• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.226-238
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• 2010

This study was conducted to assess the effects of nutrition label education in children. The students of three randomly selected sixth-grade classes at an elementary school participated, were classified into a control group, an indirect (written message to parents) education group, and a direct (teaching children) education group. Nutrition label education was conducted in the latter two groups but not in the control group. There were no significant differences between pretest and posttest scores for nutrition knowledge or in the dietary attitudes of the control group and indirect education group. Improvements in test scores for nutrition knowledge and dietary attitudes were observed only in the direct education group. There were significant positive changes in the indirect and direct education groups, such as selecting snacks (cookies) by considering the fat content. Moreover, after the lessons, the percentage of children who chose white milk (regular milk, calcium-enriched milk, and low-fat milk) significantly increased in the direct education group. This study suggests that conducting nutrition label education helps children improve their nutrition knowledge and leads to positive changes in dietary attitudes and eating behaviors. In particular, a direct nutrition education method is more effective than an indirect method such as a written message to parents. Therefore, it is suggested that systematic and constant 'nutrition label education' be performed by nutrition teachers in elementary schools to establish healthy eating habits based on choosing nutritious snacks and processed foods.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.187-196
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• 1997

This study was carried out with 343(161 male, 182 female) elementary school children to investigate the relationship between 5th and 6th grade males and females of living in Chuncheon city. The degrees of going without a meal and overeating showed high in breakfast and dinner respectively. Also most children responded that they eat more than usual when they are under stress. After having dinner, 52.8$\%$ of the children ate snacks. 64.7$\%$ of the children have unbalanced diets with the main reason being they don't like the peculiar smell that some foods have. Most children sleep 8 hours and go to school on foot, and 74.3$\%$ of the children enjoy indoor activities in their spare time. The regularity of exercise shows a low level of 39.1$\%$. In weight control, 51.0$\%$ of the children take no interest in it. Thirty percent of the children get their nutrition knowledge from school and the order of average mark of their nutrition knowledge is poor(40.5$\%$), fair(36.4$\%$), and excellent(23.0$\%$). Most children like sweet taste. It is prevalent that the children think instant food is not good for their health, and their preference for instant food is on a fair level. The most popular instant food is in the order of ddogbbokki, ice-cream, kimbap, fried chicken and pork cutlet.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.188-197
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• 2001

The nutritional status is important for the physical and mental development of children. Children should have sufficient nutrient intake, specially for the developmentally disabled children. In spite of the importance not much research has been done for their food habit and nutritional status. In this study, nutritional status of the disabled children were examined, the number of children studied is 50 children in Seoul between 5 to 6 years old, of whom 11 were austism, 5 were mentally retarded children and 8 were down\\`s syndrome. In order to get the data questionnaires about the food habit and other related factors, and two days food records were used. Their mean height was 108.8$\pm$21.0cm and their average weight was 19.5$\pm$4.6kg. The proportion of study subject with problems of the food habits was 36%, without keeping the regular meal time was 16%, and having snacks 2-4 time daily was 56%. They chose confectionery and fruits as their favorite snacks. The proportion of study subject with the sensitivity to the food colors and smells when they ate was 54%, unskilled using spoon and fork was 58%, and having medications was 20%. When we asked them whether their parents used the food as compensation means or not, 32% of them said that they did it often or sometimes. For the nutrient intake, energy was 1,703 $\pm$ 511kcal, carbohydrate was 242.5 $\pm$ 69.3g, protein was 61.3 $\pm$ 17.5g, lipid was 50.0 $\pm$ 24.4g. As the nutrient intake, it was compared with RDA. The intake of vitamin A and calcium were below RDA. Intake of protein was more than 150% of RDA. The proportion of subject with more than 125% of RDA was 72% for the phosphorus, 62% for the protein, 60% for the Vitamin A and calcium were below 0.75 and that of the others was above 0.75. The mean adequacy ratio(MAR) was 0.88. As we sum up the results of the research, the developmentally disabled children were shorter and lighter than the reference, were having medications, had excessive appetites, and had unbalanced diets. Also they had the bad food habit. As for the nutritional intake, vitamin A and calcium intake were a little less than RDA, and protein and phosphorus intake were too much. With the results of the above research for the disabled children, we can conclude that there are need to take some necessary measures for those children. To establish some programs measures for their better food environment, it is thought that much more research should be done in the future. (Korean J Nutrition 34(2) : 188-197, 2001)

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.551-561
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• 2006

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of mothers' attitudes on preparing baby foods for their children's food habits and development. The subjects were allocated to 419 preschool children, aged 3 - 5 years. This study surveyed by questionnaire, which was answered by the children's mothers. Subjects were classified by two groups, active and passive, based on their mothers' weaning attitudes. In the active group, mothers tried to make a variety of foods for preparing the baby foods, whereas mothers in the passive group didn't try to make it too much. Family income was higher in the active group and the subject' mothers had more jobs than those in the passive group, whereas their parent's education levels showed no differences. According to Rohrer index, 2.6% of subjects were obese in the active group, whereas 7.7% in the passive group. These data were shown significantly different between the groups. There were no differences in mother's food habits and breast-feeding versus formula feeding between the two groups. However, children's food habits were shown statistically different between the two groups. Higher regularity of meals, higher frequencies of snacks at home, higher frequencies of fruit, com, sweet potato as a snacks and less instant foods were revealed in the active group more than in the passive group. The major problem of children's food habits was an unbalanced diet (52.7%) and the major reasons for unbalanced diet were the taste (58.7%) and the texture (23.2%). The active uoup used more fruits and vegetables than the passive group. Also there were significant differences to solve problems of children's unbalanced diets. In the positive group, 14.4% of mothers tried to develop new cooking methods for solving the problem of an unbalanced diet, but 8.2% did in the passive group. furthermore, 2.3% of mothers in the positive group removed unpleasant items of the food, whereas 6.9% did in the passive. The average nutritional knowledge scores on a 10 scale were 7.2 and 6.9 in active and passive groups, respectively, and they were statistically different. Mothers among the active group explained the knowledge for food and nutrition to their children more than those in the passive group. These results suggest that mothers' attitudes for baby food are an important factor for forming their children's food habits. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a nutritional education program, materials and new recipes for a variety of baby foods to mothers.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 2011

This survey was conducted to develop an appropriate management for safety of children snacks. In this study, monitorings of food additives such as nine kinds of tar colors (tartrazine, sunset yellow FCF, brilliant blue FCF, indigo carmine, new coccine, amaranth, erythrosine, allura red and fast green FCF) which are sold at stationary store around the school, were performed. Eighty two samples (3 snacks, 71 candies, 4 chocolates and 4 beverages) were analyzed for tar colors. Results of risk assessment for tar colors were expressed as EDI (Estimated Daily Intake) comparing with ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake). The ratio of high risk group for tar color intake (95th) were 0-3.56%. The consumptions of tar colors from domestic and imported products for nine kinds of tar colors in candies were not significantly different. The results of this study indicated that each ED! of nine kinds of tar colors sold at stationary store around the school is much lower than each ADI in general. Consequently, the children snacks are thought to be safe for consumption.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.40-52
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• 2017

Objectives: This study was conducted to examine the length of exposure to smartphone and its association with dietary behavior toward snacks, lifestyle, and nutrition knowledge in elementary school students. Methods: Subjects were 372 5th and 6th grade schoolchildren in Cheongju, Korea, and data was collected by a self-administered questionnaire. They were divided into two groups by the time spent using smartphone: moderate (< 2 hours/day) and overexposure (${\geq}2$ hours/day). Data was analyzed using frequency analysis, ${\chi}^2$-test, and independent t-test as well as analysis of covariance when necessary. Results: Approximately half of subjects (41.4%) reported spending ${\geq}2$ hours/day using smartphone. That habit was more frequent among students in the 6th grade, those who received more monthly allowance, and who has a working mother. 63.4% of the subjects reported that they consumed snacks while watching television, using a computer and/or a smartphone and 48.1% said that they consumed snacks while they use a smartphone. Both situations were most prevalent among those with overexposure to smartphone (${\geq}2$ hours/day). We also observed that a higher percentage of subjects from the overexposure group spent more money on snack foods with the preference for ice cream, fast food, and carbonated drinks. Further, those in the overexposure group consumed more ice cream, cookies, and carbonated drinks. In addition, they had less desirable dietary behavior and health-related lifestyle (sleep duration and frequency of regular exercise) compared to those with moderate smartphone usage (< 2 hours/day). However, there was no statistical difference in nutrition knowledge among children with different degrees of smartphone usage. Conclusions: Our results showed that longer smartphone use was associated with less desirable snack preference/consumption and other dietary behavior in elementary school students. Thus interest and positive attitudes towards healthy snacks and diet should be reinforced in nutrition education programs, especially for those who are prone to use smartphones.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.44 no.2 s.216
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• pp.37-48
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to explore practices of the child rearing in the late period of the Goryo Dynasty. This study was using the historical method and the materials for analysis were the literatures written from the late thirteenth century to the fourteenth century in Goryo Dynasty, such as 'the Ikjaijip'(익재집), 'Mokeunjip'(목은집), 'Yangchonjip'(양촌집). According to the results, parents, grandparents, maternal grandmother, and an elder sister played important roles in child-rearing. And parenting roles were expected to give their children affections and consistent disciplines. In terms of sustenance for children, children were provided with boiled rice as principal food and seasonal fruit and rice cake as snacks. In housing habits, children, especially boys, shared the same room with their grandfather. And children were assured of physical safety and psychological protection through cultural practices, such as taboo, prayers, humble naming, first birthday celebration, and dreams of forthcoming conception. Finally, disciplining of children was focused on studies for Confucianism and shaping basic habits for cultivation of mind.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.81-87
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• 1988

This study attempted to investigate the relationships between vegetable preference and physical status. The subjects were 127 kindergarten children living Kwang-ju. In this study, vegetable preference and health status of the children were investigated by response of thier mothers through questionnaires. Also, rate of dental caries and anthropometric measures were obtained by examination. The results are summarized as follows; 1) Anthropometric mesures of the subjects were higher than those of Korean standards for children. 2) The mean hedonic score for vegetable preference in subjects was 2.6. The difference in vegetable preference between male and femal was not significant except for a squash item. 3) Vegetable prefernce has a significant correlation with the def. tooth rate. Especially preference of spinach, wild sesame leaf, and cucumber were negatively related to the def. tooth rate. 4) Vegetable preference and anthropometric measures did not show any significant correlation. 5) Children who ate sweets for snacks frequently disliked vegetable and showed high rate of dental caries significantly(p<0.001). Children who had anorexia and constipation disliked vegetables significantly (p<0.01). Children who complained diarrhea symptom showed significant high rte of dental caries(p<0.01). From the results above, as the negative relationship between vegetable preference and def. tooth rate was found, many cooking methods of vegetables should be studied and nutrition education should be oriented to recommend an increased intake of vegetables by children.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.471-483
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate food habits, nutrients intakes and nutritional quality of the preschool children living in Seoul. The study was performed by analyzing a questionnaire answered by the mothers of 233 subjects aged 2 to 6 years old. A three-day dietary intakes survey, using a 24 hour recall method was used by both the mothers and teachers of the children in day care centers. Twenty eight, 65.9 and $21.8\%$ of preschool children were underweight, normal and overweight or obese, respectively. It was found that $19.8\%$ of preschool children replied that they skipped breakfast sometimes. The major reasons for skipping breakfast were 'snacks' ($38.3\%$) and 'no appetite' ($32.6\%$). The proportion of subjects having unbalanced meals was $61.6\%$. From the 24-recall survey, it was found that all nutrients intakes were higher than those of the Korean RDA except zinc. The proportions of carbohydrate, protein and fat from total calories were 56,1, 17.2 and $30.7\%$. The P/M/S ratio was 0.62 : 0.86 : 1. Nutrient adquacy (NAR), mean of nu-trient adequacy ratio (MAR) and index of nutritional quality (INQ) were considered adequate. In conclusion, the dietary intakes of children aged 2 to 6 were assumed adequate judging from nutrient intakes, although some attention should be paid to fat intake in this age group.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.23-35
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• 1996

The main purpose of this study was to observe the effect of school lunch program on dietary habits of elementary school children and their food preferences. A questionnaire survey was conducted on 785 children and their mother in ele-mentary school with and without school lunch program. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: 1. 91.1% of subjects were eating rice for breakfast menu and 12.2% of subjects were skipping breakfast every morning. 2. Most of the children preferred fruits, ddugboggi, ice cream, fritter, cookie, bread, beverage and hot dog for snacks. 3. Despite of its restrictive practice, the school lunch program proved to be contributory to the improvement of children's food intake habits, table manners, keeping social order, sanitary consiousness, gratitude for their parents. 4. Children preferred kimbap, bokumbap and hamburger for main dish, fish jelly soup, brown seaweed soup and bean-sprout soup for soup, animal food for side dish and frying saute for cooking methods. 5. Most of the children disliked crown daisy, green pepper, mushroom, green onion, onion, dropwort, soybean and carrot for their food materials.