 종류의 우유와 두유에서 pH의 변화는 큰 차이가 없었다. 또한 이들 군에서 glucose함량 변화를 측정하였을 때, $0{\sim}10$일, $10{\sim}20$일, $20{\sim}30$일 사이에서 각각 두유, 저온 처리유, 고온 처리유가 높은 함량을 나타냈다. Bifidobacterium을 첨가한 우유 및 두유의 관능검사 결과는 두유의 10일 보관 전 기간동안 2일과 4일 경과시 풍미에서 가장 높은 점수를 받았으며, 우유에서는 기간이 길어질수록 좋지 않음을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 우유와 두유 모두에서 4일 경과시 다른 저장 기간에서보다 높은 기호도를 나타냈다.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.65-72
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• 1995

The purposes of this study were to produce cloned rabbit embryos and offsprings by nuclear transplantation(NT) using in vitro matured oocytes as nuclear recipient cytoplasm and to determine the effect of frozen nuclei donor embryos on the production efficiency of cloned embryos. The 8cell embryos were collected from the mated does by flushing oviducts with Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline containing 10% fetal calf serum(FCS) at 40 hours after hGG injection. A portion of collected embryos were preserved at 4$^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours and a portion of them were frozen by vitrification method. The embryos used for donor nuclei were synchronized in the phase of Gi /S transition. The in vitro matured oocytes were used as recipient cytoplasm following removing the nucleus and the first polar body. The synchronized blastomeres from fresh, cooled or frozen embryos were injected into the enucleated oocytes by micromanipulation and were electrofused by electrical stimulation of three pulses for 60 $\mu$sec at 1.0 W /cm in 0.28 M mannitol solution. The fused oocytes were co-cultured with a monolayer of rabbit oviductal epithelial cells in M-199 solution containing 10% FCS for 120 hours at 39$^{\circ}C$ in a 5% $CO_2$incubator. Following in vitro culture of the NT embryos to blastocyst stage, they were stained with Hoechst 33342 dye for counting the number of blastomeres by fluorescence microscopy. The nuclear transplant embryos developed in vitro to 2- to 4-cell stage were transferred into the oviducts of synchronized recipient does. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The fusion rates of the blastomeres from fresh, cooled and frozen embryos with the in vitro matured and enucleated oocytes were 100, 95.8 and 64, 3%, respectively. 2. Development in vitro to blastocyst was significantly(p<0.05) different between the cloned embryos with the blastomeres from fresh, cooled or frozen embryos as 39.0, 20. 9 and 15.7%, respectively. 3. The mean numbers of cell cycle per day during in vitro culture of cloned embryos blastomeres from fresh, cooled or frozen embryos was 1.31, 1.29 and 1.16, respectively. 4. A total of 77 nuclear transplant embryos were transferred into 6 recipient does, of which two offsprings were produced from a foster mother 31 days after embryo transfer.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.693-700
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• 2007

The present study was conducted to examine the effect of different levels of essential and nonessential amino acid in NCSU-23 medium on the in vitro-produced porcine embryo as it develops from the zygote to the blastocyst stage. Four experiments were performed, each with a completely randomized design involving 5 to 8 replications of treatments. In order to know the effect of nonessential amino acids in NCSU-23 medium, 0, 5, 10 and $20{\mu}/ml$ MEM were supplemented there to, (Exp. 1) and the medium was supplemented with same level of essential amino acids (Exp. 2). The combined effect of nonessential (0, 5, 10 and $20{\mu}/ml$ MEM) and essential amino acids (0, 5, 10 and $10{\mu}/ml$ MEM) in NCSU-23 medium (Exp. 3), first 72 h with non-essential amino acids (at 0, 5, 10 and $20{\mu}/ml$ MEM), and last 4 d with essential amino acids with the same level as NEAA (Exp. 4) were examined. The embryo development was monitored and the quality of blastocysts was evaluated by counting the number of total cells and determining the ratio of inner cell mass (ICM) to trophoectoderm (TE) cells. When Eagle's nonessential amino acids (MEM) added to NCSU-23 medium, it significantly increased the likelihood of development to the 2- to 4-cell stage and subsequent blastocyst development. Supplementation of different levels of essential amino acids in the NCSU-23 medium decreased cleavage rate, rate of morula and blastocyst development and the number of ICMs. In the case of the combined effect of essential and nonessential amino acids, better and significant results were found for blastocysts, hatching blastocysts and for ICM numbers which were also dose dependent. With respect to the biphasic effect of nonessential and essential amino acids, nonessential amino acids increased cleavage whereas essential amino acids increased the total cell number. Neither the nonessential nor the essential group of amino acids, on their own, affected blastocyst cell number or the differentiation of cells in the blastocyst. In conclusion, this study determined the role of nonessential and essential amino acids in the culture of the porcine embryo and showed that the embryo requires different levels of amino acids as it develops from the zygote to the blastocyst stage.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.240-251
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• 2004

Objective: We have studied to know effects of acupuncture at SI3, BL40, SI3 BL40 on mechnical allodynia, cold allodynia and c-fos protein expression in a model of neuropathic pain of rat. Methods: A model of neuropathic pain was made by injuring tibial nerve and sural nerve while common peroneal nerve was maintained. after 2 weeks, we performed behavioral tests for 7 days to try out mechnical allodynia using von frey filament and cold allodynia using acetone, which are calculated by counting withdrawal response on foot. Rat brains removed and sliced on 8th days. Serial sections were immunohistochemically reacted with polyclonal c-fos antibody. The numbers of c-Fos protein immunoreactive neurons in the central gray were examined using scion image program. Results: Mechanical allodynia in the SI3, BL40, SI3 BL40 groups were diminished compared with the control group. Cold allodynia in the SI3, BL40, SI3 BL40 groups were diminished compared with the control group. c-Fos protein expression on the central gray in the SI3 group were lower than that of the control group. Conclusions: We have noticed that acupuncture at SI3, BL40, SI3 BL40 diminished mechanical allodynia and cold allodynia in a model of neuropathic pain compared with the control group. c- Fos protein expression in the central gray of that group was also decreased compared with the control group. pain control using acupunture was accumulated as time goes by. This study can be used as a basic resource on a study and a treatment of pain.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.169-176
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• 2006

Objectives : This study was designed to compare the effects of tonification and sedation methods of Liver Meridian in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinson's disease mice model. Methods : We injected MPTP (30 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline for 5 consecutive days. Acupuncture treatments were given to the mice with MPTP at LR8 and LR4 to tonify Liver Meridian (Liver+) or LR4 and LR2 to sedate it (Liver-) for 12 day. At the 12th day after first injection, mice were perfused, and then tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunohistochemistry was performed in substantia nigra (SN) of their brains. After counting the number of TH-positive neurons, we compared their numbers among experimental groups. Results : The number of TH-positive neurons of Liver+ group was significantly increased compared to that of MPTP group in the SN. That of Liver-group was also increased more than MPTP group, but not significantly. Conclusions : Tonifying Liver Meridian might be effective therapeutic tools for the neuroprotection in subchronic MPTP-induced mice model.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.62-70
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• 1979

In order to evaluate the present status of hook-worm infection in the rural areas in Korea, stool examinations were undertaken in several selected rural villages in each year of 1970 and 1977. The methods employed were cellophane thick smear technique and brine floatation technique in 3,454 specimens collected from 7 different rural villages for the prevalence rate of hookworm infection and Stoll's dilution egg counting technique for the intensity of hookworm infection. The incidences of Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus infections were determind by polyethylene tube coproculture and by the evacuated adult worms after treatment with anthelmintics to the patients who were infected by hookworms. The results are as follows : 1) In 1970, 323(18.6%) out of 1,737 specimens collected from 4 different rural areas were positive for hook worm infection and the ranges of prevalence rates in those suveyed areas were shown as 6.9 to 38.2 per cent. On the other hand, 144(8.2%) out of 1,717 specimens collected from 3 different rural areas in 1977 were shown as positive for hookworm infection and 7.5 to 10.6 per cent of prvalence rates were shown in the surveyed areas. 2) In the age group under 10 years, there was no infection of hookworm in the studied areas in 1977, however in 1970 the prevalence of the hookworm infection was shown as very low in the age group of 5~9. On the whole, the hookworm prevalence steadily increased from the age of 15 in the studied areas in 1970, however in 1977 the prevalence increased from the age of 20 to the older age groups. 3) There was not observed much differences in the intensity of hookworm infection among the studied areas in 1970 and 1977. The mean EPG in each studied areas were shown under 1,000 EPG and mean numbers of evacuated worms per infected persons were counted as 9.4 to 15. 1. 4) Both A.duodenale and N.americanus have been found in all studied areas but the incidences and st-ate of distribution of two species of hookworn were shown as different in each localities.