• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.98-106
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• 2012

The chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic $CO_2$ fixation capacity of leaves from three major crop trees found on Jeju Island, Camellia sinensis L., Camellia japonica L., and Citrus unshiu M., were analyzed. The photosynthetic $CO_2$ fixation rate of C. sinensis was similar to that of C. unshiu, and much higher than that of C. japonica which belongs to the same genus. Stomatal conductance in the three species was high at dawn and low during daytime. The intercellular $CO_2$ concentration of the three species was also high at dawn and decreased at midday. The transpiration rate showed an opposite trend from the intercellular $CO_2$ concentration. The photochemical efficiencies of PSII (Fv/Fm) in C. sinensis were slightly lower at midday compared to the level at dawn and/or dusk. The decline in Fv/Fm of C. sinensis at midday was much smaller than that of C. japonica. These results indicate that C. sinensis is better acclimated to high levels of radiation under natural conditions in late summer, although its PSII reaction center was inhibited by strong radiation. Of the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in the species, the RC/CS decreased significantly while the ABS/RC, TRo/RC, ETo/RC, and DIo/RC increased significantly at midday in late summer. However, C. unshiu did not show significant changes in these values depending on the time of day. Among the three species, the daily $CO_2$ fixation rate in C. sinensis ($320.1mmol\;m^{-2}d^{-1}$) was the highest, followed by that of C. unshiu ($292.5mmol\;m^{-2}d^{-1}$) and C. japonica ($244.8mmol\;m^{-2}d^{-1}$). Thus, C. sinensis may be a valuable crop tree in terms of the uptake of $CO_2$ under natural field conditions.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.183-190
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• 1994

To assess the effects of plant stress by light, temperature, NaCl and soil moisture on photosynthetic activity, the fluorescence method was used for Chinese cabbage(Brassica perkinensis Rupr.), strawberry(Fragaria grandiflora Ehrh.) and citrus tree(Citrus unshiu Marc.). With decreasing the light intensity, Fv/Fm ratios of intact leaves of Chinese cabbage and strawberry increased significantly, indicating lower photochemical efficiency in PS II system, resulting in an inverse relationship with the photosynthetic activity. Chinese cabbage and strawberry that were grown at higher temperature had higher Fv/Fm ratios and photosynthetic activities, while those given high concentration of NaCl and having low soil moisture had lower values. Chinese cabbage more resistant to salt stress and requiring more water had a greater Fv/Fm ratio than strawberry. In citrus tree, Fv/Fm ratio was lower in the non-irrigated group than the irrigated one. From these results, the fluorescence method was found to be a useful tool which can be used to assess the degree of in vivo stress induced by various environmental factors.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.85-85
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• 2003

This study has been undertaken to increase availability of native camellia in Jeonnam as a medicinal resource and to isolate the effective components from them. Multidrug resistance(MDR) by tumor cells is a major obstacle to successful cancer chemotherapy. We report that the crude extracts of camellia flowers, leaves has a chemosensitizing effect that can reverse Pgp-mediated MDR by increasing the intracellular accumulation of drugs. The cytotoxic and chemosensitizing effects of MeOH extract from 12 spp. citrus fruits on the AML-2/D100 were determined using MTT assay. Chemosensitizing effects was screened in the presence of vincristine, a good substrate of Pgp. IC$\sub$50/ for extracts in AML-2/WT was found to be 65∼350$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ whereas the range of its mean IC$\sub$50/ value in Pgp-overexpressing cells (AML-2/Dl00) in the presence of vincristine was 90∼400$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$. Of the extracts tested, mature leaf extract displayed the most potent chemosensitizing effect［IC$\sub$50/;100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$, CR;1.06, RF;2.97 in the presence of VCR］. This indicates that the toxicity (IC$\sub$50/;288.89$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$) of mature leaf extract is minimal at concentrations required for a complete reversal of the drug resistance. Also, this result indicates that crude extracts of camellia mature leaves would contain some principles which have chemosensitizing activity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.379-395
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• 2003

Regional foods is influenced by weather, local and social environment etc. The purpose of this study was to understand that regional foods in the middle of Chosun Dynasty through Domundaejac. Some of representative dishes of the Hansung and Kyonggi-do Area is duck(rice cake) of seasonally celebrated days, hangua(korea confectionary) and rice wine. Typical foods in Chungchong-do Area is included persimmon, jujube, watermelon and wax gourd. Some of the well-known food in Kangwon-do Area is pear, bangpungchuk(gruel), sukebyung(rice cake), woongjijunggua(korea confectionary) and sanat-kimchi(picked mustard leaves and stem) that is seemed characteristics of mountainous section. Some of the famous dishes in Cholla-do Area is backsanja(korea confectionary), tea, chuksun kimchi(bamboo shoot pickle), citrus fruits and ear shell. Kyongsan-do Area ia famous persimmon, bamboo fruit, dasik(korea confectionary) and yakban(glutinous rice cake). Hwanghae-do Area is famed pear and choshi as assumed the eatly form of gochujang(thick soypaste mixed with red pepper). Representative dishes are deljjuk(blue berry), herring, sangat-kimchi(picked mustard leaves and sterm) in Hamgyong-do Area and daemandu(big dumpling) in Pyongan-do Area. The coast area is famous for using lots of sea food. Fresh seafood is consumed raw, and clams, fish and seaweed are liberally added to soups and other dishes. The East coast is catched salmon, flatfish, codfish, sandfish and mackerel The West coast is catched yellow corvenia, lobster, tiny shrimp and large-eyed herring. The South coast is catched sea mussel, codfish and laver.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.325-332
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• 2000

To determine the distribution and recovery of fall-applied N in various parts of satsuma mandarins (Citrus unshiu Marc). $19.68g\;N\;tree^{-1}$ as urea containing 5 atom % $^{15}N$ and 58 kg$K_2O$ $ha^{-1}$ were broadcast-applied to 11 years old 'Miyagawa Wase' grown at a spacing of $2.7{\times}2.7m$ on 18 November 1998. Nitrogen, $P_2O_5$, and $K_2O$ were applied at 104, 308, and $62kg\;ha^{-1}$ on 22 March and N and $K_2O$ at 42 and $83kg\;ha^{-1}$ on 15 June 1999. Two trees were excavated on 15 June and 8 December 1999, respectively. In mid-June, whole tree contained $168.2g\;N\;tree^{-1}$ of which 11.9, 42.1, 29.7, and 16.3% were in fruits, leaves, stems, and roots, respectively. In early December, total tree N averaged $169.8g\;tree^{-1}$ and fruits accounted for 27.6%, leaves 36.4%, stems 22.8%, and roots 13.2% of total tree N. Regardless of harvest date, N derived from fertilizer was highest in newly developed tissues. In mid June, the tree recovered 18.5% ($3.63g\;tree^{-1}$) of fertilizer N. Fruits accounted for 21.1%, leaves for 50.4%, stems for 21.5%, and roots for 7.9% of fertilizer-derived N in the tree, respectively. In early December, the tree recovered 17.0% of fertilizer N. Fruits contained 39.6%, leaves 40.5%, stems 14.5%, and roots 5.3% of fertilizer-derived N in the tree respectively. Comparing with total tree N, a higher proportion of fertilizer-derived N was allocated to metabolically active tissues while a less proportion to old tissues regardless of harvest date.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.346-353
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• 1999

For the non-destructive multi-elemental analysis of environmental and biological materials, instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) was applied for the determination of toxic and trace elements in a set of three Algae samples provided by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The analytical quality control was evaluated by comparing the analytical results of two standard reference materials of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); Oyster Tissue (SRM 1566a) and Citrus Leaves (SRM 1572). According to given analytical procedure, the concentration of 15-25 elements including spiked elements such as As, Cd, Cr and Hg in Algae samples were determined. To identify and validate these results, a data intercomparison program using more than 35 analytical methods in 150 laboratories was carried out and the estimated statistical data are summarized. Result of INAA is favorable, therefore, it is illustrated that can be applied for routine analysis of essential and toxic elements in algae samples as well as analytical quality assurance.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.642-649
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• 2012

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of fruit bearing type with leafy (LY) and leafless (LS) fruits on fruit growth, sugar, and acid characteristics in satsuma mandarin. Fruit growth including fruit length, diameter, shape index (diameter/length), weight, and size distribution was not different between LY and LS fruits at ripening time. Total soluble solids (TSS) concentration of the fruit juice increased and acidity decreased continuously and then TSS:acidity ratio increased with fruit development from 100 days after anthesis to ripening time. Soluble sugar was continuously increased, whereas organic acid decreased. Theses tendencies were related to the increase of sucrose and decline of citric acid, respectively. However, there was no effect of fruit bearing type on TSS, acidity, and TSS:acidity ratio, and soluble sugar and organic acid composition in fruit juice. Also, photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll index with SPAD value were not different between leaves adjacent to LY and LS fruits. The results indicated that fruit growth and sugar and acid characteristics were not affected by fruit bearing type with leafy and leafless fruits in satsuma mandarin.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.75-80
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• 2018

From 2014 to 2016, Fusarium wilt disease was found on fassionfruit in Iksan and Jeju, Korea. Symptoms included wilting of foliage, drying and withering of leaves, and stunting of the plants. The infected plants eventually died during growth. Colonies on potato dextrose agar were pinkish white, and felted with cottony and aerial mycelia with 35 mm after one week. Macroconidia were falcate to almost straight, thin-walled and usually 2-3 septate. Microconidia were usually formed on monophialides of the hyphae and were hyaline, smooth, oval to ellipsoidal, aseptate or medianly 1-septate, very occasionally 2-septate, slightly constricted at the septa, $3-12{\times}2.5-6{\mu}m$. On the basis of the morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses of two molecular markers, internal transcribed spacer rDNA and translation elongation factor $1{\alpha}$, the fungus was identified as Fusarium oxysporum. Pathogenicity of a representative isolate was proved by artificial inoculation, fulfilling Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the occurrence of F. oxysporum on fassionfruit in Korea.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.125-130
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• 2005

The ecological characteristics of the specialist insect predator, Oligota kashmirica benefica, were investigated for developing artificial rearing method with special interest on the oviposition behavior, the pattern of adult emergence and temperature in storage, and its effect on the density of the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri. Female beetle oviposited eggs mainly, $95\%$ of the eggs, on the bottom of leaves of the yuzu tree, and $91.3\%$ of them were covered with ecdysis skin of the red mites or the feces of themselves. The rate of adult emergence of the beetle rose up to $86.7\%$ when the horticultural media was provided for pupation from $60\%$ when it pupated in upland soil. Most larvae, $88\%$ of them, were found from the surface to the depth of 2 cm in the horticultural media. The optimum temperature for the storage of the adult beetle was found to be $12^{\circ}C$, at this temperature the 96.7, 73.3 and $70.0\%$ of the beetle survived for 10, 20, and 30 days, respectively. The control effect of the citrus red mite was appeared highest by releasing the beetle at the rate of one beetle against 150 mites.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.764-774
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• 2003

The edible plants sold at the market in Busan were classified into 8 divisions, 11 classes, 46 orders, 67 families, 156 genera, 183 species and 45 varieties, and a total of 228 kinds of plants were included in them. Among the 228 kinds of edible plants, Angiospermae were the highest number of 202 kinds (88.60%), and next came Fungi of 9 kinds (3.95%), Phaeophyta of 5 kinds (2.19%), Rhodophyta of 4 kinds (1.75%), Pteridophyta of 3 kinds (1.32%) Gymnospermae of 2 kinds (0.88%), Chlorophyta of 2 kinds (0.88%), and Lichenes of 1 kind (0.44%) in order In the taxon of family, Cruciferae, Rosaceae, Leguminoceae, Cucurbitaceae, Umbelliferae, Compositae, Liliaceae, and Gramineae include many species. In the taxon of genus, Brassica(14 species), Prunus(9), Lactuca(9), Allium(7), Citrus(5), Cucumis(4), Cichorium(4) in order contain many species. Among tile edible plants, Chamjuknamu(Cedrela sinensis) is wrongly named Gajuknamu(Ailanthns altissima). And there are others which are called in a wrong way: Endive is wrongly called Chicory, Saeneutaribeoseot, Saesongi and Padeudeknamul(Japanese hornwort), Chamnamul. Gyul and Milgam, Geumgam and Gamgyul, Banana and Pacho, Paprika and Pimang(Pimento) are the names of the same plants. The number of the kinds of edible plants is different in each season. Fall has the most edible plants, and it is followed by spring, summer and winter. The edible parts of plants which are sold at the market are leaves, young sprouts, fruits, grains, roots, stems and petioles.