• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1995.04a
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• pp.45-46
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• 1995

Alzheimer's disease is believed to be associated with the loss of cholinergic activity in the cortex and hippocampus. In addition, it has been reported that the monoaminergic systems which also controls brain functions are disturbed in Alzheimer's patients. Based on these neurochemical background, a number of cholinesterase inhibitors including tacrine and its analogues and some monoamine oxidase inhibitors such as L-deprenyl and monoamine reuptake inhibitors have been developed for the treatment of dementia, but all of the known drugs are not truly effective. We thought that a drug that activates only one neurotransmitter system is not effective enough for the treatment of the symptoms associated with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia, and we conceived that an agent enhancing both central cholinergic and monoaminergic functions would be useful for the treatment of dementia

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.469-476
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• 2017

Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and naming tests have been used clinically as screening and diagnostic tools for mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Researches in other countries have reported that residential areas would affect one's cognitive abilities. In Korean, however, there was no systematic studies on geographical influences to cognitive ability among a sample of urban/rural residents. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of urban/rural locality of residence on cognitive tests in normal elderly Korean. Residents aged 65 years and older (N=108) were administered the K-MMSE, confrontation/generative naming tests, and medical/socio-demographic interview. When comparing the total number of correct responses between urban residents and rural residents, the performances of rural group were significantly worse than those of the urban group in K-MMSE. Based on the results, our finding suggests that a factor of residential locality should be considered to examine the function and explain the cognitive decline in rural community-dwelling elders.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.511-519
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• 2017

This study developed a occupational therapy convergent activity program to provide dementia patients admitted to the daytime ward, and investigated the program's effect on the hand and cognitive functions and instrumental activities of daily living. A total of 34 dementia patients were divided into two groups: a convergent occupational therapy program and medication were provided for 17 patients, and medication alone was provided for a control group of 17. The intervention was performed for 24 weeks, 8 times per week, 192 times in total. A handgrip strength test was performed to examine hand function before and after the intervention, and the MMSE-K and GDS were performed to evaluate cognitive function. In addition, the K-IADL was used to assess instrumental activities of daily living. With intervention, the experimental group showed significant improvements in hand and cognitive function and instrumental activities of daily living. In contrast, the control group did not show improvements in hand and cognitive function or instrumental activities of daily living. In conclusion, the study showed that a convergent/integrated activity program for occupational therapy has a positive effect on hand and cognitive function as well as instrumental activities of daily living.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.2946-2952
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to provide some basic information for elderly driving safety, by analyzing the current state. This study analyzed 128 survey questionnaires given to senior welfare center user in P city and evaluated Montreal Cognitive Assessment Korean Version(MoCA-K) and Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination(NCSE) for checked 41 owner drivers by questionnaires. 32% of total elderly persons was owner driver, and 56.1% of elderly drivers was driving everyday. 56.1% of elderly persons was driving for 1-2hours per day. 46.3% of elderly persons was using a car for leisure activity and 31.7% of elderly drivers was experienced a car accident. As cognitive function evaluation, some elderly drivers showed scores lower than average in subcategories of cognitive functions for driving a car. So, methodical evaluation system for accurate evaluation of deficit ability and driving re-education system will be required for safety driving of elderly person. In future, a legal approach of government as driver licence management and renewal system will be required for safety driving of elderly person.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.94-101
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• 2016

Objectives : Anemia is a common problem in the management of elderly patients. Recent studies reported that anemia was associated with cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. This study was aimed to analyze the differences of hemoglobin levels in Korean patients with Alzheimer's disease(AD) dementia, mild cognitive impairment(MCI), and healthy controls. Furthermore, the study also examined if any association between hemoglobin levels and cognitive functions existed. Methods : A total of 116 Korean elderly adults were participated in this study(mean age 74.67 years ; 60.3% female). The Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE-K), Clinical Dementia Rating(CDR) and Global Deterioration Scale(GDS) were applied to all subjects. Hematological and related blood chemistry values were investigated. Results : We found that patients with AD dementia had significantly lower hemoglobin and hematocrit levels than MCI subjects and healthy control group. The hemoglobin levels showed a positive correlation with MMSE-K and negative correlation with CDR, GDS. Conclusions : Among Korean elderly, low hemoglobin level is associated with a cognitive impairment. This study indicates that AD is associated with anemia, and low hemoglobin levels may contribute to potentially useful clinical markers of AD. The risk factor for dementia needs to be confirmed by prospective longitudinal studies in a larger group of patients.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 2018

Objectives : The aim of this study is to investigate correlation between degree of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and neurocognitive function along with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) in Korean patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods : Participants were 115 elderly subjects diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease or mild cognitive impairment in this retrospective study. WMH in brain MRI were rated with standardized visual rating scales (Fazekas scales) and the subjects were divided into two groups according to Fazekas scale. Cognitive function was evaluated with Korean version of the consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD-K), and BPSD was evaluated with Korean neuropsychiatric inventory (K-NPI). Independent t-test was performed to analyze the relationship between the degree of WMH and neurocognitive functions & BPSD. Results : Especially, the group with high severity of WMH showed significantly lower language fluency (p<0.05). In addition, the group with high severity of WMH showed significantly higher score in K-NPI. Conclusions : There was a significant association between WMH and neurocognitive test related with executive function. Moreover, WMH seems to affect BPSD severity. Evaluation of WMH would provide useful information in clinical settings.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2007

As drivers spend more time in their cars, perception of driving a vehicle turns from utilizing a transportation means into residing in a personal space or even in moving office. Such a perception renders automobile manufacturers incorporate more vehicle functions, especially in-vehicle information systems As the number of system functions increases, the complexity of control and 2 types of display menus were designed after a literature review and a market analysis. With these controls and display menus, the experiment was performed to look into the difference of driver performance and preference on the integrated vehicle control type. Finally, the study suggests the integrated vehicle control type to minimize driver's cognitive load, and to use various functions efficiently. The study also discusses the practical use of the final integrated vehicle control type.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.99-114
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• 2017

In cognitive science, it is illustrated how the collective opinions of a group of individuals answers to questions involving quantity estimation. One example of this approach is introduced in this article as Star Graph (SG) algorithm. This graph describes the details of communication among individuals to share their information and make a new decision. A new labyrinthine network of neighbors is defined in the decision-making process of the algorithm. In order to prevent getting trapped in local optima, the neighboring networks are regenerated in each iteration of the algorithm. In this algorithm, the normal distribution is utilized for a group of agents with the best results (guidance group) to replace the existing infeasible solutions. Here, some new functions are introduced to provide a high convergence for the method. These functions not only increase the local and global search capabilities but also require less computational effort. Various benchmark functions and engineering problems are examined and the results are compared with those of some other algorithms to show the capability and performance of the presented method.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.63-78
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to explore a teaching method of limits of functions with more intuitive and visual of CAS graphing calculators rather than with the rigorous ${\epsilon}-{\delta}$ method. Texas Instruments Voyage200 CAS graphing calculators are used for studying the possibility of the use of technology in calculus course. For this, various related theoretical constructs are reviewed: concept image, concept definition, cognitive conflict, the use of visualization of technology for calculus concepts, the theory of APOS, and local straightness. Based on such theoretical constructs this study suggests a teaching method of limits of functions with embodied visualization of CAS graphing calculators.

• Journal of Multimedia Information System
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.21-32
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• 2022

Early-stage diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) from Cognitively Normal (CN) patients is crucial because treatment at an early stage of AD can prevent further progress in the AD's severity in the future. Recently, computer-aided diagnosis using magnetic resonance image (MRI) has shown better performance in the classification of AD. However, these methods use a traditional machine learning algorithm that requires supervision and uses a combination of many complicated processes. In recent research, the performance of deep neural networks has outperformed the traditional machine learning algorithms. The ability to learn from the data and extract features on its own makes the neural networks less prone to errors. In this paper, a dense neural network is designed for binary classification of Alzheimer's disease. To create a classifier with better results, we studied result of different activation functions in the prediction. We obtained results from 5-folds validations with combinations of different activation functions and compared with each other, and the one with the best validation score is used to classify the test data. In this experiment, features used to train the model are obtained from the ADNI database after processing them using FreeSurfer software. For 5-folds validation, two groups: AD and CN are classified. The proposed DNN obtained better accuracy than the traditional machine learning algorithms and the compared previous studies for AD vs. CN, AD vs. Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), and MCI vs. CN classifications, respectively. This neural network is robust and better.