• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.04a
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• pp.184-189
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• 2009

In order to improve the operation of energy systems, it is necessary for the urban communities to have reliable optimization routines, both computerized and manual, implemented in their organizations. However, before a production plan for the energy system units can be constructed, a prediction of the energy systems first needs to be determined. So, several methodologies have been proposed for energy demand prediction, but due to uncertainties in urban community, many of them will fail in practice. The main topic of this paper has been the development of a method for energy demand prediction at urban community. Energy demand prediction is important input parameters to plan for the energy planing. This paper presents a energy demand prediction method which estimates heat and electricity for various building categories. The method has been based on artificial neural networks(ANN). The advantage of ANN with respect to the other method is their ability of modeling a multivariable problem given by the complex relationships between the variables. Also, the ANN can extract the relationships among these variables by means of learning with training data. In this paper, the ANN have been applied in oder to correlate weather conditions, calendar data, schedules, etc. Space heating, cooling, hot water and HVAC electricity can be predicted using this method. This method can produce 10% of errors hourly load profile from individual building to urban community.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.135-140
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• 2000

The objectives of this study were to determine whether older Americans would provide valid energy intake information using a 24-hr recall method and to determine which characteristics were predictive of under-report of energy intake. We conducted 24-hour recalls on 83 male and 105 female community-dwelling older adults(66-87y) in the USA to assess energy(EI) and nutrient intakes. Basal metabolic rate(BMR) was calculated from age-and gender-specific equations of Schofield. Under-reporting was defined a priori as EI : BMR<0.9. Subjects volunteered demographic information, underwent depression and cognition exams, and completed a Level II Nutrition Risk Screen. Differences between under- and adequate-reporters were assessed using t-tests for characteristics and macro-nutrient profile. Stepwise regression analyses were used to predict under-reporting status. Under-reporting of EI occurred in 34% of the sample. Neither geriatric depression scale(GDS) score, nor self-reported weight loss were related to under-reporting. On average, under-reporters had higher body mass indices. The most significant variables for the main effect to predict the ratio of energy intake to estimated basal metabolic rate(EI : BMRest) were BMI and age. Using a standard cut-off of 76% of the recommended dietary allowances for Americans, under-reporters were consistently more likely to be classified as having inadequate nutrient, as well as energy, intakes. (J Community 2(2) 135∼140, 2000)

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2022.06a
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• pp.408-417
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• 2022

Although traditionally perceived as being a visualization and asset management resource, the relatively rapid rate of improvement of computing power, coupled with the proliferation of cloud and edge computing and the IoT has seen the expanded functionality of modern Digital Twins (DTs). These technologies, when applied to buildings, are now providing users with the ability to analyse and predict their energy consumption, implement building controls and identify faults quickly and efficiently, while preserving acceptable comfort and well-being levels. Furthermore, when these building DTs are linked together to form a community DT, entirely new and novel energy management techniques, such as demand side management, demand response, flexibility and local energy markets can be unlocked and analysed in detail, creating circularity in the economy and making ordinary building occupants active participants in the energy market. Through the EU Horizon 2020 funded TwinERGY project, three different levels of DT (consumer - building - community) are being created to support the creation of local energy markets while optimising building performance for real-time occupant preferences and requirements for their building and community. The aim of this research work is to demonstrate the development of this new, interrelated, multi-level DT that can be used as a decision-making tool, helping to determine optimal scenarios simultaneously at consumer, building and community level, while enhancing and successfully supporting the community's management plan implementation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.27-30
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• 2010

This paper presents the system design process of district community cooling system using LNG cold energy. The newly developed LNG cooling system includes several heat exchangers, LNG storage tank, thermal mass storage tank, several cold energy storage tanks, gas air-conditioners, compressors, constant pressure regulators, cold energy and hot energy supply pipes. In addition, the gas air-conditioner system is installed to supply not sufficient cold energy due to low level of city gas consumptions during a summer period. This system design is very effective and safe to supply cold energy mass of fresh air by exchanging two thermal masses of an air and 200kcal/kg cold energy of LNG. The district community cooling system with LNG cold energy does not produce CO2 and freon gases in the air.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.336-344
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• 2002

In this study, nutrient intake status and energy expenditure were examined to investigate the nutritional status of the elderly in a rural community. The results obtained by questionaries, the 24 hour recall method, and time-diary were as follows: The elderly men surveyed were 73.8 years old, on the average. The elderly women surveyed were 73.5 years old, on the average. The proportion of the elderly with diseases was 51.9%. Most of the subjects (86.1%) had a regular meal pattern of consuming three meals a day. The average daily energy intake of the rural elderly was much lower than the Korean RDA. The dietary assessment data showed that each energy intake of the males and the females was 79.5% and 84.3% of the RDA, respectively. The dietary intake of Ca, Fe, niacin, thiamin, and riboflavin was lower than the Korean RDA, and that of P and Vitamin C was adequate. The Fe intake was significantly different with respect to age and sex (p < 0.05). Although, in both elderly men and elderly women it decreased with age, the elderly men's intake was lower than the elderly women's. The heights of the elderly men and the elderly women was 159.7 cm and 147.5 cm, respectively, and the weights were 60.0 kg and 52.2 kg, respectively, and the BMI was in the moderate range. Heights significantly decreased with age (p < 0.05). According to daily living schedules, leisure time (11.0 hour) was the longest, physiological time (9.6 hours) was next, and work time (3.4 hours) was the shortest. Energy expenditure significantly decreased with age (p < 0.01). Energy intake also decreased with aging. Energy balance (energy expenditure/energy intake) was 93.4% in elderly men and 104.0% in elderly women. Especially, in elderly men in the 65 to 74 age range, the energy balance was the lowest, and the nutrient intake was also much lower than that of elderly women.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society for Energy Engineering kosee Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.45-51
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• 2002

CES(Community Energy System)란 구역형의 소규모 지역냉난방시스템으로 세계에서 일본이 가장 발달된바, 일본의 도입 실태분석이 향후 국내 CES 도입에 중요한 자료가 될 것으로 판단되므로 일본에서의 소규모 지역냉난방시스템 도입사례에 대한 조사분석한 내용을 소개하고자 한다. 일본에서의 지역열공급사업의 개념은 1개소 또는 수개소의 열공급플랜트로부터 복수의 건물에 지역배관을 통하여 냉수ㆍ증기ㆍ온수 등을 보내어 냉난방ㆍ급탕을 행하는 것이다.(중략)

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.299-299
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• 2009

Impact evaluation은 현재 시행중이거나 과거에 시행된 프로그램이 국가나 평가대상에 미치는 영향을 정량적으로 측정하는 평가 방법으로 경제적 상황이나 시장 트렌드와 같이 결과에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 외부효과를 제거하고 순수하게 프로그램만의 영향력을 산출한다. 이 방법은 원래 미국의 DOE(Department Of Energy)산하 EERE(Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy)에서 프로그램 평가를 위해 사용하는 General Program Evaluation Guide에서 언급된 5가지 평가방법 중 하나로 미국의 신재생에너지 프로그램 평가에 주로 사용된다. 이를 한국에 적용하기 위해 미국의 주택용 풍력보급 사업을 평가한 보고서인 Economic Development Impacts of Community wind Projects: A Review and Empirical Evaluation 을 분석 했다. 이 보고서에서는 I/O model을 이용해 직접적 영향력, 간접적 영향력, 유도된 영향력을 구했으며 이를 기존의 평가 보고서와 비교해서 시사점을 도출하였다.

• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.04a
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• pp.127-132
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• 2009

A Microsoft Access application program is developed to calculate energy demands for a Community Energy System (CES) composed of various types of buildings. The field-measured heating, hot water, cooling, and electricity energy consumptions for 14 types of building are systematically organized in forms of database and hourly loads for a span of year (8760 hours) are generated through an automated statistical procedure. User-friendly standard windows interfaces are provided to assist non-expert end users.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.111-116
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• 2010

Ecological villages should be designed not only for simply reducing environmental impact such as energy saving and alternative energy use, resource conservation and circulation, harmony with surrounding environment and nature, but also for encouraging social contact and community activities with the residents, especially the aged people. The aim of this paper is to find the ecological and social design elements for the ecological village planning derived through case studies. The case studies are selected from the environmental Co-housings in Western America, surveyed in the years of 2008 and 2009. The results are as follows; 1. The ecological design elements, although there are some differences in size and type, were found to be basically applied in every ecological villages. 2. The community activities are actively conducted with the participation of the residents based on a variety of programs. The two main purposes of the community activities are strengthening the residents' familiarity with each other and the volunteer services to the local community where they belong.

• Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 2011

According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), many countries around the world have been concerned with reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. Reducing the level of building energy consumption is particularly important in bringing GHG down. Because of this, many countries including the US and the EU are enforcing energy-related policies. However, these policies are focused on management of single types of buildings such as public buildings and office buildings, instead of management on a national level. Thus, although various policies have been enforced in many countries, $CO_2$ management on a national level is still not an area of focus. Therefore, this study proposed a community-based $CO_2$ management process that allows government-led GHG management. The minimum unit of the community in this study is a plot, and the process consists of three steps. First, the current condition of the GHG emission was identified by plot. Second, based on the identified results, the GHG emission reduction target was distributed per plot by reflecting the weighted value according to (i) the target $CO_2$ reduction in the buildings in the standard year, (ii) region, and (iii) building usage and size. Finally, to achieve the allocated target reduction, building energy management was executed according to the properties of the building located on each plot. It can be expected that the proposed community-based $CO_2$ management process will enable government-level GHG management, through which environment-friendly building construction can be promoted.