• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.657-663
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• 2002

Probiotics have been suggested to improve gastrointestinal health in humans. To investigate the effects of Bacillus polyfermenticus SCD administration on fecal microflora and putrefactive metabolites in humans, Bacillus polyfermenticus SCD (4.00${\times}$10$\sub$5/ CFU/mg) was administrated to ten healthy subjects (5 men and 5 women, average age 24 years) three times a day for 2 weeks. Fecal samples were collected before (1st and 2nd weeks, control), during (3rd and 4th weeks), and 2 weeks after the administration. The fo11owing microbial groups were evaluated in the feces: aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, Bacillus polyfermenticus SCD, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, total lactic acid bacteria, Salmonella, Clostridium, Clostridium perfringens, Eubacterium, Staphylococcus, Coliform bacteria, Pseudomunas, and Yeast. Fecal concentrations of total aerobic bacteria (p<0.05, p<0.01, 3rd and 4th weeks), total lactic acid bacteria (p<0.01, 3rd, 4th and 5th weeks), and Bifidobacteria (p<0.05, 4th and 5th weeks) were significantly increased in all subjects, compared to the control, from the 3rd week after the administration of the products. Clostridium (p<0.01, 4th week), Clostridium perfringens (p<0.05, p<0.01, 3rd and 4th weeks), and coliform (p<0.01,5th week) were significantly reduced from the 3rd week of administration. No significant changes in the fecal concentrations of Pseudomonas, Lactobacillus, Eubacterium, Staphylococcus, yeast, and total anaerobes were observed. Six weeks after the administration, the concentration of all rnicroorganlsrns returned to the basal level. Bacillus polyfermenticus SCD was significantly maintained from the 3rd week to 6th week of the study. Despite the absence of a statistical significance, the putrefactive metabolites (ammonia, indole, skatole, and $\rho$-cresol) and the pH value tended to be lower during and after the test periods than the base line. These results show that this probiotic preparation is able to colonize the intestine, and suggest that it may be useful as a beneficial probiotic in humans.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.613-622
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• 2017

The object of this study was to determine the influence of dietary metabolic energy (ME) on ..... A total of 240 meat ducks Cherry valley (Anas platyrhynchos) were assigned into four treatment groups with a randomized block design for 42 days. The four treatments were: ME 2900 kcal/kg, ME 3000 kcal/kg, ME 3100 kcal/kg, and ME 3200 kcal/kg. There was no difference in liver tissue among the treatments. The duodenal villi and crypt depth length decreased by 10.58% in 2900 compared with ME 3000, but there was no difference between 3100 and 3200. Counts of caecal Latobacillus decreased by 9.47% in 2900 compared to ME 3000, but increased by 2.52 and 3.24% in 3100 and 3200, respectively. Total aerobic bacteria, E. coli and Coliform bacteria were increased by 2900 when compared to ME 3000, but there was no difference between 3100 and 3200. HSP $90-{\alpha}$ among the heat shock proteins (HSPs)-mRNA in the liver was reduced by 48.60% in 2900 compared to ME 3000, while 3100 and 3200 showed no difference or increased.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.807-815
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• 2018

This study was investigated the effect of dietary probiotic mixture on blood biomarkers, immune responses, caecal microorganism and productivity in broiler chickens under heat stress (HS). A total of 400 broiler chick males (Ross 308) were divided into four groups of 100 heads each, group C (control, room temperature $25^{\circ}C$), HS (heat stress $33^{\circ}C$) and HSP (HS plus probiotic mixture 500, 750 mg/kg of diet), respectively. Broiler body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and immune organ weight increased in the HSP group compared to the HS group. The concentrations of blood IgG and lymphocyte were increased in the HSP group compared to the HS group, and the heterophil:lymphocyte (H:L) ratio, corticosterone concentration and mortality were low. Lactobacillus in the cecum increased in the HSP group compared to the HS group, but was lower in Escherichiacoli (E. coli), coliform bacteria and aerobic bacteria. These results indicate that feeding probitic mixture including three strains such as B. subtilis, S. galilaeus and Sphingobacteriaceae to broiler exposed to heat stress can improve production with lowering mortality by improving immune response and microbial balance.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.787-796
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of probiotic mixture on fecal ammonia, caecal microorganism, immune response, egg quality and production in layer under heat stress (HS).A total of four hundred 50 week olds Hy-Line Brown layers were randomly divided into four groups of 100 heads each: C (control, room temperature $25^{\circ}C$), HS (heat stress $33^{\circ}C$), PM (HS plus probiotic mixture 500, 750 mg/kg of diets). Egg production, egg quality, spleen weight, blood IgG and lymphocyte concentrations were increased in the PM group compared to the HS group, while mortality, the heterophil:lymphocyte (H:L) ratio, and corticosterone levelswere significantly decreased. Lactobacillus was increased in the PM group compared to the HS group, but E. coli, coliform bacteria and aerobic bacteria were significantly reduced. Fecal ammonia production was significantly increased in the HS group compared to the PM group. In conclusion, the results of this study that these mixed probiotics can reduce the heat damage of the summer laying hens and can be an effective nutritional strategy to reduce odor generation from feces, and to improve egg quality and laying production through immune response and caecal microbial balance.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.376-386
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• 2011

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbial hazards posed by food utensils and fixtures in food service operations at selected middle and high schools located in Seoul, Korea. Methods: We collected 200 samples of utensils and fixtures including cups, spoons/chopsticks, food trays and tables from five different schools in Seoul. Target microorganisms of this study were divided into two groups: total bacterial count and total coliform as indicators of microbial contamination and Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus as pathogens of food poisoning. We used selective media to quantify microbial concentration and 16S rRNA PCR assay for qualitative analysis. In addition, intensive interviews with nutritionists were conducted and observations were made to identify factors that may affect microbial contamination. Logistic regression analysis was employed to examine the relationship between the microbial concentration and operation characteristics of each operation. Results: The level of microbial concentration in school B and C were significantly lower than in school A, D and E (p<0.05). Some samples from school A, D and E showed over 3.4 log CFU/100 $cm^2$ (total bacterial count) and 1.0 log CFU/100 $cm^2$ (total coliform), which requires immediate hygienic action. The number of customers per staff member, periodicity of hygiene education for staff and daily operation time of sterilizers were also found to be important factors related with the microbial contamination of food service operations. Conclusions: These results suggested that not only a HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point) approach, but also efforts to assess internal risk factors within operations be needed to reduce the microbial contamination of food utensils and fixtures. This study is expected to provide preliminary data for assessing microbial hazards in food service operations.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.510-519
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• 2012

Objectives: This study was conducted in order to evaluate the microbiological contamination of the indoor air of the lunchrooms at child care centers and investigate the toxin genes and toxin production ability of food-borne pathogens. Methods: A total of 64 child care centers were sampled to test total aerobic bacteria, coliform bacteria, fungi, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Salmonella spp. according to the Korea Food Code. All toxin genes of pathogens were detected using the Polymerase Chain Reaction method. The Sthaph. aureus enterotoxin was detected by a Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin-reversed passive latex agglutination kit. The heamolysin BL (HBL) and non-heamolytic enterotoxin (NHE) produced by B. cereus were detected using a B. cereus enterotoxin-reversed passive latex agglutination kit and Bacillus diarrheal enterotoxin visual immunoassay kit, respectively. Results: The means of total aerobic bacteria and coliform bacteria were $1.91{\pm}1.84$ log CFU/plate and $0.47{\pm}0.62$ log CFU/plate, respectively. The mean of fungi also showed $0.59{\pm}0.71$ log CFU/plate. Among the pathogenic bacteria tested in this study, Staphy. aureus and B. cereus were detected in four (6.3%) and 21 (32.8%) out of 64 indoor air samples from lunchrooms in child care centers, respectively. All Staphy. aureus tested in this study possessed no toxin genes and did not produce enterotoxin. The detection rate of nheABC, hblCDA, entFM and ces toxin gene in B. cereus was 100, 57.1, 76.2 and 0%, respectively. B. cereus isolates were classified into four groups according to the presence or absence of toxin genes. The nheABC gene was the major toxin gene among B. cereus tested in this study. The HBL was detected in 11 out of 21 B. cereus isolates (52.4%) and three B. cereus isolates produced NHE (14.3%). Conclusion: The results indicated that the contamination by microorganisms in the indoor air of lunchrooms was unqualified to supply safe catering in child care centers. The ongoing control of indoor air quality is required.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.170-174
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• 1985

This study was intended to develop a sanitary and economic storage method using gamma irradiation for chicken. The samples, which were irradiated with doses of 0, 5, 8 and 10 kGy and stored at 3 to $4^{\circ}C$ for 41 days, were subjected to an investigation of the sterilizing effect on microorganisms. In the number of microorganisms contaminated, psychrotrophiles, mesophiles and thermophiles were $7.8{\times}10^5,\;3.6{\times}10^5$ and $1.1{\times}10^3$ per gram of the samples, respectively, and yeast & mold and coliform group were $3.0{\times}10^3$ and $2.1{\times}10^3$ per gram of the samples, respectively. Also, other enteric bacilli were isolated up to 90% out of total test groups on a selective medium(S-S agar). The number of total bacteria was reduced by over 2 to 4log cycles with an irradiation of 5 kGy to 10 kGy, and an irradiation treatment of over 5 kGy was shown to be effective for the radurization of yeast & mold, coliform group and other enteric bacilli. Thus, it was possible to extend the microbiological self-life of chicken for about 2 to 7 weeks compared with the control.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.694-701
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• 2014

The quality characteristics of blanched Aster scaber with the blanching condition and various solutes (non-treated, NT; soluble Ca, SC; sodium bicarbonate, SB; and magnesium sulfate, MS) were evaluated with different blanching times and solutes. The blanching process decreased the total polyphenolics, ascorbic acid contents, hardness, and cutting strength of the leaves. As for the pectinesterase and polygalacturonase, the blanching process increased their inhibitory activities, and more than 90% of them were inactivated in all the samples that were blanched. For the total counts and the number of coliform groups, the number of total aerobes at 5.92-log CFU/g before the blanching process was reduced to the approximately 2-3 log scale, and the coliform group was not detected after the blanching. The blanching also significantly decreased the total chlorophyll a and b ratios. The sensory characteristics of the Aster scaber according to the test group showed that the leaves blanched for 3 min were the most highly evaluated in terms of their overall acceptability. The phenolic compound, chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents tended to increase from before their blanching, and the Ca/Cb ratio was higher in the SC. These results showed that SC and MS treatment had greater effects on the quality characteristics and the pigmentation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.188-192
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• 1984

In order to investigate the hygienic status of commercial red pepper powder, one sample was directly prepared from raw red pepper which was purchased at market and the other one was a commercial red pepper powder. They were used for the investigation upon the status of microbial contamination, effect of irradiation for sterilization and physicochemical changes during 3 months of storage. Total bacterial counts of commercial red pepper powders were 3.83 to $6.68{\times}10^6$ per gram and coliform group was shown to be positive in some products. Total bacteria and coliform group were sterilized by the irradiation of 9 kGy and 3 kGy, respectively and no microorganisms were grown up until 3 months of storage at room temperature. The $D_{10}$ values of total viable bacteria in red pepper powders were 1.52 to 1.58 kGy. Chemical components such as moisture, total and reducing sugars were slightly decreased during the storage period. The contents of capsanthin and capsaicin were partly affected by the high dose irradiation but the difference between unirradiated and irradiated groups was diminished with the elapse of storage period.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.696-701
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate impacts of soil properties on microbial distribution in Jeonbuk orchard fields. Soil samples were collected from 110 sites cultivated with different fruit plants. The population of aerobic bacteria and fungi and the content of soil microbial biomass carbon (C) were found to increase with increasing silt content in the soils. Different activity of dehydrogenase was not observed among the different textures of soil. Microbial distribution, amount of microbial biomass C, and dehydrogenase activity in the soils were not significantly different among the topographic sites. However, in pear and grape fruit plant fields, coliform group of bacteria was found in relatively higher population, $133.0{\times}10^3\;CFU\;g^{-1}$ and $107.4{\times}10^3\;CFU\;g^{-1}$, respectively. Microbial groups were simplified and their density was reduced with increasing the cultivation periods of fruit plants. The soil microbial distribution was proportionally correlated with some of soil properties such as soil pH, soil organic matter (SOM) content, and exchangeable Mg content; in particular, the population of Bacillus sp. was proportionally correlated with soil pH and exchangeable Mg content. The amounts of microbial biomass C and the dehydrogenase activity in the soils were significantly correlated with the contents of SOM and exchangeable Ca ion (p<0.01).