• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.66-73
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• 2003

Numerous physiological effects are attributed to conjugated linoleic acid(CLA). The purpose of this study is to consider these effects with respect to the cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomer. Both isomers are natural products. The c9,t11-CLA isomer is the principal dietary form of CLA, but the concentrations of this isomer and the t10,c12-CLA Isomer in dairy products or beef vary depending on the diet fed to cows or steers, respectively. The influence of dietary CLA isomers on the immune response was examined, body weight and weight ratio of organ to body of Balb/C mice. Mice were divided into four groups of 8 mice. Balb/C mice were fed the experimental diets supplemented with 1% CLA (c9,t11-CLA isomer : t10,c12-CLA isomer = 2:3) (Group 1), 1% CLA (c9,t11-CLA isomer t10,c12-CLA isomer : 1:1) (Group 2), 1% safflower oil (Group 3) or nothing (Control) for 3 weeks. After 3 weeks, serum, gut lumen lavage, fat, liver, spleen and thymus were taken. Measurement of total immunoglobulin were executed using sandwich ELISA. Serum levels of IgA and IgM showed that group fed with t10,c12-CLA isomer significantly were higher than group fed with c9,tl1-CLA isomer. In addition serum level of IgG showed that group fed with t10,c9-CLA isomer significantly were lower than group fed with c9,tl1-CLA isomer. However, no significantly differences were observed in the serum IgE and secretory IgA. Weight ratio of spleen to body showed no significant differences. In weight ratio of liver and thymus to body, tl0,c9-CLA isomer significantly were respectively higher than group fed with c9,t11-CLA isomer. In weight ratio of fat to body, tl0,c9-CLA isomer significantly were respectively lower than group fed with c9,tl1-CLA isomer. In conclusion, t10,c12-CLA isomer produced a situation favorable for immunopotentiative effect and body composition. But it should be protected against hepatomegaly induced lipid accumulation in liver.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.967-974
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• 2004

본 연구는 여 러 conjugated linoleic acid(CLA) 이성체가 돼지 지방전구세포의 분화에 미치는 영향을 구영하기 위해 수행하였다. 돼지 지방전구세포는 갓난 돼지의 등 지방에서 분리해서 성숙지방세포로 분화될 때 까지 배양했다. 여러 CLA 이성체를 배양중의 세포에 처리했다. 세포분화는 세포배양이 끝난 후 세포의 glycerol-3-phosphate의 활성도를 측정함으로써 구명했다. 20$\mu$M과 50$\mu$M의 transto-cis12 CLA 이성체는 돼지 지방천구세포의 분화를 억제했고，한펀 cis9-cisl1 이성체는 세포분화를 촉진했다. cis9-trans 11 과 trans9-trans11 이생체는 세포분화에 아무런 영향을 마치지 않았다. CLA의 세포분화에 미치는 작용은 배양후기 (day8${\sim}$14) 보다 배양전기(day 0${\sim}$ 8)에 더 두드러지게 나타냈다. 위의 결과는 여러 CLA 이성체는 돼지 지방천구세포 분화에 각각 다른 작용을 가짐을 나타낸다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권7호
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• pp.661-666
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• 2003

The study was designed to compare the anti-carcinogenic effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers on colon carcinogenesis in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-treated rats by determining the levels of apoptosis, cell proliferation, eicosanoids and 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) in colonic mucosa. Sixty male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups depending on the types of CLA isomers, i.e. BT group (no CLA contained), CLA-C group (cis-9, trans11 isomer contained), and CLA- T group (trans-10, cis-12 isomer contained). The experimental diet was composed of protein at 20%, carbohydrate at 56.2%, and fat at 14.5% including 0.8% CLA isomers by weight. The experimental diet was fed for 14 weeks with the initiation of intramuscular injection of DMH, which was injected twice a week for 6 weeks to give total dose of l80mg per kg body weight. Two CLA isomers (c9t11 and t10c12) significantly increased the relative percentage of apoptosis but reduced cell proliferation in mucosal cell and also the levels of PGE$_2$, TXB$_2$, and DAG in colonic mucosa. However, there was no significant differences in anti-carcinogenic effect between c9t11 isomer and t10c12 isomer. Overall, colon carcinogenesis could be significantly inhibited by CLA isomers by increasing apoptosis and reducing cell proliferation, the levels of eicosanoids and DAG in colonic mucosa.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2007

본 연구는 여러 CLA 이성체, 즉 cis-9, cis- 11(c9c11), cis-9, trans-11(c9t11), trans-9, trans-11 (t9t11) 및 trans-10, cis-12(t10c12)가 배양 중인 돼지 지방세포와 근육세포의 분화와 증식에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 실시하였다. 세포는 신생자돈으로부터 분리했다. t10c12 이성체는 지방세포의 분화를 억제했는데(92%) 근육세포의 분화는 억제시키지 않았다. t9t11 이성체는 지방세포의 분화를 억제했는데(14%), 근육세포의 분화는 촉진시켰다(26%). 다른 CLA 이성체는 지방세포나 근육세포의 분화에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 그리고 CLA가 지방세포와 근육세포의 증식에 미치는 영향은 분화에 미치는 영향에 비해서 작았다. 위의 결과는 여러 CLA 이성체는 돼지 지방세포와 근육세포의 분화에 다른 영향을 미침을 나타낸다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.86-92
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• 2000

Conjugated linoleic acid(CLA) refers to a collective term of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid, which are different in their biological activities. The predominant isomer of CLA in animal tissues is cis-9, trans-11; smaller amounts of trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomers, CLA methyl ester (CLA-ME) was chemically syn-thesized from linoleic acid by the alkaline isomerization method. The synthetic CLA-ME, mainly composed of cis-9, trans-11 CLA and trans-10, cis-12 CLA, was dissolved in acetone, stored at 68$^{\circ}C$ for 1 day, and the supernatant(cis-9, trans-11 CLA-Me) was separated from the precipitate (trans-10, cis-12 CLA-Me). After the processes were repeated three times at -68$^{\circ}C$, the whole processes were repeated three times at -71$^{\circ}C$ in order to increase the purity of these two isomers. The cis-9, trans-11 CLA-Me and trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomers were further purified by the urea adduct. Purities of the cis-9, trans-11 CLA-Me and trans-10, cis-12 CLA-Me were 90.3 and 99.9%, respec-tively. This method could be employed for the preparation of a large quantity of highly purified cis-9, trans-11 CLA-Me or trans-10, cis-12 CLA-Me from synthetic CLA-Me.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.1126-1133
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• 2002

CLA 이성체 mixture와 trans-10,cis-12 CLA는 살아있는 TSU-Prl 세포 수를 감소시키는 반면 LA와 cis-9,trans-11 CLA는 세포 수에 아무런 효과가 없었다. 세포 수를 감소시키는 CLA 이성체 mixture와 tran-10, cis-12 CLA는 apoptotic cell death를 유도하는 것을 관찰하였고, 특히 trans-10,cis-12 CLA는 Bcl-2/Bax 비율을 감소시켰다. Trans-10,cis-12 CLA에 의해 Bax와 Bcl-2 mRNA의 수준이 변하지 않았으므로 이 지방산에 의한 Bcl-2의 변화는 mRNA 전사 후에 일어나는 단계에서 일어난다고 결론지을 수 있다. 이로써 CLA에 의한 세포증식 억제는 부분적으로 TSU-Prl 세포의 apoptosis를 유도함으로서 이루어지는 것이라 할 수 있다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.371-375
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• 2007

한국인 모유에는 cis-9, trans-11 CLA 이성체만 동정되었고, 그 함량은 $4.32{\sim}10.12\;mg/100\;mL$(평균 $6.27{\pm}0.28\;mg/100\;mL$)이었고, 지방함량 중에는 $1.35{\sim}3.13\;mg/g$(평균 $1.96{\pm}0.06\;mg/g$)으로 개인에 따라 큰 차이가 있었다. 한국인 모유에 함유된 CLA의 함량은 외국의 CLA 함량에 비해 낮았고, 그 이유는 식사의 차이 때문인 것으로 추정되었다. 국내에서 제조된 조제분유에서도 cis-9, trans-11 CLA만 동정되었는데, 그 함량은 $2.35{\sim}22.82\;mg/100\;g$으로 평균치는 $17.45{\pm}1.24\;mg/100\;g$이었고, 지방에 함유된 cis-9, trans-11 CLA 함량은 $0.45\;mg/g{\sim}0.85\;mg/g$으로 그 평균치는 $0.65{\pm}0.02\;mg/g$이었다. 영유아가 조제분유 제조사의 지시된 13% 조제분유를 섭취할 경우 cis-9, trans-11 CLA를 2.27 mg 섭취하는 것으로 모유 100 mL에 함유되어 있는 양에 비해 낮다. 따라서 조제분유를 조제할 때 모유와 동일한 cis-9, trans-11 CLA를 섭취할 수 있도록 조제분유를 제조하는 것이 바람직하다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제40권12호
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• pp.1734-1742
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• 2011

본 실험에서는 들기름에 약 60%로 존재하는 ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid를 알칼리 이성질화 반응을 이용하여 CLnA(conjugated linolenic acid)와 CLA(conjugated linoleic acid)를 생산하고자 하였다. 들기름을 가수분해한 뒤에 10분에서 6시간까지의 반응시간과 5%에서 60%까지의 NaOH 농도에서 CLnA와 CLA의 생성을 표준물질과 함께 GC와 spectrophotometer를 이용하여 확인하였다. 시간에 따른 CLnA와 CLA 함량 변화는 나타나지 않았으나, NaOH 농도가 증가함에 따라서 CLnA와 CLA가 유의적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 반응조건 중, 20% KOH, $180^{\circ}C$, 1시간 반응에서 14.5%와 14%의 CLnA와 CLA의 함량을 나타냈으며, 42.2%의 C18:3 conjugated 이성질체가 생성되었다. 이성질체를 확인하기 위해 GC-MS 그리고 FT-IR을 이용한 실험을 수행하였다. GC-MS의 ion peak 분석 결과, conjugated 형태에서만 특징적으로 나타나는 m/z=91 ion peak를 확인할 수 있었고, CLA와 CLnA의 분자량이 C18:2와 C18:3과 일치하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고 NIST Library에서 검색된 methyl 9c, 11t-CLA, methyl 10t, 12c-CLA와 methyl 9cis, 11trans, 13trans-octadecatrienoate의 결과와 일치하는 ion peak를 형성하였다. 이 외의 이성질체는 FT-IR 분석 결과, 높은 trans fatty acid 함량을 보여 알칼리 이성질화 반응 시, $180^{\circ}C$의 높은 열에 반응을 하여 trans 형태의 conjugated form이 다량 생성된 것으로 사료된다. conjugated 이성질체의 생성 양을 높이기 위해 들기름 가수분해물을 우레아 분별을 한 뒤에, ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid의 함량을 70%까지 높인 뒤에 알칼리 이성질화 반응을 수행한 결과 CLnA의 생성 양이 16.6%까지 증가한 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러나 CLnA 이외의 conjugated 지방산 함량의 변화는 없었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제37권9호
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• pp.763-770
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• 2004

This study was designed to compare the anti-carcinogenic effect of conjugated linoleic acid isomers on tumor incidence, cell proliferation and the levels of thromboxane (TX) B$_2$, prostaglandin (PG) E$_2$ and 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG), and the related enzyme expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and protein kinase C (PKC) in colonic mucosa of 1,2-dimethy- lhydrazine (DMH) -treated rats. One hundred eight male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups depending on the types of CLA isomers, i.e. control group (no CLA contained), c9t11 group (cis-9, trans-11 CLA contained), and t10c12 group (trans-10, cis-12 CLA contained). The experimental diet was composed of protein at 20%, carbohydrate at 56.2%, and fat at 14.5% including 1.0% CLA isomers by weight. The experimental diet was fed for 30 weeks with the initiation of intramuscular injection of DMH, which was injected twice a week for 6 weeks to give total dose of 180 mg per kg body weight. Two CLA isomers (c9, t11, t10, c12) significantly reduced tumor incidence and cell proliferation by reducing the protein expression of COX-2 and PKC, and the level of TXB$_2$, PGE$_2$, and DAG in colonic mucosa. However, there was no significant difference in anti-carcinogenic effect between c9t11-CLA and t10c12-CLA.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제34권8호
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• pp.896-904
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• 2001

Conjugated linoleic acid(CLA) is a group of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid(LA) and exhibits anticarcinogenic activity in multiple experimental animal models. Cis-9,trns-11(c9t11) and trans-10,cis-12(t10c12) CLA are the principal isomers found in foods. The present study was performed to determine whether CLA and the two isomers inhibits HT-29 cell proliferation and to assess whether such an effect was related to changes in secretion of eicosanoids. Cells were incubated in serum-free medium with various concentrations(0 to 20$\mu$M) of CLA or LA. CLA inhibited cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, with maximal inhibition(70 $\pm$ 1%) observed at 20$\mu$M concentration after 96 hours. However, LA had no effect at the same concentration range. To compare the ability of c9f11 and t10c12 to inhibit cell proliferation, cells were incubated with increasing concentrations(0 to 4$\mu$M) of these isomers. T10c12 inhibited cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. A 66 $\pm$ 2% decrease in cell number was observed within 96 hours after addition of 4$\mu$M t10c12. By contrast, c9t11 had no effect. The concentrations of CLA and the two isomers in the plasma membrane were increased when they were added to the incubation medium. However, they did not alter the levels of arachidonic acid in plasma membrane. To assess whether the proliferation inhibiting effect of CLA was related to changes in eicosanoid production, prostaglandin E$_2$(PGE$_2$) and leukotriene B$_4$(LTB$_4$) concentrations in conditioned media were estimated by a competitive enzyme immunoassay. Both CLA and t10c12 increased the production of materials reactive to PGE$_2$ and LTB$_4$ antibodies in a dose-dependent manner. By contrast, c9t11 had no effect. These results indicate that inhibition of HT-29 cell proliferation by CLA is attributed to the effect of the t10v12 isomer. The materials reactive to PGE$_2$ and LTB$_4$ antibodies may inhibit growth stimulatory effect of arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids on HT-29 cell proliferation.