• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.837-851
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• 1999

In order to inverstigate interactive effects of Samultang(SMT) and SMT composition and the principle of prescription, I examined the effects of SMT and combination of three components of SMT, In C57BL/6 mouse with oral administration of SMT and cyclophosphamide(CTX) treatment, white blood cells, platelet were counted. Also, those were anti-anemia effect for rat which have hemolytic anemia induced by phenylhydrazine. The results were summerized as follows : 1. In vivo analysis of the effect of the SMT by orally administrated C57BL/6 mice with the SMT and was treated with cyclophosphamide (CTX). When the number of white blood cell. platelet was counted, there was ameliorative effects of leucopenia or thrombocytopenia as a protection to CTX. 2. It was acknowledged that SMT and its composition increased RBC count and hemlytic significantly in rat which have hemolytic anemia. 3. Among SMT composition Angelicae gigantis Radix and Cnidii Rhizoma solution and among the combination group Rehmanniae Radix and Cnidii Rhizoma combination and SMT solution showed significant effects for hemoglobin and weight of spleen in mouse which have hemolytic anemia. Thus it was acknowledged that Rehmanniae Radix and Cnidii Rhizoma combination had effect to improve hemoglobin and weight of spleen. From above these results it was acknowledged that SMT has effects that ameliorative effects of leucopenia or thrombocytopenia as a protection to CTX and anti-anemic effect for the rat which have hemolytic anemia induced by phenylhydrazine and these effects depend upon its combination of SMT composition. Especially it was acknowleged, though there are the slight difference according to combination, that Paeoniae Radix Alba combination had improving effect for physical change. So it is though that Paeoniae Radix Alba is main material for this kind of disease and continuous study is needed.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.135-150
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• 2016

Objectives : The aim of this study is to review the combination effects and adverse effects of Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) on the treatment of obesity. Methods : Four databases were searched, including Pubmed, National assembly library, RISS4u, and NDSL, for studies published before March 31, 2016 using the keywords 'yerba mate', 'Ilex paraguariensis', and those related to 'obesity'. Clinical trials, and both in vivo and in vitro studies were classified according to the following categories: publication year, nationality, types and composition of test compounds, combination effects, adverse effects, and safety. Results : A total of 16 articles (14 clinical trials, one in vivo, one in vitro) were included in the analysis. Combination effects were reported from six YGD (Yerba Mate, Guarana, Damiana, Zotrim), five Meltdown, one Shred-matrix, one DBX (DymaBurn Xtreme), one XSIII research study, and adverse effects were reported from two YGD (Zotrim), four Meltdown, one Shred-matrix and one MetEF research study. YGD and Shred-matrix increased satiety while YGD and MetEF had adverse gastrointestinal effects potentially due to guarana. Meltdown and Shred-matrix increased energy expenditure and fat oxidation and had the adverse effects of increased heart rate and blood pressure due to the thermogenic effect of caffeine and yohimbine. DBX increased resting energy expenditure but no difference was observed in respiratory exchange ratio. XSIII reduced body weight gain and food intake more than each of the extracts did on their own. Conclusion : Taken together, the combination effects and adverse effects differed according to the composition of test compounds and the ratio of ingredients. Multicomponent approaches should be used for treating multifactorial diseases such as obesity. As a general conclusion, there is a place for a combination of herbal components including yerba mate, based on the principle of Kun-Shin-Choa-Sa for the treatment of obesity.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.399-410
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate emotional images and preference of knitwear by tone on tone combination. The subjects were 357 university students in Daejeon and Chungnam province, and the measuring instruments were 6 stimuli manipulated by color and tone combination type of background and pattern in the tone and tone combination, and self-administrated questionnaires consisted of emotional images items, preference items, and subjects' demographics attributions. The data were analyzed by Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, factor analysis, t-test, MANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test, using SPSS program. The results were as follows. First, four factors (attractiveness, conspicuity, mildness, and activity) are emerged on emotional images of knitwear. Second, color had main effects on emotional images and preference. Gray color was perceived as most attractive image and more preferred than others. Third, tone combination type had some effects on emotional images. Vivid tone background/light tone pattern was perceived more attractive image but less conspicuous and mild than light tone background/vivid tone pattern. Forth, subjects' gender had an effects on conspicuous image. Male was perceived more conspicuous image on knitwear stimuli than female. Fifth, color and subjects' gender had interaction effects on attractiveness image and preference. Male perceived that blue is more attractive and preferred than female.

• Proceedings of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea Conference
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• 2005.03a
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• pp.185-192
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• 2005

Using existing static methods, it is possible to estimate accurately the reponses of structures governed by the fundamental mode. However, these methods do not provide reliable estimates for the structure where higher mode effects are significant. Parametric study was performed to analyze the dynamic characteristics of the structure with long vibration period. Based on the investigations, a new modal combination method using modal combination coefficients, Factored Modal Combination, was developed, and static earthquake load patterns addressing higher mode effects reasonably were proposed. Existing modal combination methods, such as SRSS and CQC, lack a theoretical basis to be applied to inelastic structures. In contrast, the proposed method can be applied conveniently in inelastic range as well as in elastic range.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.29 no.9_10 s.146
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• pp.1207-1218
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to find out the effect of wearer's body type and clothing type, neutral tone combination on impression formation. The experimental materials developed for this study are a set of stimuli and response scales(The 7-point semantic). the stimuli are 90 pictures manipulated with wearer's body type, clothing type and neutral tone variation by computer simulation. The subjects are 540 female undergraduate students in Kyung-nam. The resulte of this study are as follows : Impression factor of the stimulus consisted of the 5 demensions(tenderness, cuteness, attractiveness, elegance, intrepidity). Wearer's body type had significant effects on all five factors. Especially, it had the strongest effects on attractiveness. Clothing type had significant effects on tenderness, attractiveness, intrepidity. Neutral tone combinations had significant effects on all factors except elegance. In regarding the effect of interaction between each variable, the combination of clothing type and neutral tone combination had significant effects on attractiveness, elegance, intrepidity.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.1-12
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• 2011

Objectives: The object of this study was to observe the in vitro antibacterial effects of Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts, traditionally used for treating various gynecological diseases including vaginitis in Korea against Gardnerella vaginalis, and combination effects of Chungdae-tang extracts with Clindamycin were also monitored in this study. Methods: Antibacterial activities against Gardnerella vaginalis of Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts were detected using standard agar microdilution methods. In addition, the effects on the bacterial growth curve were also monitored at MIC and MIC${\times}$2 levels. The combination effects of Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts with Clindamycin were observed by Checkerboard microtiter assay, and the effects of bacterial growth curve treated with or Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts MIC+Clindamycin MIC, 1/2MIC and 1/4MIC, respectively. In the present study, Gardnerella vaginalis were incubated under $37^{\circ}C$, 10% $CO_2$; and bacterial growth curves were calculated at 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120hrs after incubations. Results: MIC of Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts against Gardnerella vaginalis were detected as $3.906{\pm}2.344$(0.782~6.250) mg/$m\ell$, respectively. MIC of Clindamycin was detected as $0.010{\pm}0.006$(0.004~0.016) ${\mu}g/m\ell$ at same conditions. In addition, Clindamycin and Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts also showed marked dosage-dependent inhibition of bacterial growth, and more dramatical inhibitions were detected in Clindamycin+Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts MIC treatment as compared with each of single Clindamycin MIC and Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts MIC treatments, respectively. In addition, quite similar inhibitory effects on bacterial growth were detected in Clindamycin 1/4 MIC+Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts MIC treatment as compared with single Clindamycin MIC treatment in the present study. FIC index in combination of Chungdae-tang and Clindamycin were detected as $0.775{\pm}0.285$ (0.500~1.250) at Checkerboard microtiter assay. Conclusions: The results obtained in this study suggest that Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts showed antibacterial effects against Gardnerella vaginalis, and it also showed dosage-dependent inhibitory effects on the bacterial growth. In addition, combination treatment of Chungdae-tang aqueous extract with Clindamycin showed more potent inhibitory effects on the growth of Gardnerella vaginalis with FIC index $0.775{\pm}0.285$(0.500~1.250), respectively. It means, the combination of Chungdae-tang aqueous extract with Clindamycin is partially synergistic effects. It, therefore, is expected that effective dosages of Clindamycin will be reduced to 1/4 or over 1/4 levels as combination with Chungdae-tang extracts, respectively.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.34-46
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• 2012

Objectives: The object of this study was to observe the in vitro antibacterial effects of Wandae-tang extracts and combination of Wandae-tang extracts and Clindamycin against Gardnerella vaginalis ATCC14018. Methods: Antibacterial activities against Gardnerella vaginalis ATCC14018 of Wandae-tang extracts were detected using standard agar microdilution methods. In addition, the effects on the bacterial growth curve were also monitored at minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) and $MIC{\times}2$ levels. The combination effects of Wandae-tang extracts with Clindamycin were observed by Checkerboard microtiter assay, and the effects of bacterial growth curve was treated with Wandae-tang extracts MIC+Clindamycin MIC, 1/2 MIC and 1/4 MIC, respectively. Results: MIC of Wandae-tang extracts and Clindamycin against Gardnerella vaginalis ATCC14018 were detected as $1.719{\pm}0.856$(0.782~3.125) $mg/m{\ell}$ and $0.010{\pm}0.006$ (0.004~0.016) ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$. In addition, Clindamycin and Wandae-tang extracts were also showed marked dosage-dependent inhibition of bacterial growth, and more dramatical inhibitions were detected in Clindamycin+Wandae-tang extracts MIC treatment. Fractional inhibitory concentration index in combination of Wandae-tang extracts and Clindamycin were detected as $0.294{\pm}0.052$(0.250~0.375) at Checkerboard microtiter assay. Conclusions: The results obtained in this study suggest that Wandae-tang extracts showed antibacterial effects against Gardnerella vaginalis ATCC14018, and they also showed dosage-dependent inhibitory effects on the bacterial growth. In addition, combination treatment of Wandae-tang extracts with Clindamycin showed more synergistically potent inhibitory effects on the growth of Gardnerella vaginalis.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.301-308
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• 2010

The sensibility effects of color combinations was studied utilizing tone on tone combination and tone in tone combination. A total of 24 color combinations were rated by 10 college students using Semantic Differential Method. The data was analyzed by using Excel statistics program 2004. Analysis method was factor analysis. Theresults of this study were as follow. Color combinations utilizing tone on tone and color combinations utilizing tone in tone was evaluated a very different impression. Thus these were found to have an influence on sensibility effects of color combinations. In comparison with appearance of color combination using colored paper and that of product to apply to color combination using colored paper, it was showed to be evaluated mostly similar impression. However By characteristic with product, shape, size and texture, appearance of color combination is likely to be evaluated very difference impression. The results of these studies will serve as a basis of color combination image or color design.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.7 no.3_4
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• pp.17-35
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• 1992

In this study, it was examined the toxic effects of combination of buprofezin and carbaryl on hematological, biological and enzymetic parameters in rats. The administration of buprofezin or carbaryl both induced the tissue content of cytochrome P-450 and furthermore, the combination of the both increased significantly the liver content of cytochrome P-450 in rat. But cytochrome P-450 and NADPH -cytochrome c reductase activities in kidney were slightly increased. Administration of carbaryl and combination of the both also significantly increased hepatic aniline hydroxylase activity. In addition, in the combination group, glucose-6-phosphatase and lipid peroxidase activities were changed in the rat liver. Furthermore, cholinesterase was inhibited in rats treated with carbaryl or the combination of buprofezin and carbaryl. The above results suggested that the combined administration of buprofezin and carbaryl can induce more toxic effects than the single administration of buprofezin or carbaryl.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.5243-5248
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• 2013

Background: Triptolide, extracted from the herb Tripteryglum wilfordii Hook.f that has long been used as a natural medicine in China, has attracted much interest for its anti-cancer effects against some kinds of tumours in recent years. Artesunate, extracted from the Chinese herb Artemisia annua, has proven to be effective and safe as an anti-malarial drug that possesses anticancer potential. The present study attempted to clarify if triptolide enhances artesunate-induced cytotoxicity in pancreatic cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Methods: In vitro, to test synergic actions, cell viability and apoptosis were analyzed after treatment of pancreatic cancer cell lines with the two agents singly or in combination. The molecular mechanisms of apoptotic effects were also explored using qRT-PCR and Western blotting. In vivo, a tumor xenograft model was established in nude mice, for assessment of inhibitory effects of triptolide and artesunate. Results: We could show that the combination of triptolide and artesunate could inhibit pancreatic cancer cell line growth, and induce apoptosis, accompanied by expression of HSP 20 and HSP 27, indicating important roles in the synergic effects. Moreover, tumor growth was decreased with triptolide and artesunate synergy. Conclusion: Our result indicated that triptolide and artesunate in combination at low concentrations can exert synergistic anti-tumor effects in pancreatic cancer cells with potential clinical applications.