• Toxicological Research
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.191-203
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• 1992

The immunosuppressive effects of safrole were studied in female BALB/c mouse. Mice were given 100,200and 400mg safrole/kg daily for 14days and evaluated on day 15. The day 4 immunogloblin-M antibody response to T-dependent antigen, sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was inhibited dose-dependently in all doses studied. In vitro antibody response to polyclonal antigen, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by spleen cell suspensions from safrole-treated mice were also significantly inhibited. When safrole was treated for 14days to mice, and mitogen-induced proliferation of splenocytes were assayed on day 15, there were significant suppression of responses to B-cell mitogen, LPS and T-cell mitogen concanavalin A(Con A) at a dose of 400mg safrole/kg. Direct addition of safrole on the splenocyte culture also produced a dose dependent suppression on in vitro antibody response to LPS, and mitogen-induced lymphoproliferatin at doses of 100,200,400 and 800${\mu}M$ safrole. The role of metabolic activation in safrole-induced suppression of in vitro antibody response was studied using splenocyte-hepatocyte coculture system. The suppression of in vitro antibody respose to LPS by safrole was not altered when safrole were incubated in the splenocyte-hepatocyte system for 4hr as compared with direct addition of safrole in splenocytes culture. Neither the addition of salicylamide, sulfotransferase inhibitor, nor the addation of inorganic sulfate, sulfation cofactor to the splenocyte-hepatocyte coculture, altered the suppression of antibody response by safrole. These results suggest that the immunosuppression by safrole may not by produced by the reactive metabolites which are mediated in carcinogenesis of safrole.

• 약학회지
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.35-43
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• 2007

To investigate the immunomodulatory roles of cyclic AMP (CAMP) on macrophage- and T lymphocyte-mediated immune responses, CAMP elevating agents were employed and carefully re-examined under the activation conditions of the cells. Various inhibitors tested dose-dependently blocked tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ production with IC$_{50}$ values ranged from 0.04 to 300 ${\mu}$M. Of the inhibitors, cAMP-elevating agents showed lower cytotoxicity assessed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, suggesting less toxic and more selective. In particular co-treatment of dbcAMP with a protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporine displayed the synergistic inhibition of TNF-${\alpha}$ production. The modulatory effect of dbcAMP on TNF-${\alpha}$ and nitric oxide (NO) was significantly affected by treatment time of dbcAMP. Thus, post-treatment of dbcAMP (three hours before LPS) abrogated dbcAMP's inhibitory activity and rather enhanced TNF-${\alpha}$ level up to 60%. In contrast, additional NO production was shown at the co-treatment of dbcAMP with LPS. Unlike simultaneous treatment of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and interferon (IFN)-${\gamma}$co-treatment, the combination of dbcAMP with other NO-inducing stimuli did not show drastic overproduction of NO. cAMP elevating agents also diminished splenocyte proliferation stimulated by concanavalin (Con) A, phytohemaglutinin A (PHA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In addition, dbcAMP but not rolipram strongly suppressed CD8$^+$ T cells (CTLL-2). Finally, cAMP elevating agents were differentially involved in regulating CD98-mediated cell-cell adhesion. Thus, dbcAMP and rolipram significantly enhanced the cell-cell adhesion, whereas forskolin blocked. Therefore, our results suggest that CAMP elevating agents participate in various immune responses mediated by macrophages and T cells with a different fashion depending on cellular environments and activation signals.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.250-256
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• 2005

To investigate the effect of bovine colostral whey fractions on in vitro proliferation of mouse splenocytes, polypeptide fractions were separated from acid whey into 3 fractions depending on molecular weight by ultrafiltration: Fraction I, which contains the polypeptide larger than 10,000 Da, Fraction n, which contains the polypeptide ranging from 1,000 Da to 10,000 Da and Fraction III, which contains the polypeptide smaller than 1,000 Da. Fraction II showed the highest proliferative effect of mouse splenocytes among the colostral whey fractions and this proliferative activity increased in dose dependent manner. Unheated Fraction II and Fraction III showed significantly (p<0.01) higher proliferative effects than others but heated Fraction II showed the highest enhancing effect of mouse splenocyte among heated whey fractions (p<0.01). The supplementation of Fraction II and Fraction m showed greater proliferative effect of mouse splenocytes stimulated by concanavalin A (Con A) than that of whole whey or Fraction L Proliferative effect of mouse splenocytes stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was the highest when Fraction II was supplemented Proliferative effect of the colostral whey fractions on mouse splenocytes by stimulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was markedly enhanced by supplementation of Fraction II and Fraction m compared with whole whey and Fraction L It was estimated that colostral whey fraction containing IGF-I positively affected proliferation of mouse splenocyte.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.311-323
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• 2000

Immunosuppressive effects of reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) infection in chickens were investigated. Primary antibody responses to Newcastle disease virus (strain B1) and sheep red blood cells were significantly low in chickens inoculated with the local isolate 89-74 of REV compared to those of uninfected chickens. In chickens infected with REV strain T or 89-74, blastogenesis of spleen cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) to concanavalin A (Con A) was severely suppressed. When specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens were inoculated with the isolate, the suppressive effect was observed up to 7 weeks of age while, in the contact infected chickens, the suppression was absent. Similar suppressive effects were observed in chickens inoculated with REV strain T at 2, 3 and 4 weeks of age. When spleen cells or PBL from uninfected chickens were co-cultured with spleen cells or PBL from chickens infected with REV at 1 day-old or 2 week-old, the blastogenesis of the normal cells was suppressed. The suppressive effect of PBL from REV-infected chickens on normal lymphocytes was abrogated by the treatment with trypsin. However the suppressive activity of the REV-infected PBL was not influenced at removing machrophage from the cell suspension by incubation in plastic petri dishes. In addition to the immunosuppression, chickens infected with the REV isolate showed abnormal feather development (nakanuke), anemia, paralysis and retarded growth. Three out of 11 chickens inoculated with the isolate at day-old died between 6 and 9 weeks of age by bacterial infections.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.414-421
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• 2013

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in fermented foods have attracted considerable attention recently as treatment options for immune diseases, the incidence of which has been increasing worldwide. The ability of 500 strains of LAB, isolated from kimchi, to induce TNF-${\alpha}$ production in peritoneal macrophages was investigated. Lactobacillus plantarum HY7712 most strongly induced TNF-${\alpha}$ production as well as NF-${\kappa}B$ activation. However, HY7712 inhibited NF-${\kappa}B$ activation in LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages. When HY7712 was orally treated in cyclophosphamide (CP)-immunosuppressed mice for 5 or 15 days, it reversed the body and spleen weights, blood RBC and WBC levels, and splenocyte and bone marrow cells that were reduced by CP. Orally administered HY7712 increased concanavalin A-induced T cell proliferation to 84.5% of the normal group on day 15, although treatment with CP alone markedly reduced it to 53.7% of the normal group. Furthermore, orally administered HY7712 significantly induced the expressions of IL-2 and IFN-${\gamma}$ in ConA-induced splenic cytotoxic T cells of CP-treated mice. Orally administered HY7712 restored the CP-impaired phagocytosis of macrophages in mice. Orally administered HY7712 also restored the cytotoxicity of NK and cytotoxic T cells derived from spleen and bone marrow against YAC-1 in CP-immunosuppressed mice. Based on these findings, orally administered HY7712 may accelerate the recovery of cyclophosphamide-caused immunosuppression, without evident side effects, by immunopotentiating NK and Tc cells, and may provide a mechanistic basis for using HY7712 as an alternative means in lessening chemotherapyinduced immunosuppression in cancer patients.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.195-198
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• 1987

원발성 아메바성 수막뇌염을 일으키는 Naegleria fowleri를 마우스에 감염시키고 그 급성기에 일어나는 세포 매개성 면역 반응 특히 T림프구 mitogen인 con. A 및 B림프구 mitogen인 lipopolysaccharide에 대한 마우스 비장세포의 배자 발생 정도를 관찰하였다. N. fowleri에 감염된 마우스에서 T림프구의 기능은 관찰기간인 감염 14일후까지 떨어져 있어다. B림프구의 기능도 감염 3일후부터 14일후까지 계속 떨어져 있었음을 알 수 있었다. 또 N. fowleri에 감염된 마우스의 혈청내 형광항체가는 1 : 4 내지 1 : 32였다. N. fowleri에 감염된 마우스에서 그 급성기에 세포 매개성 면역이 저하되어 있었음을 관찰할 수 있었다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.169-174
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• 1988

Naegleria fowleri로 면역된 마우스 비장세포를 이입(이입)함으로써 원발성 아메바성 수막 뇌염의 발생을 방어할 수 있는지 즉 방어면역을 피동적으로 전달할 수 있는지를 관찰하였다. 무균 배양한 N. fowleri, ITMAP 359 영 양형 7×l04개를 생후 6주된 ICR 마우스에 감염시켰다. 살아있는 N. fowleri 영양형 106개씩을 1주일 간격으로 3회 복강내로 주입시켜 면역시켰다. 면역시킨 마우스의 비장을 적출하여 107개의 비장세포가 함유된 부유액을 마우스 복강내로 주입시키고 3일 후 N, fowleri를 감염시켰다. 비장세포에 Con. A와 lipopolysaccharide(LPS)를 처리한 후 배자발생 정도를 methyl-[3H]-thymidine을 사용하여 측정하였다. N. fowleri를 감염시킨 마우스의 사망률을 보면 정상 비장세포를 주입시킨 실험대조군에서 84%, 면역 비장세포를 주입시킨 실험군에서 72%로서, 정상 대조군에서의 사망률 100%에 비해 낮음을 알 수 있었다. 면역된 비장세포를 주입시킨 실험군에서 LPS를 처리한 비장세포의 배자발생정도는 감염 7일 후 실험대조군이나 정상대조군에 비해 증가되어 있었고, Con. A처리에 의한 배자발생 정도도 감염 7일 후 증가되어 있음을 관찰할 수 있었다. 혈청내 항체가는 감염 12일 후 정상 대조군에 비해 실험군과 실험대조군에서 높았다.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.277-285
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• 2005

홍삼추출물을 다양한 농도 (1-50 mg/kg)로 어체의 복강내에 주입하여 3일 후 어체를 희생시켜서 Ht, lysozyme, TIC 및 NBT reduction을 측정한 바, 10 ㎍/㎎ 이상의 처치군에 유의성 있는 증가를 보였다. 한편, in vitro에서 홍삼 추출물을 처리시 림프구의 증식능에 미치는 영향은 PHA 혹은 Con A와 혼합처리 경우에는 10 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$농도에서 가장 높은 증가를 보였으나, 고농도 (100 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$)에서는 억제되었다. 그렇지만, RGE 단독 혹은 LPS혼합 처리군에서는 증가효과가 유의성 있게 나타나지 않았다. 한편, 백혈구의 유주능 및 발생기산소 (ROI)의 생성은 10 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$이상의 처리군에서 유의성 있는 증가를 보였다. 이러한 결과는 홍삼추출물을 복강내로 처리시 림프구의 증식 및 탐식세포의 기능을 증가시키는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 향후 면역보조제로 사용하기 위해서는 경구투여에 따른 실행이 수행되어져야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.616-623
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• 2010

Three herbal formulas (Bangpungtongsung-san, Ohyaksungi-san, and Ojeok-san) for wind-cold and heat pain symptom were applied to investigate the immunological activities on antigen (Ag)-specific or Ag-non-specific immune responses in murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) and ovalbumin (OVA)-immunized mice. This study was carried out in nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in RAW 264.7 cells and cellular proliferation in mouse splenocytes according to three herbal formulas. C57BL/6 mice were immunized intraperitonially with OVA/aluminium ($100\;{\mu}g/200\;{\mu}g$/mouse) on day 1, 8, and 15. Three herbal formulas were administrated to mice orally for 3 weeks from day 1. On day 22, OVA-, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-, and concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated splenocyte proliferation and antibodies (OVA-specific antibodies of the IgG, lgG1, and total IgM classes) in plasma were measured. Ohyaksungi-san increased NO synthesis in RAW 264.7 cells. Ojeok-san and Ohyaksungi-san significantly enhanced cellular proliferation by LPS and Con A in splenocytes from OVA-immunized mice (p<0.001). Three herbal formulas for wind-cold and heat pain symptom also significantly enhanced plasma OVA-specific IgG, IgG1, and total IgM levels compared with the OVA/Alum group. These results suggested that three herbal formulas for wind-cold and heat pain symptom could be used as stimulator of immune response.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.17-25
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• 2012

Coccidiosis control programs such as vaccines or in-feed anticoccidials are commonly practiced in the poultry industry to improve growth performance and health of commercial broiler chickens. In this study, we assessed the effects of various coccidiosis control programs (e.g., in ovo vaccination, synthetic chemicals, and antibiotic ionophores) on immune status of broiler chickens vaccinated against infectious bronchitis virus and Newcastle disease virus (ND) and raised on an Eimeria-contaminated used litter. In general, the levels of ${\alpha}$-1-acid glycoprotein, an acute phase protein, were altered by the treatments when measured at 34 days of age. Splenocyte subpopulations and serum antibody titers against ND were altered by various coccidiosis control programs. In-ovo-vaccinated chickens exhibited highest mitogenic response when their spleen cells were stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A) at 7 days of age. It is clear from this study that the type of coccidiosis control program influenced various aspects of innate and adaptive immune parameters of broiler chickens. Further studies will be necessary to delineate the underlying relationship between the type of coccidiosis control program and host immune system and to understand the role of other external environmental factors such as gut microbiota on host-pathogen interaction in various disease control programs.