• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제80권1호
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• pp.11-20
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• 2017

Approximately one in four patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have asthmatic features consisting of wheezing, airway hyper-responsiveness or atopy. The Global initiative for Asthma/Globalinitiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease committee recently labelled these patients as having asthma-COPD overlap syndrome or ACOS. ACOS also encompasses patients with asthma, ${\geq}40$ years of age, who have been cigarette smokers (more than 5-10 pack years) or have had significant biomass exposure, and demonstrate persistent airflow limitation defined as a post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second ($FEV_1$)/forced vital capacity of <70%. Data over the past 30 years indicate that patients with ACOS have greater burden of symptoms including dyspnea and cough and show higher risk of COPD exacerbations and hospitalizations than those with pure COPD or pure asthma. Patients with ACOS also have increased risk of rapid $FEV_1$ decline and COPD mortality. Paradoxically, experimental evidence to support therapeutic decisions in ACOS patients is lacking because traditionally, patients with ACOS have been systematically excluded from therapeutic COPD and asthma trials to maintain homogeneity of the study population. In this study, we summarize the current understanding of ACOS, focusing on definitions, epidemiology and patient prognosis.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.183-189
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• 1977

There has been an alarming rise in the incidence of carcinoma of the lung in the world. The increase of the disease has been greater in men than in women, but even in women the rate has doubled in the last 20 years. During the 20 year period 1957 through 1976, 33 women with proven primary carcinoma of the lung were treated at Department of Thoracic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital. During the period of survey, 170 consecutive cases of primary bronchogenic carcinoma were encountered in men, a male to female ratio of 5.2: 1. Ages of patients with bronchogenic carcinoma in women ranged from twenty-seven to sixty-eight years and most of them were over 40 years of age. The duration between the onset of symptoms and admission was about 9 months and the most common complaints were cough [66.6%], chest pain [60.6%], hemoptysis [48.4%] and dyspnea [45.4%]. Bronchogenic carcinoma developed most frequently in the upper lobes, and twelve [36.3%] of cases were squamous cell type, nine [27.2%] were anaplastic cell type, six [18.2%] were adenocarcinoma, one was alveolar cell type and five were unclassified type, in contrast to the usual predominence of adenocarcinoma among women in other reports. One half of the patients were inoperable and resection was feasible in only 24.2 per cent of the patients. There was no operative mortality but one case had bronchopleural fistula after pneumonectomy. Most patients with bronchogenic carcinoma in women were from large cities. Cigarette smoking appeared to be related to the occurrence of the squamous cell and anaplastic cell carcinoma because all heavy smokers had squamous cell or anaplastic cell carcinoma.

• 대한기관식도과학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.113-118
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• 1999

Background & Objectives : Nasal resistance which is halfly responsible for airway resistance is known to be influenced by hypoxia, hypercapnia, exercise, pregnancy, alcohol, ammonia and smoking. Smoking is a common part of our sociocultural environment and we have many a times been introduced to its various adverse effects, which have usually been more focused on lung problems. The purpose of this study is to determine any relationship between smoking and nasal resistance and to evaluate it's effective sites. Materials and Methods : Acoustic rhinometry was performed in 25 smokers and 25 nonsmokers who had no nasal symptoms nor abnormal rhinoscopic findings, and used an acoustic rhinometry to measure the distance from nose-piece to the C-notch, cross sectional area at the C-notch, and volume of the nasal cavity from nose-piece to 7cm. The authors compared the data between the two groups. Results : The cross sectional area at the C-notch was significantly decreased(p<0.05) in smoking group. The distance to the C-notch and the volume of nasal cavity were decreased likely in smoking group but there were no significant difference(p>0.05). Conclusion : Smoking reduced the cross sectional area at the C-notch, so increased the nasal resistance. The underlying mechanisms seems to be decreased nasal mucosal reactivity and congestion of the nasal mucosa. The authors believe there should follow more studies on pathophysiologic mechanisms and the histopathologic changes which involve the effect of smoking on nasal structures.

• 아동학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.1-16
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• 2013

This study examined the effects of paternal smoking on the developmental levels of children younger than 3 years of age. For this purpose, the paper made use of data from the Panel Study on Korean Children which has been released in 3 waves - 2008, 2009, and 2010. The main findings are as follows. First, the smoking characteristics of parents (e.g., the amount of smoking in the morning, the time starting the first cigarette of the day) rather than the duration of smoking or whether the father smoked or not revealed significant relationships with developmental levels. Second, children whose fathers preferred smoking in the morning exhibited lower activity levels or more areas with developmental delays than did their counterparts. Third, children whose fathers smoked more than 11 cigarettes a day were more likely to show problematic developmental levels, especially among those whose fathers responded so only for 1 year out of 3 years. Based on these findings, this study suggests that future research may be conducted, relating to the mechanisms through which morning smoking affects children and possible interventions for such morning smokers.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제71권4호
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• pp.291-295
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• 2011

Varicella, more commonly known as chickenpox, is caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It is a common benign childhood illness. In adults, Varicella is uncommon but is more severely associated with complications including pneumonia, hepatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, encephalitis and myocarditis. A serious and life-threatening complication is the development of varicella-zoster virus pneumonia (VZVP). Although VZVP is well described in immunocompromised hosts, it is rarely seen in immunocompetent adults. The VZVP in healthy adults is more prevalent in cigarette smokers and during pregnancy. However, reports of VZVP in healthy adults are scarce in Korea. The authors report here a case of VZVP in an immunocompetent adult and present a literature review.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.293-297
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• 2009

Objectives : To evaluate the impact of the workplace smoking ban in South Korea, where the male smoking rate is high (57%), on smoking behavior and secondhand smoke exposure. Methods : A workplace smoking ban legislation implemented in April 2003 requires offices, meeting rooms, and lobbies located in larger than 3,000 square meter buildings (or 2,000 square meter multipurpose buildings) should be smoke free. A representative cross-sectional survey, the third wave (2005) of health supplements in the National Health Nutrition Survey of South Korea, was used to measure the impact of the 2003 workplace smoking ban implementation on smoking behavior. It contained 3,122 observations of adults 20 to 65 years old (excluding selfemployed and non-working populations). A multivariate statistical model was used. The self-reported workplace smoking ban policy (full workplace ban, partial workplace ban, and no workplace ban) was used as the key measure. Results : A full workplace smoking ban reduced the current smoking rate by 6.4 percentage points among all workers and also decreased the average daily consumption among smokers by 3.7 cigarettes relative to no smoking ban. Secondhand smoke showed a dramatic decrease of 86 percent (= -1.74/2.03)from the sample mean for full workplace ban. However, public anti-smoking campaign did not show any significant impact on smoking behavior. Conclusions : The full workplace ban policy is effective in South Korea. Male group showed bigger impact of smoking ban policy than female group. The public antismoking campaign did not show any effectiveness.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.91-103
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• 1986

Using imprint cultures and epithelial smears, the density and prevalence of colonization of oral mucosal sites and denture surfaces by Candida albicans has been determined in 28 healthy dentate subjects and 20 denture wearers. With questionnaire, oral and denture examination, the relationship between the carrier rates and several factors; DMFT, oral hygiene index, salivary pH & denture plaque score were studied. But these factors have not significant relationship to the carrier rates. Imprint culture appears to be sensitive technique for detecting candidal carriers and be useful for distinguishing between the healthy carrier state and candidal infection. Cigarette smokers had a significantly increased carrier state (P<0.05) compared with nonsmoker in male dentate subjects. Female were more frequent carriers than male in dentate and denture group, but these differences were not significant. In denture wearers, there was a higher density and frequency of candidal colonization of all mucosal sites sampled, compared with that of healthy dentate group especially anterior palate and posterior palate showed highly significant differences in frequency of candidal colonization (P<0.05). The distribution of Candida albicans is not uniform throughout the mouth. The tongue in the healthy dentate subjects and the impression surfaces of upper dentures are the primary oral reservoirs for the fungus. Overnight wearing of dentures was associated with increased density and frequency of candidal colonization and density.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.391-399
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate stress, depression and health risk behaviors in elderly people. Methods: The subjects were 238 Korean elders who had visited the convalescent center. The level of stress was measured by the Korean version of BEPSI, which was developed by Bae, Jeung & Yoo (1992) and modified by Yim et al.(1996). CES-D was used to measure the level of depression. For health risk behaviors, we measured cigarette consumption and alcohol drinking during the last one month. Results: Of the subjects, 17.4% were excessive drinkers and 18.9% were currently smokers. The level of stress was between moderate and high, and 62.7% of the subjects were depressed. There were significant differences in stress and depression according to economic status and self-reported health. In addition, depression had positive correlations with stress and QF score. Conclusion: Stress and depression management programs for the elderly are needed. These findings indicate that nurses must consider stress and alcohol drinking when they take care of depressed elderly people.

• 지질동맥경화학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.88-97
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• 2018

The prevalence of atherothrombotic disease continues to rise, presenting an increasing number of challenges to modern society and creating interest in functional foods. Platelet activation, adhesion, and aggregation at vascular endothelial disruption sites are key events in atherothrombotic disease. Physiological challenges such as hyperlipidemia, obesity, and cigarette smoking are associated with vascular changes underlying platelet aggregation and inflammatory processes. However, it is difficult to determine the beneficial response of functional foods in healthy subjects. To address this problem, challenge models and high-risk models related to smokers, obesity, and dyslipidemia are proposed as sensitive measures to evaluate the effects of functional foods in healthy subjects. In this review, we construct a model to evaluate the effects of functional food such as natural products on blood flow based on a human intervention study.

• 분석과학
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.385-397
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• 2015

본 연구를 통하여 담배 주류연에 포함되어 있는 HPHCs (Harmful and potentially harmful constituents) 중 7 개 그룹의 분석법을 확립하였다. 이 7 개 그룹에는 방향족 아민, 휘발성 유기화합물, 중금속, 담배특이니트로사민, 벤조[a]피렌, 암모니아, 카르보닐 그룹이 있다. 시험법 검증을 위하여 표준담배인 1R5F와 3R4F를 사용하여 분석법의 특이성, 직선성, 정성한계, 정량한계, 정확도, 정밀도 및 회수율을 확인하였다. 모든 상관계수(r²)는 0.995 이상 이였고 정성한계는 방향족 아민, 휘발성 유기화합물, 중금속, 담배특이 니트로사민, 벤조[a]피렌, 암모니아, 카르보닐 순으로 0.01-0.04 ng/cig, 0.01-0.16 μg/cig, 0.01-1.27 ng/cig, 0.06-0.28 ng/cig, 0.04 ng/cig, 0.08 μg/cig, 0.78-1.77 μg/cig으로 확인되었다. 또한 일간과 일내 상대표준편차는 모두 15% 이하였고, 회수율의 상대표준편차는 15% 이하, 회수율 범위는 79.2-117.5%로 나타났다. 이러한 결과들을 바탕으로 7 개 그룹에 대하여 확립된 시험법은 각각의 해당성분을 분석하기에 적합하다고 판단된다.