• Strategy21
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• s.44
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• pp.323-351
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• 2018

Adopted in Western Pacific Naval Symposium(WPNS) 2014, Code for Unplanned Encounters at Sea(CUES) has been the most valuable output of WPNS history. Written and suggested by Australian Navy in 1999, the goal of CUES is to decrease the possibility of the naval conflict by establishing the code among international navies in the Western Pacific region. Facing many oppositions and requirement of People's Liberation Army Navy(PLAN) in WPNS 2012 and 2013, but it finally adopted in WPNS 2014, with many changes in detailed provisions. From then, navies in the Western Pacific region have followed CUES to prevent maritime conflicts in the region, CUES, however, sometimes does not work correctly. Contents of CUES is the mixture of the parts of Multinational Maritime Tactical Signal and Maneuvering Book(MTP) and International Regulations for Preventing Collision at Sea 1972(CORLEGs). There are means of radio communications such as frequency and signals, instructions for maneuvering and so on. Thus, it is not a new document for the U.S. Navy and its allies, but it requires training to implicate at sea for navies other than U.S. allies, like PLAN. Lots of provisions in CUES were changed because of the opposition of PLAN, and CUES has many shortcomings and practical limitations. First, since CUES is non-legally binding, and there are no methods to force the naval assets on the sea to follow. Second, CUES is only applied to naval assets; naval ships - warships, naval auxiliaries, and submarines - and naval aircraft. Third, the geographical scope in CUES is not clear. Fourth, there is no provision for submerged submarines. Finally, CUES has no time-based framework or roadmap for training. In this regard, there would be six recommendations for improvement. First, CUES should be reviewed by WPNS or other international institutions, while keeping non-binding status so that WPNS could send signals to the navies which do not answer CUES on the sea. Second, the participation of Maritime Law Enforcements(MLEs) such as coast guard is inevitable. Third, navies would use full text of MTP rather than current CUES, which extracts some parts of MTP. Fourth, CUES needs provisions with respect to submerged submarines, which recognizes as offensive weapons themselves. Fifth, the geographic scope of CUES should be clear. Since there are some countries in which claim that a rock with a concrete structure is their territory, CUES should be applied on every sea including EEZ and territorial seas. Finally, the detailed training plan is required to implicate CUES at sea. Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) is a good exercise to train CUES, because almost all WPNS member countries except six countries are participating in RIMPAC. CUES is a meaningful document not only for navies but also for nation-states in the region. To prevent escalation of conflict in the region, potentially caused by an unplanned collision at sea, CUES should be applied more strictly. CUES will continue to be in subsequent WPNS and therefore continue to improve in the effectiveness as both an operational and diplomatic agreement.

• Journal of Korean Medical Ki-Gong Academy
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.118-147
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• 2020

Objective : The purpose of this study is to understand trends of pelvic correction therapy in Korea and to assist research activities on pelvic correction therapy. Also, this study selected and presented indicators for measuring pelvic slope to help ensure consistent studies with uniform indicators in future studies related to pelvic correction. Methods : The following keywords "골반", "골반 교정", "골반 변위" "Pelvic correction" were searched on three specialized search sites (RISS, NAI, DBpia). Trends in pelvic correction therapy were analyzed through the selected researches suitable among these searched researches in an overview format. Results : 1. A total of 7,806 studies were searched and a total of 268 studies were finally selected. 2. Studies began in 1977 and have been actively studied until recently, with 35 studies in 2017 being the most recent trend since 2000. 3. In the results according to the Main Field of Research, the 'Arts and Kinesiology'(113, 42.16%) and 'Medicine and Pharmacy'(103, 38.43%) were the most in order. To the Middle Field, the 'Kinesiology was the largest with 96(35.82%) studies. 4. In the results according to the study design, 'Pre-Post Test(PPT)' was the largest with 107 studies. 5. In the results according to the Intervention, 'Exercise' was the largest with 165 studies, of which 'Pilates' and 'Yoga' in 'Training' was the largest. 6. Among the evaluation method, the 'Pelvic Index' was used 146 times, followed by 'Spinal Alignment (99)', 'Other Joints (93)', and 'Kinetic Specialized Measurement Test (56)'. 7. Among the evaluation methods, the pelvic slope measurement indicators were PT (58), PH (48), Pelvic Torsion (40), Iliac Crest (38), ASIS-PSIS distance/angle (27), and Pelvic Width (I.W., I.L., S.W) (25) in order. 8. The journals that published the most researches were KJSS(Korean Alliance For Health, Physical Education, Recreation, And Dance;9), and JKPT(Korean Physical Therapy;9). Among the University, the Graduate School of Silla University published the most papers (12). 9. The author who published the most studies were Seungjin Park(3), the co-authors were Hoseong Lee, Gideok Park, Seongsu Bae(3), and the Thesis-Director Gyeongok Lee(7). Conclusions : 1. Studies on pelvic correction treatment continue to increase every year. 2. The main academic field of pelvic correction is 'Sports', 'Physical Therapy', and 'Medical Science'. 3. The most chosen research design method in the study on pelvic correction treatment was 'Pre-Post Test(PPT)', primarily as an intermediary, Pilates and yoga during exercise therapy, and then Chiropractic during handcraft were used as multiple frequencies. 4. Among the various measurement method indicators of pelvic correction previously used, multiple frequency was taken up in the order of PT, PH, Pelvic Torsion, iliac crest, ASIS-PSIS distance/angle, and pelvic width (I.W.,I.L.,S.W). Typically, measurements through "ASIS-PSIS angle" are recommended and are considered as the most rational in clinical trials.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.8-16
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• 2003

In terms of climate change communities have only during the 1990s begun to recognize that all greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions are directly or indirectly generated locally, through acts of agency, production or consumption. This has provided a boost to the role of local places in the debate since GHGs can be allocated and made understood locally and hence form the basis for specific policies, programs, plans and projects. The objectives of this study are to define a framework for making Environmentally Friendly City through enhancing integrated energy-urban policies and present framework to do comprehensive evaluation on energy related policies response and also explore the interrelation between energy related activities in each sector and policy and applies to Seoul mega city in Korea. Despite the growing recognition of the seriousness of urban environmental problems and their contribution to global environmental and social concerns, most analysts continue to study cities in parts rather than as a whole; we study sectoral sub-systems such as transport, air pollution or energy. While specialization is useful for detailed thinking, we also need to see each issue in the context of how each city works environmentally, economically, socially and politically. We therefore need integrative approaches to study of cities and need to understand how they function as systems. These framework presented in this study allows an organized and systematic analysis. These research results can provide useful, credible and timely input into the urban planning process. This study will be a helpful exercise to draw some policy implications of other cities in Korea and also East Asia that are in a similar stage with the these cities and developing plans on how to address them.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.320-329
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• 1999

This study has been done for the purpose of testing the effect of Health promotion Education on the Health perception and Health behavior performance of Elementary school student's. The collection data has conducted from June 19, 1999 to August 24, 1999. The subjects for this study were sixth grade of 'ㅅ' elementary school. which is located in 'ㄱ' city a chosen one class experimental group(38) and as a control group(38). The study were designed as nonequivalent control group pretest. posttest. follow test design. In pretest, the general characteristics of two groups, health perception and Health performance were measured, the Experimental group was given health promotion Education for a one week after the posttest, and follow test was done Health performance. for eight week's summer vocation. The instrument used for this study were Health perception scale developed by Ware(l979) were modified by Lee(l984) and Health promoting behavior scale developed by Kim(l997) were modified by No Tae Su(l999). The data analysis was done using t-test, $x^2$ -test, ANOVA. and pearson correlation coefficient using SAS/PC program. The result of this study are summarized as follows: l) There is on difference between experimental group and control group 2) The hypothesis is factor's are supported 'The experimental group which was given health promotion education will shows higher health perception and health behavior performance than control group which given that' (meal habit F=6.40 P<.05. mental health F=8.02 P<.01) 3) In health behavior performance, scale the highest domain was mental health, personal hygiene, meal habit Exercise. The following suggestions are made based on the above results: 1) Replication of the research is needed to confirm effects of health perception and Health promotion education including the elementary school students. 2) Elementary school teachers should make an effort to develop of Health perception progress and carry about continue Health promotion education program for profit stage of growth and development for elementary school students.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.4815-4821
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• 2014

Background: This study aimed to examine the relationship between respiratory health of Malaysian adolescents with secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and smoke-free legislation (SFL) implementation. Materials and Methods: A total of 898 students from 21 schools across comprehensive- and partial-SFL states were recruited. SHS exposures and respiratory symptoms were assessed via questionnaire. Prenatal and postnatal SHS exposure information was obtained from parental-completed questionnaire. Results: The prevalence of respiratory symptoms was: 11.9% ever wheeze, 5.6% current wheeze, 22.3% exercise-induced wheeze, 12.4% nocturnal cough, and 13.1% self-reported asthma. SHS exposure was most frequently reported in restaurants. Hierarchical logistic regression indicates living in a comprehensive-SFL state was not associated with a lower risk of reporting asthma symptoms. SHS exposure in public transport was linked to increased risk for wheeze (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 16.6; 95%confidence interval (CI), 2.69-101.7) and current wheezing (AOR 24.6; 95%CI, 3.53-171.8). Conclusions: Adolescents continue to be exposed to SHS in a range of public venues in both comprehensive- and partial-SFL states. Respiratory symptoms are common among those reporting SHS exposure on public transportation. Non-compliance with SFL appears to be frequent in many venues across Malaysia and enforcement should be given priority in order to reduce exposure.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.159-170
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• 2002

Parkinson's disease(PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects the functioning of the basal ganglia, a brain area that contributes to the control of movement. The disease is caused by the death of nerve cells in the brain that produce dopamine, a chemical messenger. The cells affected usually produce a neurotransmitter(a chemical that transmits nerver impulses) called dopamine, which acts with acetylcholine, another neurotransmitter, to fine-tune muscle control. In Parkinson's disease, the level of dopamine relative to acetylcholine is reduced, adversely affecting muscle control. When the supply of dopamine is depleted, the function of the basal ganglia is disrupted and its ability to control movement-deteriorates. The result is that PD patients experience moderate rigidity, difficulty in initiating movements and slowness in executing them, and a rhythmical tremor at rest. Although the cause of Parkinson's disease is not known, genetic factors may be involved. About 3 in 10 people with the disorder have an affected family member. About 1 in 100 people over the age of 60 in the US have Parkinson's disease. And Parkinson's disease is slightly more common in men. The course of the disease is variable, but drags may be the best effective in treating the symptoms and improving quality of life. But, The doctor may arrange physical therapy to help with physical mobility problems. It is important to continue to exercise and take care of your general health. Try to take a walk each day. Stretching exercises can help you maintain your strength and mobility. So, This papers will serve about the information of PD for clinical physical therapist. Finally, The aim of review is increasing approach method and technique for PD patients by the view of physical therapy.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.95-100
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• 2018

Background: The aim of this study is to assess the feasibility of acupuncture treatment for the management of subacute and chronic post-thoracotomy pain in patients with traumatic multiple rib fractures. Methods: A total of 30 participants who have undergone thoracotomy after traumatic multiple rib fractures will be recruited. Participants will be invited and equally randomised into acupuncture plus usual care and usual care alone groups. A computer-generated random number sequence will be used and concealed using opaque, sealed, sequentially numbered envelopes. Twelve sessions of manual and electrical acupuncture performed by Korean medicine doctors will be provided over a span of 3 months to participants allocated to the acupuncture group. Participants in the usual care group will continue pain medication, exercise and physical therapy as required. Study feasibility will be measured based on the proportion of patients who complete the measurement of pain at 12 or 24 weeks after baseline. The clinical outcomes will include; the average pain intensity over the recent week at rest, movement and cough, quality of life, patient's global assessment of recovery, respiratory function measured by the pulmonary function test and use of pain medication at 4, 8, 12 and 24 weeks after enrolment. Adverse events will be recorded for all participants. Written informed consent will be obtained from all participants. The local ethics committee has approved the study. This pilot trial will inform further studies investigating the potential role of acupuncture for subacute and chronic post-thoracotomy pain in patients with traumatic multiple rib fractures.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.73-87
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• 2002

Parkinson's disease(PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects the functioning of the basal ganglia, a brain area that contributes to the control of movement. The disease is caused by the death of nerve cells in the brain that produce dopamine, a chemical messenger. The cells affected usually produce a neurotransmitter(a chemical that transmits nerver impulses) called dopamine, which acts with acetylcholine, another neurotransmitter, to fine-tune muscle control. In Parkinson's disease, the level of dopamine relative to acetylcholine is reduced, adversely affecting muscle control. When the supply of dopamine is depleted, the function of the basal ganglia is disrupted and its ability to control movement deteriorates. The result is that PD patients experience moderate rigidity, difficulty in initiating movements and slowness in executing them, and a rhythmical tremor at rest. Although the cause of Parkinson's disease is not known, genetic factors may be involved. About 3 in 10 people with the disorder have an affected family member. About 1 in 100 people over the age of 60 in the US have Parkinson's disease. And Parkinson's disease is slightly more common in men. The course of the disease is variable, but drugs may be the best effective in treating the symptoms and improving quality of life. But, The doctor may arrange physical therapy to help with physical mobility problems. It is important to continue to exercise and take care of your general health. Try to take a walk each day. Stretching exercises can help you maintain your strength and mobility. So, This papers will serve about the information of PD for clinical physical therapist. Finally, The aim of review is increasing approach method and technique for PD patients by the view of physical therapy.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.91-97
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• 2017

Objective: To investigate rotation movement of segment for performing each position and its effect on knee/hip angulation, COM inclination, and edging angle changes. Method: Twelve Alpine skiers (age: $25.8{\pm}4.8years$, height: $173.8{\pm}5.9cm$, weight: $71.4{\pm}7.4kg$, length of career: $9.9{\pm}4.6years$) participated in this study. Each skier was asked to perform counter-rotation, neutral, and rotation positions. Results: Shank and thigh were less rotated in the counter-rotation position than in other positions, whereas the trunk and pelvis were more counter-rotated (p<.05). Hip angulation, COM inclination, and edging angle were significantly greater in the counter-rotation position than in other positions (p<.05). Conclusion: Our finding proved that the counter-rotation position increases hip angulation, COM inclination, and edging angle. Consequently, we suggest that skiers should perform counter-rotation of the trunk and pelvis relative to the ski direction in the vertical axis for the counter-rotation position. Further analysis will continue to investigate the effects of the counter-rotation position in real ski slope with kinetic analysis.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.218-227
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 5 weeks self-help management program developed by Kim et al. (2000-b) and reinforced with music therapy for post stroke patients. Method: This was pre-experimental study and the subjects were 14 post stroke hemiplegic patients at home who were registered at the Gunsan Health Center. The program was applied for five weeks and two hours for each session composed of the preparation step, the main step and the finishing step. The contents of the program were ROM exercise, daily activity training, risk factors and aftereffects, nutrition management and stress management. To collect data, all subjects were questioned before and after the application of the program. Collected data were analyzed through frequencies, percentages, Wilcoxen signed rank test and Cronbach's alpha using SPSS-WIN program. Result: After the application of the self-help management program, a statistically significant increase was observed in the subjects' ability to perform activities of daily living (p=.039), ability to perform instrumental activities of daily living (p=.005), self-efficacy (p=.001), self-care behavior (p=.001) and quality of life (p=.001), and a statistically significant decrease was observed in depression (p=.012). Conclusion: The present self-help management program was found to be helpful in improving the subjects' physical and psychological functions after they were attacked by stroke, so to be an effective nursing intervention strategy for post stoke patients. Future researches need to reinforce and materialize music therapy and to develop and apply a self-help management program that includes not only post stroke patients but also their families. In addition, it is necessary to expand the scope of subjects and apply follow-up management in order to continue self-help meetings.