• 대기
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.235-246
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• 2022

A large number of MJO skill metrics and process-oriented MJO simulation metrics have been developed by previous studies including the MJO Working Group and Task Force. To assess models' successes and shortcomings in the MJO simulation, a standardized set of diagnostics with the additional set of dynamics-oriented diagnostics are applied. The Global Coupled (GC) model developed for the operation of the climate prediction system is used with the comparison between the GC2 and GC3.1. Two GC models successfully capture three-dimensional dynamic and thermodynamic structure as well as coherent eastward propagation from the reference regions of the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific. The low-level moisture convergence (LLMC) ahead of the MJO deep convection, the low-level westerly and easterly associated with the coupled Rossby-Kelvin wave and the upper-level divergence are simulated successfully. The GC3.1 model simulates a better three-dimensional structure of MJO and thus reproduces more realistic eastward propagation. In GC2, the MJO convection following the LLMC near and east of the Maritime Continent is much weaker than observation and has an asymmetric distribution of both low and upper-level circulation anomalies. The common shortcomings of GC2 and GC3.1 are revealed in the shorter MJO periods and relatively weak LLMC as well as convective activity over the western Indian Ocean.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제30권10호
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• pp.542-549
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• 2020

Effects of Sc addition on microstructure, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of the as-cast and as-extruded Al-2Zn-1Cu-0.3Mg-xSc (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5 wt%) alloys are investigated. The average grain size of the as-cast Al-2Zn-1Cu-0.3Mg alloy is 2,334 ㎛; however, this value drops to 914 and 529 ㎛ with addition of Sc element at 0.25 wt% and 0.5 wt%, respectively. This grain refinement is due to primary Al₃Sc phase forming during solidification. The as-extruded Al-2Zn-1Cu-0.3Mg alloy has a recrystallization structure consisting of almost equiaxed grains. However, the as-extruded Sc-containing alloys consist of grains that are extremely elongated in the extrusion direction. In addition, it is found that the proportion of low-angle grain boundaries below 15 degree is dominant. This is because the addition of Sc results in the formation of coherent and nano-scale Al₃Sc phases during hot extrusion, inhibiting the process of recrystallization and improving the strength by pinning of dislocations and the formation of subgrain boundaries. The maximum values of the yield and tensile strength are 126 MPa and 215 MPa for the as-extruded Al-2Zn-1Cu-0.3Mg-0.25Sc alloy, respectively. The increase in strength is probably due to the existence of nano-scale Al₃Sc precipitates and dense Al₂Cu phases. Thermal conductivity of the as-cast Al-2Zn-1Cu-0.3Mg-xSc alloy is reduced to 204, 187 and 183 W/MK by additions of elemental Sc of 0, 0.25 and 0.5 wt%, respectively. On the other hand, the thermal conductivity of the as-extruded Al-2Zn-1Cu-0.3Mg-xSc alloy is about 200 W/Mk regardless of the content of Sc. This is because of the formation of coherent Al₃Sc phase, which decreases Sc content and causes extremely high electrical resistivity.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제18권9호
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• pp.1248-1256
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• 1993

디지탈 신호처리기술 및 종래의 아날로그 신호처리기술로는 저주파수의 신호를 처리하는데는 아주 효과적이지만, 주파수 대역폭이 GHz단위일 경우에는 많은 손실이 있기 때문에 지연매체로서 광파이버가 많이 사용된다. 광파이버는 저손실 그리고 극히 작은 지연도 정확하게 얻을 수 있기 때문에 채널분리 필터 등과 같은 고주파, 광대역신호의 고속처리 특히 수십GHz 단위의 채널을 광FDM다중화하는 분야등에 많은 주목을 받고 있다. 본 논문에서는 광파이버를 이용한 지연소자와 방향성결합기(directional coupler)를 구성 단위로 하고 코히런트 광원을 이용한 격자형 광파이버필터에 대하여 논한다. 코히런트 광원을 이용한 광파이태 필터는, 기본 구성요소인 방향성결합기의 특성 때문에 1)입력신호는 광강도에 의해 처리되기 때문에 방향성결합기의 결합계 수(=a)는 0과 1 사이의 값만 취할 수 있다. 2)광신호의 전계강도를 E라 했을때 그 분기점에서 신호광은 Jae와 J1-ae로 분배된다. 본 논문에서는 방향성 결합기의 제약조건을 고려하고, 간단한 구성 및 설계를 위하여 가산소자와 분기소자가 동일한 결합계수를 가지는 격자형 광파이버필터플 제안하였다. 설계방침으로는 주어진 전달함수에 대해 광신호의 Energy를 최대한 유효하게 사용하는 설계법으로 그때의 설계공식 및 실험조건등을 유도하였다.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.65-68
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• 2005

The effect of crystal orientation and microstructure on the mechanical properties of $TaN_x$ was investigated. $TaN_x$ films were grown on $SiO_2$ substrates by ultrahigh vacuum unbalanced magnetron sputter deposition in mixed $Ar/N_2$ discharges at 20 mTorr (2.67 Pa) and at $350^{\circ}C$. Unlike the Ti-N system, in which TiN is the terminal phase, a large number of N-rich phases in the Ta-N system could lead to layers which had nano-sized lamella structure of coherent cubic and hexagonal phases, with a correct choice of nitrogen fraction in the sputtering mixture and ion irradiation energy during growth. The preferred orientations and the micro-structure of $TaN_x$ layers were controlled by varing incident ion energy $E_i\;(=30eV\~50eV)$ and nitrogen fractions $f_{N2}\;(=0.1\~0.15)$. $TaN_x$ layers were grown on (0002)-Ti underlayer as a crystallographic template in order to relieve the stress on the films. The structure of the $TaN_x$ film transformed from Bl-NaCl $\delta-TaN_x$ to lamellar structured Bl-NaCl $\delta-TaN_x$ + hexagonal $\varepsilon-TaN_x$ or Bl-NaCl $\delta-TaN_x$ + hexagonal $\gamma-TaN_x$ with increasing the ion energy at the same nitrogen fraction $f_{N2}$. The hardness of the films also increased by the structural change. At the nitrogen fraction of $0.1\~0.125$, the structure of the $TaN_x$ films was changed from $\delta-TaN_x\;+\;\varepsilon-TaN_x\;to\;\delta-TaN_x\;+\;\gamma-TaN_x$ with increasing the ion energy. However, at the nitrogen fraction of 0.15 the film structure did not change from $\delta-TaN_x\;+\;\varepsilon-TaN_x$ over the whole range of the applied ion energy. The hardness increased significantly from 21.1 GPa to 45.5 GPa with increasing the ion energy.

• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.215-224
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• 1997

Al-Li 8090 합금을 재료로 인장과 파괴 시험 중의 음향방출 거동을 조사하여, 미세조직과 방향성에 따른 변형 기구를 규명해 보고자 하였다. 이것을 위해 시편은 미세조직(${\delta}'$상이 지배적인 조직과 $S'+{\delta}'$조직)과 방향성(L방향과 ST방향)에 따라 제조하였으며, 인장과 파괴 시험을 수행하면서 음향방출 거동을 관찰하였고, 이를 투과 및 주사 전자 현미경의 결과와 비교하여 전위의 미세기구에 관하여 고찰해 보았다. ${\delta}'$ 조직에서는 L방향과 ST방향의 시편 모두에서 낮은 RMS의 연속형 방출 신호가 나타났고, $S'+{\delta}'$조직아서는 돌발형 방출 신호들만이 관찰되었다. 여러 연구 결과를 통해 ${\delta}'$조직에서의 연속형 형태의 음향방출은 주로 정합인 ${\delta}'$상의 전단에 기인한 것인 반면, $S'+{\delta}'$조직에서의 돌발형 형태의 음향방출은 부정합 ${\delta}'$상의 전단 또는 microcracking때문인 것으로 추론할 수 있었다. 시편의 방향성에 관해서는, ST방향의 시편들의 경우 LT 방향의 시편들보다 많은 돌발형 신호들을 보였다. ST방향 시편들에서 나타나는 이러한 돌발형 신호들은 주로 균열 전파 방향에 평행하게 놓여져 있는 입계를 따라, 급격하게 진행되는 균열 전파에 의해서 나타나는 것으로 보인다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.215-228
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• 1991

본 연구는 경험적 직교함수 방법을 적용하여 동해 중서부 해역에서 수직적인 수온 분포의 공간적 특성을 해역별로 구분한 후 특징적인 수온의 수직구조 함수를 제시하였다. 수산진흥원 관측범위 중에서 102-107 정선을 포함하는 동해 중서부 해역은 연안을 따라 남북방향으로 발달하는 북한한류수역, 외해쪽의 동한난류수역과 104정선을 축으로 동서방향으로 발달하는 난수괴역으로 구분되며 동한난류수역은 난수괴역에 의해 남북으로 양분된다. 제2모드함수까지 이용하여 설명되는 수온의 변동성은 북한한류수역에서는 총 분산의$85.20-98.20\%$. 동한난류수역에서는 $85.20-92.90\%$, 난수괴역에서는 $83.50-91.70\%$이다. 가장 많은 분산을 설명하는 수직구조함수의 제1모드는 약 1년의 변동주기를 가지며 해표면에서 극값을 가지는 함수이다 동한난류수역에서는 수온의 변동이 전층에서 동시에 일어나며 북한한류수역과 난수괴역에서는 약 100m 수심과 200m 수심을 경계로 하여 수온의 변동이 반대로 일어난다. 제2모드는 북한한류수역에서는 100m 층에서 극값을 가지며 전 층에서 수온의 변동이 동시에 일어난다. 난수괴역과 동한난류수역에서는 수온의 변화가 반대로 전개되는 교차점을 가진다. 확장된 경험적 직교함수를 적용하여 수직구조함수의 시간에 따른 변화를 고찰한 결과 동해에서 제1모드의 지속성은 4개월 미만이며 북한한류 수역에서의 수직구조함수의 연변화 과정은 동한난류수역과 난수괴역과는 다르게 나타났다.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.7-27
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• 2006

This study aims to identify and analyze the factors that influenced the construction of London Eye which was led by private groups, including characteristics in progress, differentiated value in design, the combination of technology and design, and construction costs. The results of this study were the followings. 1) London Eye provides a new construction method for a landmark in the downtown in that the architects became the clients of the project which might have been hoarded, procuring the construction costs and completing it by themselves. 2) London Eye presents a space utilization method where undeveloped spaces in the downtown are used in three-dimensions by erecting a structure on the river with a minimum land. 3) The process of design, production and erection is propelled the realization of technical intention design with one system and from at the initial stage, the participation of the engineer where the designer is equal with you must accompany. 4) London Eye is endowed with strong shape by a circle in design concept, which is the simplest geometrical figure, and it provides organic relationship between the past and the present by utilizing historical elements in various ways. 5) The construction was completed through four phases including idea phase, promotion phase, turn-key contract phase, and design-build phase. The most critical factor to the success is derived from the direct contact with Involved companies from the production phase. 6) In a project facing many challenges in terms of technology, the design-build method proves to be a more effective method than turn-key contract in that it may more allocate risks and enable coherent implementation of the core concept in design. The organization for the design-build method was composed of three phases including general affairs, responsible contracting by sector, and cooperative system by sector. Since that was a new concept structure, high-level contractors who hadn't had existing cooperative relationships with one another formed new cooperative relationship, while collaborating companies who had long cooperated led the responsible contracting and sub-cooperative system, which resulted in reduction of risks and time. 7) The major factors to change design were the design characteristics, derived from a technically great combination, and the opening time. 8) A new erection method was applied to London Eye, a structure that overcame the limitation in land and period, and the process of installation demonstrated that it is an important value for the construction of a landmark in the city. 9) In spite of many visitors and tremendous operational income, the factors that London Eye fails to free itself from debts include the construction costs expended double than expected, and interest burden to the investments, which occurred in the course of procuring the costs. Absolute limit in time increased the construction costs, resulting in being a great obstacle in the course of operation.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2004년도 학술대회 논문집 정보 및 제어부문
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• pp.196-199
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• 2004

This paper presents a structure of the searcher using the space diversity in array antenna system operating in the DS/CDMA signal environments. The new technique exploits the fact that the In-phase and Quadrature components of interferers can respectively be viewed as independent Gaussian noise at each antenna element in most practical CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) signal environments. The proposed PN acquisition scheme is a single dwell serial PN acquisition system consisting of two stage, that is, the searching stage and the verification stage. The searching stage correlates the received signals with the local PN oscilator for obtaining the synchronous energy at the entire uncertainty region. The verification stage compares the searching energy with the optimal threshold, which is pre-designed in the Lock-Detector, and decides whether the acquisition is successful or fail. In this paper, we analyzed the relationship of both diversity order and the mean acquisition time. In general, It is known that the mean acquisition time decreases significantly as the number of antenna elements increases. But, the enhancement of the performance is saturated in terms of PN acquisition scheme. Therefore, to decrease the mean acquisition time, we must design the optimal array antenna system by considering the operating SNR range of the receiver, the detection probability, and the false alarm probability. The performance of the proposed acquisition scheme is analyzed in frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels. In this paper, the effect of the number of antenna elements on acquisition scheme is considered in terms of the detection probability, false alarm probability. and the mean acquisition time.

• 과학교육연구지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.341-353
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• 2012

이 연구는 물리 전공인 과학 교사의 물리와 생물에 관한 관점을 조사하고 이를 비교하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 45명의 중등학교 물리 전공 교사를 대상으로 설문 조사를 실시하였으며, 전체적으로 이들의 물리에 관한 관점이 생물에 대한 관점보다 전문가의 관점에 가까운 것으로 나타났으나 두 과목의 관점 모두 전문가의 관점과 유사하다고 보기 어려웠다. 구조, 방법론, 타당성, 반성적 사고 차원의 점수는 물리가, 학습 가능성 차원은 생물의 점수가 유의미하게 높았으며, 개인적 관련 차원은 두 과목이 유사하였다. 특히 물리의 학습 가능성 차원의 점수는 비전문가의 관점에 더 가까웠다. 또한 물리 전공 교사는 물리는 생물보다 일관성 있고 체계적이며 논리적인 반면 학습하기 어려운 과목으로 보는 경향이 큰 것으로 보인다.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2005년도 Proceedings of ISRS 2005
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• pp.538-541
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• 2005

Tidal flats develop along the south coast ofthe Korean peninsula. These areas are famous for sea farming. Specially, strong and coherent radar backscattering signals are observed over oyster sea farms that consist of artificial structures. Tide height in oyster farm is possible to measure by using interferometric phase and intensity of SAR data. It is assumed that the radar signals from oyster farm could be considered as double-bouncing returns by vertical and horizontal bars. But, detailed backscattering mechanism and polarimetric characteristics in oyster farm had not been well studied. We could not demonstrate whether the assumption is correct or not and exactly understand what the properties of back scattering were in oyster farm without full polarimetric data. The results of AIRSAR L-band POLSAR data, experiments in laboratory and JERS-l images are discussed. We carried out an experiment simulating a target structure using vector network analyser (Y.N.A.) in an anechoic chamber at Niigata University. Radar returns from vertical poles are stronger than those from horizontal poles by 10.5 dB. Single bounce components were as strong as double bounce components and more sensitive to antenna look direction. Double bounce components show quasi-linear relation with height of vertical poles. As black absorber replaced AI-plate in bottom surface, double bounce in vertical pole decreased. It is observed that not all oyster farms are characterized by double bounced scattering in AIRSAR data. The image intensity of the double bounce dominant oyster farm was investigated with respect to that of oyster farm dominated by single bounce in JERS-l SAR data. The image intensity model results in a correlation coefficient (R2 ) of 0.78 in double bounce dominant area while that of 0.54 in single bouncing dominant area. This shows that double bounce dominant area should be selected for water height measurement using In8AR technique.