• Computers and Concrete
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.149-163
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• 2023

One of the main design parameters traditionally utilized in projects of geotechnical engineering is the uniaxial compressive strength. The present paper employed three artificial intelligence methods, i.e., the stochastic fractal search (SFS), the multi-verse optimization (MVO), and the vortex search algorithm (VSA), in order to determine the compressive strength of concrete (CSC). For the same reason, 1030 concrete specimens were subjected to compressive strength tests. According to the obtained laboratory results, the fly ash, cement, water, slag, coarse aggregates, fine aggregates, and SP were subjected to tests as the input parameters of the model in order to decide the optimum input configuration for the estimation of the compressive strength. The performance was evaluated by employing three criteria, i.e., the root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and the determination coefficient (R²). The evaluation of the error criteria and the determination coefficient obtained from the above three techniques indicates that the SFS-MLP technique outperformed the MVO-MLP and VSA-MLP methods. The developed artificial neural network models exhibit higher amounts of errors and lower correlation coefficients in comparison with other models. Nonetheless, the use of the stochastic fractal search algorithm has resulted in considerable enhancement in precision and accuracy of the evaluations conducted through the artificial neural network and has enhanced its performance. According to the results, the utilized SFS-MLP technique showed a better performance in the estimation of the compressive strength of concrete (R²=0.99932 and 0.99942, and RMSE=0.32611 and 0.24922). The novelty of our study is the use of a large dataset composed of 1030 entries and optimization of the learning scheme of the neural prediction model via a data distribution of a 20:80 testing-to-training ratio.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제5권6호
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• pp.659-669
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• 2017

Grouts compared to other material sources, could be highly sensitive to cold weather conditions, especially when the compressive strength is the matter of concern. Grout as one the substantial residential building material used in retaining walls, rebar fixation, sidewalks is in need of deeper investigation, especially in extreme weather condition. In this article, compressive strength development of four different commercial grouts at three temperatures and two humidity rates are evaluated. This experiment is aimed to assess the grout strength development over time and overall compressive strength when the material is cast at low temperatures. Results represent that reducing the curing temperature about 15 degrees could result in 20% reduction in ultimate strength; however, decreasing the humidity percentage by 50% could lead to 10% reduction in ultimate strength. The maturity test results represented the effect of various temperatures and humidity rates on maturity of the grouts. Additionally, the freeze-thaw cycle's effect on the grouts is conducted to investigate the durability factor. The results show that the lower temperatures could be significantly influential on the behavior of grouts compared to lower humidity rates. It is indicated that the maturity test could not be valid and precise in harsh temperature conditions.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 1999년도 학회창립 10주년 기념 1999년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.605-608
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• 1999

The objective of this research is to examine whether the determination of development length for high strength concrete by the ACI Building Code 318-95 could be applied and the upped limit of compressive strength, 700kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$ is suitable. Eight beam specimens were tested. Each beam was designed to include two bars in tension, spliced at the center of the span. The beams were loaded in positive bending with the splice in a constant moment region. The variables used here were compressive strength and the space of stirrup within splice length. The results indicated that for (c$\div$Ktr)/db of the range of 1.5-2.0 compressive strength up to 800kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$ is acceptable with regard to bond strength and ductility, thus the limit of compressive strength in ACI 318-95 may be extended to 800kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2017년도 춘계 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.160-161
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• 2017

In In this study, we measured the relative density and the compressive strength in order to select the appropriate W/B for the ultra-high strength concrete development. If W/B is lowered than the W/B of highest relative density, it was confirmed that the strength is lowered. However, if water is increased than the W/B, the relative density is decreased compressive strength was similar. The selection of the W/B of the lower than the highest relative density is not appropriate. Appropriate W/B is selected to be more than the maximum relative density of W/B. This was confirmed for TG-DTA.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2008년도 춘계 학술발표회 제20권1호
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• pp.641-644
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• 2008

콘크리트의 압축강도는 시멘트 수화반응에 의하여 발현되는 것으로, 이러한 수화반응은 온도에 민감한 영향을 받게 된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 온도에 의한 콘크리트의 영향을 확인하고자 콘크리트의 타설 초기온도 변화 및 양생 조건의 변화에 따른 특성을 실험적으로 평가하였다. 콘크리트의 타설 초기온도를 5$^{\circ}C$, 20$^{\circ}C$로 변화시켜 실험한 결과, 표준양생을 실시한 경우 타설 온도가 낮은 배합에서 재령 3일 이전까지 강도가 낮았으나, 재령 7일 이후에서는 강도가 높아지는 현상이 확인 되었다. 그러나 재령 28일에서는 두 배합의 압축강도 차가 미미하여 온도에 따른 영향이 크지 않은 것으로 확인 되었다. 기건양생을 실시한 경우는 모든 시험체에서 타설 초기온도가 높은 배합이 높은 강도를 나타내었다. 이러한 콘크리트의 타설 초기온도에 따른 압축강도 특성은 SEM관찰 결과 미세구조의 수화양상을 통하여 그 특성을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.99-105
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• 2006

In this paper, the estimation of compressive strength of concrete incorporating fly ash subjected to high temperature is discussed. Ordinary Portland cement and fly ash cement(30% of fly ash) were used, respectively. Water to binder ration ranging from 30% to 60% and curing temperature ranging from $20^{\circ}C{\sim}65^{\circ}C$ were also adopted for the experimental parameters. According to results, at the high temperature, FAC had higher strength development at early age than OPC concrete and it kept its high strength development at later age due to accelerated pozzolanic reaction subjected to high temperature. For strength estimation, Logistic model based on maturity equation and Carino model based on equivalent age were applied to verify the availability of estimation model. It shows that fair agreements between calculated values and measured values were obtained evaluating compressive strength with logistic curve. The application of logistic model at high temperature had remarkable deviations in the same maturity. Whereas, the application of Carino model showed good agreements between calculated values and measured ones regardless of type of cement and W/B. However, some correction factors should be considered to enhance the accuracy of strength estimation of concrete.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.347-355
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• 2007

In this paper, estimation of the compressive strength of the concrete incorporating blast furnace slag subjected to high temperature was discussed. Ordinary Portland cement and blast furnace slag cement (BSC;30% of blast furnace slag) were used, respectively. Water to binder ratio ranging from 30% to 60% and curing temperature ranging from $20^{\circ}C{\sim}65^{\circ}C$ were also chosen for the experimental parameters, respectively. At the high temperature, BSC had higher strength development at early age than OPC concrete and it kept its high strength development at later age due to accelerated latent hydration reaction subjected to high temperature. For the strength estimation, the Logistic model based on maturity equation and the Carino model based on equivalent age were applied to verify the availability of estimation model. It was found that fair agreements between calculated values and measured values were obtained evaluating compressive strength with logistic curve. The application of logistic model at high temperature had remarkable deviations in the same maturity. Whereas, the application of Carino model showed good agreements between calculated values and measured ones regardless of type of cement and W/B. However, some correction factors should be considered to enhance the accuracy of strength estimation of concrete.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2008년도 추계 학술발표회 제20권2호
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• pp.965-968
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• 2008

현재 국내현장에서 공사기간 중 구조물의 압축강도를 확인하는 방법으로는 KS F 2403에 의한 시험용 공시체의 압축강도를 구조체 콘크리트의 압축강도로 정하고 있으며, 이 규정의 내용에는 시험용 공시체의 양생방법으로 표준수중양생(20$\pm$2$^{\circ}$C)을 하도록 규정되어 있다. 그러나 현장 타설된 콘크리트의 경우 일반 대기환경에 노출되어 사계절 온도변화의 환경하에서 양생되고 있어 실 구조물의 콘크리트 압축강도와는 큰 차이를 나타내게 된다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 현재 KS에 규정되어 있는 압축강도용 시험체의 양생방법과 현장에서 구조체의 강도 및 거푸집 탈형시기 판정 등의 품질관리를 위해 사용하는 기중양생, 봉함양생, 구조체의 코어강도, 그리고 본 연구에서 제안하는 구조체의 내부환경 조건을 양생조건으로 적용한 양생방법을 적용하여 고강도 콘크리트의 강도발현특성을 파악하여 구조체 콘크리트의 강도에 가장 근접하는 공시체 양생방법을 제안하고자 한다.

• 한국전산구조공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산구조공학회 2004년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.101-109
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• 2004

Ship structures is thin-walled structures and she has lots of curved platings. In these days, lots different kinds of closed-formulas are development for ultimate strength of flat plate but for curved panels, there are not enough study or papers for this field. In this study, the ultimate strength characteristics for ship curved plates are studied. The ship plating is generally subjected to combined in-plane and lateral pressure loads. In-plane loads included biaxial compression/tension and edge shear. This is first report about the developing of ultimate compressive strength for ship curved plating. A closed-form formula for predicting the ultimate compressive strength of curved plates are empirically derived by curve fitting based on the computed results. The results and insights developed in the present study will be useful for damage tolerant design of curved plated structures.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2001년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.397-402
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• 2001

Microstructural characteristics such as hydrates and porosity greatly influence the development of concrete strength. In this study, a strength estimation model for early-age concrete considerig, the microstructural characteristics was proposed, which considers the effects of both an increment of degree of hydration and capillary porosity on a strength increment. Hydration modeling and compressive strength test with curing temperature and curing ages were carried out. By comparing test results with estimated strength, it is found that the strength estimation model can estimate compressive strength of early-age concrete with curing ages and curing temperature within a margin of error.