• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.98-104
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• 2015

BACKGROUND: ${\gamma}$-Oryzanol, a mixture of ferulic acid esters of triterpene alcohols and sterols, are a nutritionally important group of rice secondary metabolites. The ${\gamma}$-Oryzanol content and composition were found to vary with enviromental factors such as growth temperature, varietal origin, and cultivation method. Therefore, the effect of green manure treatments will be also be an important factor in their content. METHODS AND RESULTS: The ${\gamma}$-Oryzanols extracted using dichloromethane/methanol were analyzed equipped liquid chromatography with a diode array detector. A total of ten components of ${\gamma}$-oryzanol including ${\Delta}7$-stigmastenyl ferulate were isolated of which, cycloartenyl ferulate, 24-methylenecycloartanyl ferulate, campesteryl ferulate and sitosteryl ferulate were identified as the major components in Korean rice variety, Unkwang. The ${\gamma}$-oryzanol content in rice, in the presence of nitrogen fertilization using green manure was similar to conventional nitrogen fertilization, but was higher than the control(no fertilizations). The ${\gamma}$-oryzanol ontent in rice, in the presence of hairy vetch as green manure crop was the highest compared to other crops (opium-poppy, crimson clover, cornflower). As a result of PLS-DA using SIMCA 11.0 ver. as multivariate analysis program on the basis of total data, in all samples, the specific pattern and cluster of ${\gamma}$-oryzanol scores according to green manure crops and conditions were confirmed with possible distinguishing nitrogen effects. CONCLUSION: The nitrogen contained in the green manure crops is considered to play a major role in the formation of ${\gamma}$-oryzanol. Hairy vetch which contains higher nitrogen increased the concentration of ${\gamma}$-oryzanol in rice.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.202-210
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• 2016

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to determine effects of ridging systems and plastic film mulch types on growth, yield, and profitability of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in spring cropping using paddy field and to suggest profitable ridging system and plastic mulch type.METHODS AND RESULTS: Two potato cultivars ('Goun', and 'Atlantic') were grown at paddy field located in Gangneung in spring. For treatments, ridging systems were one-row ridge (OR) and two-row ridge (TR). Mulch types were no-mulch (NM), black plastic film mulch (BPM), and transparent plastic film mulch (TPM). Emergence of sprout was affected by the mulch types and the fastest level was shown at TPM treatment. Accumulative soil temperature during sprouting was 16.2℃ higher at TR than at OR and also higher at TPM than at BPM or NM. Stem length was not affected by ridging systems or mulch types. Leaf area index (LAI) was influenced by mulch types, while not by ridging systems. The highest LAI was shown at TR with TPM and OR of BPM. There was no significant difference in specific gravity or dry matter rate by ridging systems and mulch types. Tuber yield was significantly influenced by ridging systems and mulch types. Mean tuber weight was heavier at OR treatment than at TR and also the heaviest at TPM among mulch types. The highest marketable yield was found at OR with BPM. Based on marketable tuber yield and market price, the highest income ratio in two cultivars was found at OR with BPM and it was 20~82% higher than the ratio at TR with TPM.CONCLUSION: In spring potato cropping using paddy field, OR with BPM is better for high yield and is more profitable for farmer's income than the conventional cultivation method, TR with TPM.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.600-607
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• 2005

This study was conducted to prepare high quality grape seed oils by solvent extraction and chemical refining process. Additionally, quantitative analysis of several functional components in grope seed was carried out to compare quality characteristics of grape seeds from grapes grown by conventional and organic agricultural practices. There are no significant differences in several functional constituents of grape seeds between conventionally cultivated- and organically cultivated-grapes, although some functional compositions of grape seeds are different between two cultivation methods. The dried grape seed was pretreated with roasting heating for 5 min, milled and then extracted twice with n-hexane under reflux at $50^{\circ}C$ for overnight, followed by filtration and evaporation. The crude grape seed oil was successively purified by degumming with $0.1\%\;H_3PO_4$, deaciding with $20\%\;NaOH$, and then decoloring and deodorization by a steam distillation, and thereby producing purified grape seed oil(yield: $5.0\%/dried$ grape seed). Physicochemical characteristics of the purified grape seed oil were comparable to those of the imported grape seed oils.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.210-217
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• 2009

Pollen flow is one of the essential components in the ecological risk assessment of transgenic crops, because pollen can act as a vehicle to disseminate transferred alien genes. Pollen flow pattern of a cultivated rice variety and Living modified (LM) rice was studied at diurnal and distance changes under field. We measured airborne pollen density at the distances of -1, 0.5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13 m from rice cultivation and recorded the direction and speed of wind using weather station in the conventional rice paddy field during the flowering period of rice. Diurnal changes in pollen density were observed as a peak between 10:00 to 13:00 hr. The density of airborne rice pollen geometrically decreased with the increase of distance from pollen sources. It is therefore necessary to carry out a detailed investigation of pollen flow of a particular species, where ecological risk assessment requires an accurate estimation of pollen flow including both distance and intensity of pollen dispersal. The rice pollen flow was significantly influenced by weather conditions, particularly by wind direction and speed. The precise determination of the local wind conditions at flowering time therefore appears to be of primary importance for setting up suitable isolation distance from transgenic rice in the field.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.342-349
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• 2015

Kiwifruit is a new fruit crop that was commercialized in the late 1970s. Recently, its cultivation and consumption have increased rapidly worldwide. Kiwifruit is a dioecious, deciduous, and climbing plant having fruit with hairs and various flesh colors and a variation in ploidy level; however, the industry consists of very simple cultivars or genotypes. The need for efficient cultivar improvement together with the evolutional and biological perspectives based on unique plant characteristics, have recently encouraged genome analysis and bioinformatics application. The draft genome sequence and chloroplast genome sequence of kiwifruit were released in 2013 and 2015, respectively; and gene annotation has been in progress. Recently, transcriptome analysis has shifted from previous ESTs analysis to the RNA-seq platform for intensive exploration of controlled genetic expression and gene discovery involved in fruit ascorbic acid biosynthesis, flesh coloration, maturation, and vine bacterial canker tolerance. For improving conventional breeding efficiency, molecular marker development and genetic linkage map construction have advanced from basic approaches using RFLP, RAPD, and AFLP to the development of NGS-based SSR and SNP markers linked to agronomically important traits and the construction of highly saturated linkage maps. However, genome and transcriptome studies have been limited in Korea. In the near future, kiwifruit genome and transcriptome studies are expected to translate to the practical application of molecular breeding.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.267-273
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• 2008

Energy efficiency and nutrient balance are good methods for environmental assessment of the environmentally-friendly agriculture. The objectives of this study were 1) to estimate the energy efficiency and nutrient balance of the organic rice farming, and 2) to suggest a solution to improvement the energy efficiency and nutrient balance. The set of estimation was performed at the organic rice farming area (8.9 ha) in Wanju-gun during the paddy cultivation period from 2006 to 2007. The organic farming complex consists of four weeding methods using 1) duck, 2) apple snail, 3) duck and apple snail and 4) hands and machinery. Results from this estimation should that the organic rice farming area was less efficient than conventional rice farming. The efficiency of organic farming area in 2006 was higher than in 2007. For the calculation of the nutrient balance, the N, P and K contents of input materials (cattle manure, milk vetch, mixed oilcake, rice bran, rice straw and barley straw) and output (farm products) were analysed. Annual environmental loads of N, $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ were estimated at 4.4 kg/10a, 13.8 kg/10a and 14.5 kg/10a, respectively. Cattle manure had the largest portion among the inputs items and nutrient concentration of cattle manure was high. Thus energy efficiency and nutrient balance depend on cattle manure input. Therefore it is necessary to control the manure input to improve the efficiency of organic rice farming.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.269-279
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• 2018

The present study was conducted to evaluate fertigation effects of balanced manure nutrients from combined fertilizers on the growth of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and soil chemical properties in greenhouse cultivation. There are 4 treatments for fertigation; animal liquid manure (LM), LM supplemented with chemical ferilizer (LM+CF) to make nutrient-balanced ferilizer, LM supplemented with chemical ferilizer and phosphorus acid (LM+CF+PA), and conventional chemical fertilzer (CCF). Fruit lenth, width, and weight for LM treatment were significantly lower than LM+CF, LM+CF+PA, and CCF treatments. There was no significant differences in fruit length, width, and weight among LM+CF, LM+CF+PA, and CCF treatments. The yield of eggplants per plant for LM treatment (26.2 kg) was decreased by 6% compared to CCF treatment (27.9 kg). The growth and yield of eggplants were not significant different among CCF, LM+CF, and LM+CF+PA treatments. The marketable yield for LM treatment was lowest among 4 treatments and that for LM+CF+PA treatment (26.6 kg) was increased by 8% compared to CCF treatment (24.1 kg). The chemical properties of the soil for CCF treatment, in general, tended to be higher compared to the other treatments. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that the application of balanced liquid manure combined with mineral fertilizer to soil is considered as a good management practices because it improves, eggplant quality and soil properties.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.69-76
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• 2016

To produce the primary data for best management of soil nutrient in organically practiced soils, 75 leading organic farms whose paddy fields were certified as organic were selected. Soil samples were collected from the paddy fields before plowing, and then analyzed for the determination of physico-chemical properties. Soil pH, organic matter and available phosphate were analyzed and averaged 6.2, $25.6mg\;kg^{-1}$ and $88.4mg\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. Contrary to the national-scale-surveyed paddy soils including organic and conventional farming, pH was higher, available phosphate was lower in the organically practiced soils, but organic matter was similar. With the increasing cultivation period in organic, soil pH and porosity were also increased, EC, available phosphate, bulk density and soil hardness were lower than those from the national survey. Organic matter, however, was not significantly changed. The bulk density was negatively correlated with the organic matter content for both surface topsoil ($R^2=-0.5424$) and subsoil ($R^2=-0.6429$) (p<0.05). Soil quality is improved in most of soil chemical and physical composition factors excluding organic matter and available phosphate. However, it is necessary to establish the counter measure plan for organic matter management and to develop phosphate-containing materials which can be used as organic agricultural material in the future.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.223-229
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• 2020

Biodiesel produced using microorganisms, which are recognized as the third-generation biomass, is among the various known renewable energy sources that can replace fossil fuels used in conventional transportation. Scenedesmus obliquus has been identified as an excellent species for biodiesel production, as it grows faster and can accumulate up to 40-50 percent of the dry cell weight. Enhancing production using S. obliquus requires measuring the cell mass for controlling the cultivation process. In the current study, S. obliquus was cultured for 75 days, and growth changes of the microalgae were measured by absorbance, microscopic imaging, and Raman spectroscopy. Between days 60 to 75 of culture, the change in absorbance was observed to be less than 3%, whereas the number of microalgae observed microscopically was more than three times higher. Moreover, the Raman spectroscopy results showed three strong peak values of β-carotene at 997 cm^-1, 1148 cm^-1, and 1515 cm^-1, with peak values of β-carotene showing greater than 3-fold increase during the culture period. Therefore, we predict that application of Raman spectroscopy will help in identifying the growth elements and growth degree in microalgae culture during increased biomass production.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.102-108
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• 2004

The mushroom production is rapidly growing worldwide and mushroom present a great potential in agricultural promotion in Korea. Many researches have been done on the cultivation, disease control and breeding of mushrooms over last 20 years. The researches, on the other hand, on the utilization and processing of mushrooms and comparatively poor. A survey on consumer behavior of Korean, Chinese and Japanese consumers on mushrooms procurement and consumption was carried out. The main purchasing place for mushrooms by Korean and Japanese consumers was mart while the conventional market was the main purchasing place for Chinese consumers. Chinese and Japanese consumers had better recognition on processed mushroom products compared to Korean consumers. Chinese and Japanese consumers bought pickled mushrooms while Korean consumers were experienced in tea products made of mushrooms. The most popular method for cooking mushrooms by all the three country's consumers is saute.