• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2010

We used stable isotope analysis to investigate the hypothesis that zooplankton were not able to utilize Microcystis as a food source. We also studied seasonal variation of the zooplankton community in a eutrophic Wangsong reservoir. The dominant copepod species changed from Cyclops vicinus to Thermocyclops taihokuensis. Density of zooplankton was suppressed by high density of Microcystis in June and the density of phytoplankton and chlorophyll a concentration was lowest in July. The difference in $\delta^{13}C$ and $\delta^{15}N$ between cladocerans (Daphnia galeata and Bosmina longirostris) and copepods showed the maximum difference of $12^{\circ}/_{\circ\circ}$ and $4^{\circ}/_{\circ\circ}$, respectively, indicating different energy sources and trophic positions between two taxonomic groups. The difference in $\delta^{13}C$ between Microcystis and zooplankton ranged from $3{\sim}7^{\circ}/_{\circ\circ}$, supporting the hypothesis that Microcystis could not be used as food source of zooplankton.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.167-176
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• 2002

To assess the dietary fiber intake of preschool children in Busan and to evaluate the relationship between of the intake of dietary fiber and nutrient intake. Nutrient intake using 24 hour recall, and total dietary fiber (TDF) intake based on tables of TDF of common Korean floods developed by the modified Prosky Method, were estimated for 176 preschool children. The mean daily intakes of TDF, and TDF after adjusting energy intake, were 10.20 g and 7.69 g/1,000 kcal, respectively. The mean daily intakes of TDF for children aged 1-3 and 4-6 years were 9.20 g and 11.08 g, respectively. The range of TDF intake was 1.86 to 22.16 g. The major sources of TDF were cereals (31.0%), vegetables (18.9%) and fruits (11.9%). The TDF intake showed positive correlations with nutrient adequacy ratios (NAR) of iron and Vitamin $B_1$, (p < 0.05, p < 0.05). The TDF intake per 1,000 kcal showed negative correlations with the NARs of protein, calcium, phosphate, iron, Vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$, Vitamin $B_2$, and niacin (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001) and with the mean adequacy ratio (MAR, p < 0.001). When children were stratified into quartiles ($Q_1-Q_4$) on the basis of their fiber intake per 1,000 kcal, their NARs for calcium, phosphate, iron, Vitamin A, Vitamin $B_1, Vitamin $B_2$ and niacin (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p < 0.001), and their MAR (p < 0.001) were significantly lower in the children with higher fiber intake per 1,000 kcal (the upper quartile). The NARs fur calcium (0.63), iron (0.60), Vitamin A (0.66), Vitamin $B_2$(0.74), niacin (0.64), Vitamin C (0.65) and the MAR (0.74) were lower than 0.75 in the children with fiber intakes of more than 9.25 g per 1,000 local (0,), the highest fiber intake per 1,000 kcal. Based on these results, the mean TDF intake of children was higher than the age (yr)+5g , the minimum recommended level for American children. Meals with a fiber intake of more than 9.25 g per 1,000 local ($Q_4$) could cause a decreased nutritional status for minerals and vitamins. The result of this study could contribute to the establishment of Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for dietary fiber for Korean Preschool children.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.177-187
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• 2002

This study was done to determine the factors associated with childhood overweight in 721 sixth grade elementary school students, in Busan. The students' heights, weights, waist circumferences and triceps-skinfold thicknesses were measured using standard techniques. Other data were collected using a questionnaire that included information about physical activity, television watching, and the amount of exorcise taken during leisure times, family history of diseases related to obesity: social data including family income, parents'education and occupations, eating behaviors; parental weights and heights; and parental activity levels. Childhood overweight was defined as a body mass index at or above the 85th percentile for age and sex. The prevalence of overweight revealed no significant difference between sexes, (24.2% in boys and 22.03% in girls). The risk of childhood overweight was significantly greater if either the mother or the father were overweight. The odds ratio for childhood overweight associated with maternal overweight was 5.045 (94% CI : 3.262-7.801), and 2.727 (95% CI : 1.764-4.218) was the case for parental overweight. Children having a history of hear diseases had higher odds ratios than those who did not. The odds ratios for overweight associated with income were not different. However, a higher odds ratio for overweight was observed in children whose fathers had only an elementary or middle school education than those whore fathers had a high school or college education. Children whose fathers' occupations were service workers or shopkeepers (OR : 3.314, 95% C = 1.851-5.934) or had no occupation (OR = 3.756, 95% CI : 1.898-7.430) had a treater risk of overweight than those whose fathers'were professionals or once workers. The risk of overweight increased in children having more irregular meal times and faster eating times, rather than those having an intake pattern of high energy and sugar containing floods. The amount of exercise taken during leisure times, and daily physical activity showed no difference between overweight and non-overweight children. However, television watching time, especially on weekends, was greater in overweight children than in non-overweight children. Television watching time was positively correlated with BMI, triceps-skin(31d thickness, waist circumference and waist/height ratio. Therefore, television watching was found to be a useful predictor of overweight in children. Television watching in children was negatively related to paternal activity levels, and positively related to parental television watching time. In fact, fathers whose children were overweight were physically less active than fathers whose children were non-overweight. Parents appeared to be a strong influence on their children's physical activity levels. In conclusion, a low family social class, defined on the basis of the father's occupation or education, parental overweight, increased television watching, and unhealthy physical activity levels in parents were all considered risk factors for childhood overweight. Among these, television watching time and lack of physical activity were considered to be the most important risk factors that could be easily modified for the prevention of and intervention in, overweight in children.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.98-107
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate Bone Mineral Density(BMD) and affecting factors on BMD of college women in Seoul. The subjects were 47 healthy college women aged 18-25 years. Antrophometric and body fat measurements were performed by Bioelectrical Impedance Fatness Analyzer(Tanita TVF 202). Blood pressure and pulse frequency were measured. Dietary intakes and general living habits were examined through questionnaires and nutrient intakes were analyzed by Computer Aided Nutritional Analysis(CAN) program for professional. Serum total cholesterol, TG(triglyceride), HDL-cholesterol, total protein, albumin, GOT, calcium were measured by Spotchem(SP-4410). Serum osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) were measured to monitor bone formation. BMD of lumbar spine(L2-L4), right hip(neck, ward's triangle, trochanter) and right forearm were measured by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry(DEXA). Muscle strength was measured by examining leg flexion strength(right and left), leg extension power(right and left), handgrip power(right and left) and back strength. All data were statistically analyzed by the SAS PC package program. BMD of college women was normal(by WHO, 1994). Their muscle strength was bad(by national fitness guidebook, 1995). Only a mall number of them exercised (32.6% of subjects). There was no significant difference among BMD, muscle strength and % body fat(p<0.05). There were significant differences between BMD and total cholesterol as well as TG and VLDL-cholesterol(p<0.05). Total cholesterol was associated with decreasing BMD of the right forearm(p<0.05). TG and VLDL-cholesterol are associated with increasing BMD of right hip ward's triangle(p<0.05). There were significant differences among BMD, ALP and serum total protein. ALP was associated with decreasing BMD of the right forearm(p<0.05). There were significant differences between BMD and Ca as well as between Na and K intakes (p<0.05). Intakes of Na and K were associated with decreasing BMD of the right forearm (UD)(p<0.05). There were significant differences between in BMD and pulse frequently and serum albumin (p<0.05). Serum albumin is associated with increasing BMD of L3-L4(p<0.05), right hip neck(p<0.05). %Body fat, TG, VLDL-C, Ca intake, pulse frequency and serum albumin were associated with increasing BMD(p<0.05). Intakes of Na and K, ALP, total cholesterol, total cholesterol, total protein and height are associated with decreasing BMD(p<0.05). Overall results indicate that Ca intake but to be moderate in protein and Na intakes in order to increase BMD. Body exercise was recommended to increase BMD as well.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.108-118
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• 1999

This study was designed to examined psychosocial status and nutritional factors(nutrition knowledge, dietary attitudes, eating behavior, dietary intakes) among female university students and to investigate if there were differences in these variables by weight loss attempt. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to 225 female university students in Seoul. Survey instrument was adapted or modified based on literature review, and dietary intakes were assessed using 24-hour recall and CAN-pro. Descriptive statistics, t-test x$^2$-test were used in data analysis. Mean height, weight of subjects were 162.7cm, 51.3kg, and mean BMI was 19.4. One hundred-nine students(48.4%) were grouped into weight loss attempt roup and 116 students were grouped int non-attempt group. According to BMI, 58.7% of weight loss attempt group were underweight, suggesting that unnecessary weight control is common in college women. With respect to psychosocial status, subjects received moderate degree of stress and were slightly satisfied with life. There was no significant difference in stress, social support or self-esteem between the two groups, however, students in non-attempt group were more satisfied with their life(p<0.01) and adapted better in school that students in weight loss attempt group. Subjects scored 14.9${\pm}$2.1 (highest score : 20) on nutritional knowledge, and showed favorable dietary attitudes. Overall, nutritional knowledge and dietary attitudes were not significantly different between the two groups. Common eating problems were irregular meals(71.6%), followed by unbalanced meals and eating-out. Subjects in weight loss attempt group were more likely to change eating habit after entering the university and showed more undesirable eating habit. Dietary intake data indicated hat the energy derived from fat was slightly higher than the recommended level. Most of the nutrient intake was lower than the RDA, particularly, iron and calcium intake was below the 50% of the RDA. Although this study did not reveal significant difference in nutritional knowledge or dietary intake by weight loss attempt, this study showed status of weight control, eating habit and dietary intake in female university students, and provide some information for nutrition education of college women.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.472-482
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• 2004

This study was performed to investigate the effect of vitamin C and E supplementation on blood pressure, plasma lipids, folate, and homocysteine levels in smokers and non-smokers of college male students in Gyeonggi Area. The nutrient intakes were determined by a 24hr-recall method. The subjects were divided into six groups: vitamin C sup-plementation group (n: smokers = 10, nonsmokers = 10), vitamin E supplementation group (n: smokers = 10, nonsmokers = 10), vitamin C and E supplementation group (n: smokers = 10, nonsmokers = 10), respectively. There were no significant differences between the smokers and nonsmokers in terms of anthropometric measurements. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in smokers than that of non-smokers. There was no significant difference in energy and other nutrients intakes between smokers and non-smokers. In plasma lipids levels, smokers had higher plasma triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol concentration than that of non-smokers (p < 0.05). HDL-cholesterol level of smokers had a tendency to be lower than that of non-smokers. In smokers, AI, TPH, LPH were significantly higher than that of non-smokers (p < 0.01). Plasma folate, homocysteine levels were not significantly different between smokers and non-smokers. The effect of antioxidant vitamins supplementation in smokers: In vitamin C supplementation group, HDL-cholesterol level was significantly in-creased (p < 0.01) and AI, TPH, LPH were significantly decreased (p < 0.01). In vitamin E supplementation group, HDL-cholesterol level was significantly increased (p < 0.05). In vitamin C and E supplementation group, LPH was significantly decreased (p < 0.05). The effect of antioxidant vitamins supplementation in non-smokers: HDL-cholesterol level was significantly increased (p <0.05) and AI, TPH, LPH were significantly decreased (p <0.05) by vitamin C supplementation group. Plasma homocysteine level was decreased by vitamin E supplementation group in non-smokers (p < 0.01). The results of this study showed that smoking had a tendency to increase plasma lipids levels that factor into the risk of coronary heart disease. It is considered that antioxidant vitamin supplementation in smokers had a tendency to decrease cardiovascular disease than in nonsmokers.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.927-937
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate dietary and other factors affecting bone mineral density (BMD) in Korean premenopausal women. Seventy-eight premenopausal women who visited the Health Promotion Center for health examinations volunteered to participate in this study. They were divided into two groups according to their bone status as shown by their T-scores: a non-osteoporotic group and a osteoporotic group. The results are as follows: The mean BMDs of the lumbar spine and femoral neck were 1.21$\pm$0.02$g/cm^2$ and 0.97$\pm$0.04$g/cm^2$, respectively. The BMD levels of the osteoporotic group were significantly lower than those of the non-osteoporotic group (p<0.001, respectively). The heights of the women in the osteoporotic group were significantly lower than those of the non-osteoporotic group (p<0.01) however, their body weights did not show any significant differences although they tended to be lower. The mean daily intake of energy was 1720$\pm$52㎉. When the nutrient intake was compared with the Korean recommended dietary allowances (RDA), calcium, Fe, vitamin A and riboflavin intakes were lower than the RDA. Their was no significant difference in the nutrient intake of the non-osteoporotic group and osteoporotic group except for the intakes of protein, fat and niacin. Their was no significant difference between the non-osteoporotic group and the osteoporotic group and all were within the normal range. However, the serum alkaline phosphatase level of the osteoporotic group was significantly higher than that of the non-osteoporotic group (p<0.001). Height measurements showed positive correlations with lumbar spine bone mineral density (LBMD, r=0.332, p<0.01) however there was no correlation with femoral neck bone mineral density (NBMD). Age, age at menarche, body weight, body mass index (BMI) and obesity showed no correlation with BMD. The BMD of the lumbar spine was significantly and positively related to the intake of niacin and vitamin C (r=0.236, p<0.05; r=0.274, p<0.05). Serum levels of calcium and phosphorus showed negative correlations with LBMD (r=-0.698, p=0.0001, r=-0.503, p=0.0001, respectively). The results suggested that the BMD of the lumbar spine was positively related to the intake of niacin and vitamin C in premenopausal women. Therefore, this study confirmed that one of the most effective ways to minimize bone loss would be have a higher intake of niacin and vitamin C rich foods and engaging habitually in physical activity may have a beneficial effect on BMD in the Premenopausal Period.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.61-72
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• 2015

Objectives: This study was performed to examine nutrition problems and causes/contributing risk factors. Methods: This study was conducted using data 1,863 adults visited Asan health screening & promotion center located in Seoul, Korea during May to June of 2013. We used Nutrition Care Process Model developed by the International Dietetics & Nutrition Terminology (IDNT). Results: The most frequent nutrition problem in male subjects was excessive alcohol intake. Men in fifties showed the highest rate of excessive alcohol intake among the age groups examined (22.4%). By comparison, the most frequent nutrition problem in women was inadequate protein intake. Women in fifties exhibited the highest rate of inadequate protein intake (22.5%). The most common contributing factors for these observations were a low preference for dairy products followed by high preference for alcohol and a deficit in food-and nutrition-related knowledge, regardless of the sex and age. The most common nutrition problem observed among the group diagnosed with hyperglycemia or hypertriglyceridemia or hyperuricemia or fatty liver was excessive alcohol intake (p < 0.001), whereas the group diagnosed with hyperglycemia or hypercholesterolemia showed significantly higher rate of inappropriate intake of carbohydrate (fructose) compared to the group not diagnosed with such disease conditions (p < 0.05). The group diagnosed with hypercholesterolemia, hyperuricemia and fatty liver showed significantly higher occurrence of inappropriate intake of fat (saturated fat) than the group free of such diseases (p < 0.001). The osteopenia group showed higher rate of inadequate protein intake (p < 0.001) and the fatty liver group with excessive energy intake (p < 0.001). Overall, the results suggest that there is a significant relationship between nutrition problems and health conditions found in groups diagnosed with a diverse array of medical conditions. Conclusions: Therefore, we strongly suggest that dieticians should implement nutrition interventions with people visiting health screening & promotion center based on nutrition problems and the contributing factors diagnosed by dietitions in order to prevent chronic diseases in this population.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.429-444
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between bone density and dietary intake for college women in their twenties. This study was performed on 160 female college students residing in Gangwon-do. It was conducted using ultrasound measurement of calcaneus bone density, anthropometric checkup and food-frequency questionnaires (FFQ) comprising 94 kinds of commonly consumed foods. Subjects were divided into two groups according to the T-score of bone density: a normal group (n = 113 persons, T-score ${\geq}1$) and a risk group (n = 47, T-score < 1.0). The average age of the subjects was 20.17 years and there was no significant difference between the two groups. Body weight and body fat percentage of the normal group were significantly higher than those of the risk group. The mean daily energy intake of the normal group was significantly higher than that of the risk group. Also, protein, fat, vitamin A, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, iron and zinc intake for the normal group were significantly higher than for the risk group. For the intake of the commonly consumed foods (or dishes) listed in FFQ, the mean daily intake amount of loaf bread, rice cake, potatoes, spicy beef soup, cucumber, seasoned spinach perilla leaves, crown daisy, stir-fried mushroom, sea mustard, beef rib, ham, chicken, mackerel, common squid, drink type curd yogurt, oriental melon and chocolate in the normal group was significantly higher than in the risk group. While, the mean daily intake of ramyun (instant noodle) and carbonated beverage by the normal group was significantly lower than that of the risk group. In conclusion, 20 something female college students showed a higher rate (26.9%) of the bone mineral density risk group (osteopenia or osteoporosis). For the risk group, the levels of nutrient and food intake were lower than in the normal group. Therefore, the bone density risk group needs to increase their nutrient intake and diet quality by increasing the intake of various foods. In addition, they should decrease the intake of foods, which are negative for skeletal health such as instant noodles and carbonated beverages.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.525-534
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• 2019

Objectives: Reduced glucose utilization in the main parts of the brain involved in memory is a major cause of Alzheimer's disease, in which ketone bodies are used as the only and effective alternative energy source of glucose. This study examined the effects of a low-carbohydrate and high-fat (LCHF) diet supplemented with a ketogenic nutrition drink on cognitive function and physical activity in the elderly at high risk for dementia. Methods: The participants of this study were 28 healthy elderly aged 60-91 years showing a high risk factor of dementia or whose Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) score was less than 24 points. Over 3 weeks, the case group was given an LCHF diet with nutrition drinks consisting of a ketone/non-ketone ratio of 1.73:1, whereas the control group consumed well-balanced nutrition drinks while maintaining a normal diet. After 3 weeks, K-MMSE, body composition, urine ketone bodies, and physical ability were all evaluated. Results: Urine ketone bodies of all case group subjects were positive, and K-MMSE score was significantly elevated in the case group only (p=0.021). Weight and BMI were elevated in the control group only (p<0.05). Grip strength was elevated in all subjects (p<0.01), and measurements of gait speed and one leg balance were improved only in the case group (p<0.05). Conclusions: We suggest that adherence to the LCHF diet supplemented with a ketogenic drink could possibly influence cognitive and physical function in the elderly with a high risk factor for dementia. Further, we confirmed the applicability of this dietary intervention in the elderly based on its lack of any side effects or changes in nutritional status.