• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.1-18
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• 2001

The goal of this paper is the pedagogical application of a Korean Spell/Grammar Checker to the web-based language learning system for Korean writing. To maximize the efficient instruction of our learning system \\`Urimal Baeumteo\\` we have to improve our Korean Spell/Grammar Checker. Today the NLP system\\`s performance defends on its semantic processing capability. In our Korean Spell/Grammar Checker. the tasks accomplished in the semantic level are: the detection and correction of misused derived and compound nouns in a Korean spell-checking device and the detection and correction of syntactic and semantic errors in a Korean grammars-checking device. We describe a common approach to the partial parsing using collocation rules based on the dependency grammar. To provide more detailed semantic rules. we classified nouns according to their concepts. and subcategorized verbs referring to their syntactic and semantic features. Improving a Korean Spell/Gl-Grammar Checker makes our learning system active and intelligent in a web-based environment. We acknowledge the flaws in our system: the classification of nouns based on their meanings and concepts is a time consuming task. the analytic unit of this study is principally limited to the phrases in a sentence therefore the accurate parsing of embedded sentences remains a difficult problem to solve. Concerning the web-based language learning system. it is critically important to consider its interface design and structure of its contents.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.707-715
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• 2019

The self-directed inquiry to improve students' core scientific competency is an important teaching method. Students experience a variety of difficulties in carrying out their inquiry tasks, sometimes fail to produce the desired results, or fail to perform a meaningless inquiry. This study was conducted to identify the causes of difficulties and failures in students' self-directed scientific inquiry. The study involved 16 high school students with experience in science research at science high schools and science-focused high schools. The data collection consisted of in-depth interviews centered on semi-structured open questions. Qualitative data analysis was imputed by finding paragraphs from the interview material that might reveal the difficulties and failures experienced by participants and the reasons for them. The study found that most of the causes of failure were lack of ability, incomplete procedures, and selection of complicated tasks. A variety of cognitive biases, such as overconfidence, planning fallacy, and groupthink, were also analyzed as causes. Based on the results of the study, it is necessary to develop an educational strategy that students can be fully prepared to reduce their trials and errors in a self-directed inquiry maximally.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.153-176
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• 1993

Structual ambiguity is one of those problem that arise in the analysis of natural language sentences.It has been considered very difficult to solve the problem.Structural ambiguity,however,should be resolved no matter how difficult it may be.Otherwise natural language processing could be virtually impossible.A statistical approach to structural disambiguation is proposed in this dissertation.The information-theoretic concept of mutual information has been empolyed in resolving structural ambiguity Mutual information can be acquired in an automatic way.from text corpora. If a structural disambiguation subsystem had the capability of self-evaluating whether the results of structural disambiguation are correct or not.it would be possible to develop a more intelligent natural language proessing system.In this paper,the concept of confidence measure is also proposed to endow the disambiguation subsystem with such intelligence.Confidence measure is a numeric value calculated after structural disambiguation. Some experiments were performed in order to show the validity of the approach.Mutual information was auto matically acquired from a corpus of 1.6milion words that were collected from scientific abstracts.The accuracy of structural disambiguation was 80%when performed over 1,639 test sentences.Notice that there was no manual tuning in advance for the experiments.The task of detecting and correcting errors in structural disambiguation will be performed very effectively if the concept of confidence measure is employed in the process.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.447-458
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• 2010

Time expressions are a very important form of information in different types of data. Thus, the recognition of a time expression is an important factor in the field of information extraction. However, most previously designed systems consider only a specific domain, because time expressions do not have a regular form and frequently include different ellipsis phenomena. We present a two-level recognition method consisting of extraction and transformation phases to achieve generality and portability. In the extraction phase, time expressions are extracted by atomic time units for extensibility. Then, in the transformation phase, omitted information is restored using basis time and prior knowledge. Finally, every complete atomic time unit is transformed into a normalized form. The proposed system can be used as a general-purpose system, because it has a language- and domain-independent architecture. In addition, this system performs robustly in noisy data like SMS data, which include various errors. For SMS data, the accuracies of time-expression extraction and time-expression normalization by using the proposed system are 93.8% and 93.2%, respectively. On the basis of these experimental results, we conclude that the proposed system shows high performance in noisy data.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.377-406
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• 2016

Current lists of the Korean emotion words either do not consider word frequency, or only include emotion expression words such as 'joy' while disregarding emotion inducing words like 'heaven'. Also, none of the current lists contains the concreteness level of the emotional words. Therefore, the current study aimed to develop a new Korean affect word list that makes up such limitations of the current lists. To do so, in experiment 1, valence, arousal and concreteness ratings of the 450 Korean emotion expression nouns and emotion inducing nouns were surveyed with 399 participants. In addition, in experiment 2, an emotional stroop task was performed with the newly developed word list to test the usefulness of the list. The results showed clear patterns of the congruency effects between emotional words and emotion expressing faces. Increased response times and more errors were found when the emotion of the words and faces are non-matched, than when they were matched. The result suggested that the newly developed Korean affect word list can be effectively adapted to studies examining the influence of various aspects emotion.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-21
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• 2015

This study examined the effects of a tablet PC-based music-making program on the executive function of adolescents with intellectual disabilities. Four adolescents with intellectual disabilities participated in this program. Each participant received 45-minute individual sessions twice a week for a total of 16 sessions. The music-making program was designed in the sequence of planning; learning table PC operations; exploring musical elements; making rhythm, melody, and lyrics; composing loop sections; and presentation of the completed music. The Stroop test, Children's Color Trails Test, and Digit Span and Letter-Number sequencing tests were measured at pretest, midtest, and posttest in order to examine changes in executive function. The participants showed increased scores on all three tests. The participants' attention span also increased and their attempts to correct errors during tasks occurred more frequently at posttest. This study supports the effects of the technology-based program on the executive function of adolescents with intellectual disabilities and presents its expanded applicability for adolescents who show low cognitive function and limited motivation for cognitive engagement.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.116-124
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• 2015

Background: Ginseng, the root of Panax ginseng (PG), is used widely as a herbal medicine to prevent and treat various diseases. Panax ginseng has pharmacological effects on neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present study evaluated the neuroprotective effects of PG and its possible neuroprotective mechanisms in advanced glycation end product (AGE)-induced AD in a rat model. Methods: Advanced glycation end products were injected bilaterally into the CA3 region of the rats' brains. The Morris water maze test and step-down type passive avoidance test were performed to evaluate their memory and cognitive abilities. The oxidation indexes in the hippocampus were detected. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to visualize the receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGEs) and nuclear factor-kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (NF-${\kappa}B$). Results: Behavioral results showed that PG (1 g/kg, 0.5 g/kg, and 0.25 g/kg) significantly shortened the escape latency, remarkably increased the number of crossing times, significantly decreased the number of errors, and prolonged the latency in rats with AGE-induced AD. Panax ginseng also significantly reduced the malondialdehyde level, increased the glutathione content, and increased superoxide dismutase activity in the hippocampus. Panax ginseng significantly decreased the expression of RAGE and NF-${\kappa}B$. The blockade of anti-RAGE antibody could significantly reduce AGE-induced impairments and regulate these expressions. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that PG significantly inhibits AGE-induced memory impairment and attenuates Alzheimer-like pathophysiological changes. These neuroprotective effects of PG may be associated with the RAGE/NF-${\kappa}B$ pathway. Our results provided the experimental basis for applying PG in preventing and treating AD.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.117-139
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• 2021

The way of change detection in which presence of a different item is determined between memory and test arrays with a brief in-between time interval resembles how visual search is done considering that the different item is searched upon the onset of a test array being compared against the items in memory. According to the resemblance, the present study examined whether varying the probability of change occurrence in a visual short-term memory-based change detection task can influence the aspect of response-decision making (i.e., change prevalence effect). The simple-feature change detection task in the study consisted of a set of four colored boxes followed by another set of four colored boxes between which the participants determined presence or absence of a color change from one box to the other. The change prevalence was varied to 20, 50, or 80% in terms of change occurrences in total trials, and their change detection errors, detection sensitivity, and their subsequent RTs were analyzed. The analyses revealed that as the change prevalence increased, false alarms became more frequent while misses became less frequent, along with delayed correct-rejection responses. The observed change prevalence effect looks very similar to the target prevalence effect varying according to probability of target occurrence in visual search tasks, indicating that the background principles deriving these two effects may resemble each other.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.509-518
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• 2011

In this study, we investigated the effects of analogy-generating in small group in elementary science-gifted education upon the types and the mapping errors of student-generated analogies, and the perceptions of the instruction. Fifth graders (N=37) at two science-gifted classes in two elementary schools were selected and assigned to individualistic analogygenerating (IA, n=19) and pair analogy-generating (PA, n=18) groups. After the students of each group performed the experiment and were taught about 'saturated solution' concept in the first class, they administered the test on the self-generating analogies on the concept in the second class. The students in the PA group also administered the test on perceptions of analogy-generating in small group and some of them were interviewed deeply. The results revealed that the students in the PA group made more verbal/pictorial, structural/functional, enriched, and higher systematic analogies than those in the IA group. However, there were little difference between the two groups in the subcategories of artificiality (artificial and everyday) and abstraction (abstract and concrete). The students in the PA group fewer mapping errors than those in the IA group. Many students in PA group perceived the analogy-generating in small group positively upon various cognitive and motivational aspects. However, they also pointed a few disadvantages of the activity. Educational implications of these findings are discussed.

• Education of Primary School Mathematics
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 2009

The purposes of this study are to analyze elementary school student's intuitive thinking in the process of mathematical problem solving and to analyze elementary school student's errors of intuitive thinking in the process of mathematical problem solving. According to these purposes, the research questions can be set up as followings. (1) How is the state of illumination of the elementary school student's intuitive thinking in the process of mathematical problem solving? (2) What are origins of errors by elementary school student's intuitive thinking in the process of mathematical problem solving? In this study, Bogdan & Biklen's qualitative research method were used. The subjects in this study were 4 students who were attending the elementary school. The data in this study were 'Intuitine Thinking Test', records of observation and interview. In the interview, the discourses were recorded by sound and video recording. These were later transcribed and analyzed in detail. The findings of this study were as follows: First, If Elementary school student Knows the algorithm of problem, they rely on solving by algorithm rather than solving by intuitive thinking. Second, their problem solving ability by intuitive model are low. What is more they solve the problem by Intuitive model, their Self- Evidence is low. Third, in the process of solving the problem, intuitive thinking can complement logical thinking. Last, in the concept of probability and problem of probability, they are led into cognitive conflict cause of subjective interpretation.