• 제목/요약/키워드: copper stress

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Effect of Sea Tangle and Metformin on Lipid Peroxide and Antioxidants Levels in Diabetic Rats (당뇨쥐에서 다시마와 Metformin의 급여가 지질과산화물과 항산화영양소 함량에 미치는 영향)

  • 이경순
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • v.32 no.3
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    • pp.230-238
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    • 1999
  • The present study was conducted to investigate te effect of sea tangle and hypoglycemic agent(Metformin) on lipid peroxidation and antioxidants levels in normal and diabetic rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed AIN-76 based experimental diets containing 5% (w/w) cellulose or 15%(w/w) sea tangle for 3 weeks, and then rats of diabetic groups were rendered diabetic by intramuscular injection of streptozotocin(STZ, 45mg/kg BW). After induction of diabetes Metformin(350mg/kg BW) was given once a day using a feeding tube for 5 days. Blood glucose level in diabetic rats fed sea tangle was significantly lower than that of diabetic rats fed cellulose. Metformin feeding resulted in further lowering blood glucose. Plasma and liver microsomal levels of lipid peroxides were increased significantly in diabetic rats as compared to normal rats, and the plasma level tended to be decreased by sea tangle feeding. Plasma level of retinol was reduced by STZ treatment, but it was increased by Metformin feeding in diabetic rats fed sea tangle. The liver contents of retinyl plamitate were reduced in diabetic rats but recovered by sea tangle feeding to some extent. Liver contents of total vitamin A were increased significantly by sea tangle in diabetic rats. Although difference in either plasma or liver level of $\alpha$-tocopherol by diet and STZ treatment was not significant, $\alpha$-tocopherol levels were the highest in the group with simultaneous feeding of sea tangle and metformin. Liver contents of zinc and copper were not influenced by either STZ treatment or sea tangle feeding. The present study indicates that the lowering blood glucose level could be attained by simultaneous trial of sea tangle diet and hypoglycemic agent and the increased oxidative stress caused by STZz treatment could be relieved by sea tangle feeding.

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Ethanolamine and boron abuse to limit microbial growth in water-synthetic metalworking fluids (미생물 성장을 억제하기 위하여 수용성 절삭유에 과다하게 첨가한 붕소와 아민 사례 연구)

  • Park, Donguk;Paik, Dohyeon
    • Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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    • v.15 no.3
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    • pp.270-276
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    • 2005
  • This study was conducted to examine whether a specific synthetic metalworking fluid (MWF), "A", in use for 10 months without replacement, displayed microbial resistance and to identify the additives associated with the control of microbial growth. Three synthetic MWF products ("A", "B", and "C") were studied every week for two months. Microbial deterioration of the fluids was assessed through evaluation by endotoxin, bacteria and fungi levels in the MWFs. In addition, formaldehyde, boron, ethanolamine, and copper levels were also studied to determine whether they influence microbial growth in water-based MWFs. Throughout the entire study in the sump where MWF "A" was used, bacteria counts were lower than 103 CFU/mL, and endotoxins never exceeded 103 EU/mL. These levels were significantly lower than levels observed in sumps badly deteriorated with microbes. Boron levels in MWF "A" ranged from 91.7 to 129.6 ppm, which was significantly higher than boron levels found in other MWF products. The total level of ethanolamine (EA) in MWF "A" ranged from 35,595 to 57,857 ppm (average 40,903 ppm), which was over ten times higher than that found in other MWFs. Monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA) and triethanolamine (TEA) concentrations in MWF "A" were also significantly higher than seen in other MWFs. However, although EA and boron might improve anti-microbial performance, their abuse can pose a serious risk to workers who handle MWFs. From an industrial hygiene perspective, our study results stress that the positive synergistic effect of boron and EA in reducing microbial activity in MWF must be balanced with the potentially negative health effects of such additives. Our study also addresses the disadvantage of failing to comprehensively report MWF additives on Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). Future research in MWF formulation is needed to find the best level of EA and boron for achieving optimal synergistic anti-microbial effects while minimizing employee health hazards.

Immersion grating mount design of IGRINS

  • Moon, Bong-Kon;Wang, Weisong;Park, Chan;Lee, Sung-Ho;Yuk, In-Soo;Chun, Moo-Young;Lee, Han-Shin;Jaffe, Daniel T.
    • The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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    • v.36 no.2
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    • pp.153.2-153.2
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    • 2011
  • The IGRINS (Immersion GRating INfrared Spectrometer) is a high resolution wide-band infrared spectrograph developed by Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI) and the University of Texas at Austin (UT). Immersion grating is a key component of IGRINS, which disperses the input ray by using a Silicon material with a lithography technology. Opto-mechanical mount for the immersion grating is important to keep the high spectral resolution and the optical alignment in a cold temperature of $130{\pm}0.06K$. The optical performance of immersion grating can maintain within the de-center tolerance of ${\pm}0.05mm$ and the tip-tilt tolerance of ${\pm}1.5arcmin$. The mount mechanism utilizes the flexure and the kinematic support design to satisfy the requirement and the operation condition. When the IGRINS system is cooled down to a cold temperature, three flexures compensate the thermal contraction stress due to the different material between the immersion grating and the mounting part(Aluminum 6061). They also support the immersion grating by an appropriate preload. Thermal stability is controlled by a copper strap with proper dimensions and a heater. Generally structural and thermal analysis was performed to confirm the mount mechanism. This talk presents the opto-mechanical mount design of the immersion grating of IGRINS.

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Isolation and Characterization of Glycolate Oxidase Gene from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer

  • Parvin, Shohana;Pulla, Rama Krishna;Kim, Yu-Jin;Sathiyaraj, Gayathri;Jung, Seok-Kyu;Khorolragchaa, Altanzul;In, Jun-Gyo;Yang, Deok-Chun
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • v.33 no.4
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    • pp.249-255
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    • 2009
  • The oxidation of glycolate to glyoxylate, a key step in plant photorespiration, is carried out by the peroxisomal flavoprotein glycolate oxidase (EC 1.1.3.15). To investigate the altered gene expression and the role of GOX in ginseng plant defense system, a cDNA clone containing a GOX gene designated as PgGOX was isolated and sequenced from Panax ginseng. The cDNA was 692 nucleotides long and have an open reading frame of 552 bp with a deduced amino acid sequence of 183 residues. A GenBank BlastX search revealed that the deduced amino acid of PgGOX shares a high degree homology with the Glycine max (95% identity). In the present study we analyzed the expression of PgGOX under various environmental stresses at different times using real time-PCR. The results showed that the expressions of PgGOX increased after various treatments involving salt, light, cold, ABA, SA, and copper treatment.

Effects of High Temperature-moisture on Corrosion and Mechanical Properties for Sn-system Solder Joints (고온고습환경이 Sn계 무연솔더의 부식 및 기계적 특성에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Jeonga;Park, Yujin;Oh, Chul Min;Hong, Won Sik;Ko, Yong-Ho;Ahn, Sungdo;Kang, Namhyun
    • Journal of Welding and Joining
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    • v.35 no.3
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    • pp.7-14
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    • 2017
  • The effect of high temperature-moisture on corrosion and mechanical properties for Sn-0.7Cu, Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305) solders on flexible substrate was studied using Highly Accelerated Temperature/Humidity Stress Test (HAST) followed by three-point bending test. Both Sn-0.7Cu and SAC305 solders produced the internal $SnO_2$ oxides. Corrosion occurred between the solder and water film near flexible circuit board/copper component. For the SAC305 solder with Ag content, furthermore, octahedral corrosion products were formed near Ag3Sn. For the SAC305 and Sn-0.7Cu solders, the amount of internal oxide increased with the HAST time and the amount of internal oxides was mostly constant regardless of Ag content. The size of the internal oxide was larger for the Sn-0.7Cu solder. Despite of different size of the internal oxide, the fracture time during three-point bending test was not significantly changed. It was because the bending crack was always initiated from the three-point corner of the chip. However, the crack propagation depended on the oxides between the flexible circuit board and the Cu chip. The fracture time of the three-point bending test was dependent more on the crack initiation than on the crack propagation.

Improvement of Oil Seal Geometry to Improve Durability of Lateral Damper of Electric Multiple Unit (전동차 횡댐퍼 내구성 향상을 위한 오일씰 형상 개선)

  • Kim, Yong Wook;Koo, Jeong Seo
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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    • v.33 no.4
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    • pp.90-97
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    • 2018
  • As the result(also after it's been carried out the damping force test with 800ea lateral dampers of 50ea trainset from entering heavy maintenance workshop to implement heavy maintenance inspection cycle, there were 86.25%(650ea) which were out of $350kg{\pm}15%$ of the standard value of damping force compared to the reference value. After the implementation of heavy maintenance inspection cycle, it's been examined damping force test with total samples 32ea(samples 8ea per a trainset) from actual running EMU 4ea trainset. As the result, percent defective was 84.4%(27ea), which was a very high level. System. The lateral damper's the failure cause of damping force defective was oil leakage caused by tearing crack of oil seal and foreign material in oil iron 473 ~ 1932 times higher than that of new oil, copper 36 ~ 98 times higher than that of new oil reduced oil amount cycling damping valve. It resulted from the change cause of damping force. In the static analysis on the shape of lateral damper oil seal's the existing and improved product, the stress of the improved product was smaller than that of the existing product. In the fatigue analysis, the existing product showed a low life in the upper area. However, in case of the improved product, it could be confirmed that the destruction did not occur up to the specified 1.0e + 006 cycles and the lifetime was further improved in most areas.

A Study on Nano/Micro Pattern Fabrication of Metals by Using Mechanical Machining and Selective Deposition Technique (기계적 가공과 무전해 선택적 증착기술을 이용한 나노/마이크로 금속패턴 제작에 관한 연구)

  • Cho Sang-Hyun;Youn Sung-Won;Kang Chung-Gil
    • Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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    • v.23 no.8 s.185
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    • pp.171-177
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    • 2006
  • This study was performed as a part of the research on the development of a maskless and electroless process for fabricating metal micro/nanostructures by using a nanoindenter and an electroless deposition technique. $2-{\mu}m$-deep indentation tests on Ni and Cu samples were performed. The elastic recovery of the Ni and Cu was 9.30% and 9.53% of the maximum penetration depth, respectively. The hardness and the elastic modulus were 1.56 GPa and 120 GPa for Ni and 1.51 GPa and 104 GPa for Cu. The effect of single-point diamond machining conditions such as the Berkovich tip orientation (0, 45, and $90^{\circ}$ ) and the normal load (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 3, and 5 mN), on both the deformation behavior and the morphology of cutting traces (such as width and depth) was investigated by constant-load scratch tests. The tip orientation had a significant influence on the coefficient of friction, which varied from 0.52-0.66 for Ni and from 0.46- 0.61 for Cu. The crisscross-pattern sample showed that the tip orientation strongly affects the surface quality of the machined are a during scratching. A selective deposition of Cu at the pit-like defect on a p-type Si(111) surface was also investigated. Preferential deposition of the Cu occurred at the surface defect sites of silicon wafers, indicating that those defect sites act as active sites for the deposition reaction. The shape of the Cu-deposited area was almost the same as that of the residual stress field.

Cadmium resistance in tobacco plants expressing the MuSI gene

  • Kim, Young-Nam;Kim, Ji-Seoung;Seo, Sang-Gyu;Lee, Young-Woo;Baek, Seung-Woo;Kim, Il-Sup;Yoon, Ho-Sung;Kim, Kwon-Rae;Kim, Sun-Hyung;Kim, Kye-Hoon
    • Plant Biotechnology Reports
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    • v.5 no.4
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    • pp.323-329
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    • 2011
  • MuSI, a gene that corresponds to a domain that contains the rubber elongation factor (REF), is highly homologous to many stress-related proteins in plants. Since MuSI is up-regulated in the roots of plants treated with cadmium or copper, the involvement of MuSI in cadmium tolerance was investigated in this study. Escherichia coli cells overexpressing MuSI were more resistant to Cd than wild-type cells transfected with vector alone. MuSI transgenic plants were also more resistant to Cd. MuSI transgenic tobacco plants absorbed less Cd than wild-type plants. Cd translocation from roots to shoots was reduced in the transgenic plants, thereby avoiding Cd toxicity. The number of short trichomes in the leaves of wild-type tobacco plants was increased by Cd treatment, while this was unchanged in MuSI transgenic tobacco. These results suggest that MuSI transgenic tobacco plants have enhanced tolerance to Cd via reduced Cd uptake and/or increased Cd immobilization in the roots, resulting in less Cd translocation to the shoots.

Development of Warpage Simulation Method according to Thermal Stress based on Equivalent Anisotropic Viscoelastic Model (등가 이방성 점탄성 모델 기반 열 응력에 따른 휨 해석 기법 개발)

  • Kim, Heon-Su;Kim, Hak-Sung
    • Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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    • v.29 no.3
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    • pp.43-48
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    • 2022
  • In this study, simulation method was developed to improve the accuracy of the warpage simulation based on the equivalent anisotropic viscoelastic model. First, a package with copper traces and bumps was modeled to implement anisotropic viscoelastic behavior. Then, equivalent anisotropic viscoelastic properties and thermal expansion coefficient for the bump region were derived through the representative volume element model. A thermal cycle of 0 to 125 degrees was applied to the package based on the derived mechanical properties, and the warpage according to the thermal cycle was simulated. To verify the simulation results, the actual package was manufactured, and the warpage with respect to the thermal cycle was measured through shadow moiré interferometer. As a result, by applying the equivalent anisotropic viscoelastic model, it was possible to calculate the warpage of the package within 5 ㎛ error and predict the shape of the warpage.

Research of Diffusion Bonding of Tungsten/Copper and Their Properties under High Heat Flux

  • Li, Jun;Yang, Jianfeng
    • Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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    • 2011.05a
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    • pp.14-14
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    • 2011
  • W (tungsten)-alloys will be the most promising plasma facing armor materials in highly loaded plasma interactive components of the next step fusion reactors due to its high melting point, high sputtering resistance and low deuterium/tritium retention. The bonding technology of tungsten to Cu alloy was one of the key issues. In this paper, W/CuCrZr diffusion bonding has been performed successfully by inserting pure metal interlay. The joint microstructure, interfacial elements migration and phase composition were analyzed by SEM, EDS, XRD, and the joint shear strength and micro-hardness were investigated. The mock-ups were fabricated successfully with diffusion bonding and the cladding technology respectively, and the high heat flux test and thermal fatigue test were carried out under actively cooling condition. When Ni foil was used for the bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, two reaction layers, Ni4W and Ni(W) layer, appeared between the tungsten and Ni interlayer with the optimized condition. Even though Ni4W is hard and brittle, and the strength of the joint was oppositely increased (217 MPa) due primarily to extremely small thicknesses (2~3 ${\mu}m$). When Ti foil was selected as the interlayer, the Ti foil diffused quickly with Cu and was transformed into liquid phase at $1,000^{\circ}C$. Almost all of the liquid was extruded out of the interface zone under bonding pressure, and an extremely thin residual layer (1~2 ${\mu}m$) of the liquid phase was retained between the tungsten and CuCrZr, which shear strength exceeded 160 MPa. When Ni/Ti/Ni multiple interlayers were used for bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, a large number of intermetallic compound ($Ni_4W/NiTi_2/NiTi/Ni_3T$) were formed for the interdiffusion among W, Ni and Ti. Therefore, the shear strength of the joint was low and just about 85 MPa. The residual stresses in the clad samples with flat, arc, rectangle and trapezoid interface were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The simulation results show that the flat clad sample was subjected maximum residual stress at the edge of the interface, which could be cracked at the edge and propagated along the interface. As for the rectangle and trapezoid interface, the residual stresses of the interface were lower than that of the flat interface, and the interface of the arc clad sample have lowest residual stress and all of the residual stress with arc interface were divided into different grooved zones, so the probabilities of cracking and propagation were lower than other interfaces. The residual stresses of the mock-ups under high heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The tungsten of the flat interfaces was subjected to tensile stresses (positive $S_x$), and the CuCrZr was subjected to compressive stresses (negative $S_x$). If the interface have a little microcrack, the tungsten of joint was more liable to propagate than the CuCrZr due to the brittle of the tungsten. However, when the flat interface was substituted by arc interfaces, the periodical residual stresses in the joining region were either released or formed a stress field prohibiting the growth or nucleation of the interfacial cracks. Thermal fatigue tests were performed on the mock-ups of flat and arc interface under the heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ with the cooling water velocity of 10 m/s. After thermal cycle experiments, a large number of microcracks appeared at the tungsten substrate due to large radial tensile stress on the flat mock-up. The defects would largely affect the heat transfer capability and the structure reliability of the mock-up. As for the arc mock-up, even though some microcracks were found at the interface of the regions, all microcracks with arc interface were divided into different arc-grooved zones, so the propagation of microcracks is difficult.

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