• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.699-708
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• 2022

Antibiotic exposure during pregnancy have an adversely effects on offspring behavior and development. However, its mechanism is still poorly understood. To uncover this, we added ceftriaxone sodium to the drinking water of rats during pregnancy and conducted three-chamber sociability test, open-field test, and Morris water maze test in 3- and 6-week-old offspring. The antibiotic group offspring showed lower sociability and spatial learning and memory than control. To determine the role of the gut microbiota and their metabolites in the changes in offspring behavior, fecal samples of 6-week-old offspring rats were sequenced. The composition of dominant gut microbial taxa differed between the control and antibiotic groups. KEGG pathway analysis showed that S24-7 exerted its effects through the metabolic pathways including mineral absorption, protein digestion and absorption, Valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis. Correlation analysis showed that S24-7 abundance was negatively correlated with the level of VEGF, and metabolites associated with S24-7-including 3-aminobutanoic acid, dacarbazine, L-leucine, 3-ketosphinganine, 1-methylnicotinamide, and N-acetyl-L-glutamate-were also significantly correlated with VEGF levels. The findings suggest that antibiotic exposure during pregnancy, specifically ceftriaxone sodium, will adversely affects the behavior of offspring rats due to the imbalance of gut microbiota, especially S24-7, via VEGF and various metabolic pathways.

• 영어영문학
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• 제57권5호
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• pp.813-838
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• 2011

Toni Morrison's ninth novel A Mercy delves into the colonial American history of the seventeenth century when Europeans began to migrate to the New World and when the first slaves were brought to Virginia. Morrison presents a diverse group of people such as white Europeans, an American Indian, a free black man, indentured servants, and slaves from Africa in order to explore the subjects of ownership, freedom and racism. She emphasizes the fact that most of the Europeans who came to America in the early seventeenth century were the people who were thrown out from the society such as felons, prostitutes, servants and children. By portraying how these castaways tried to settle in a new environment surrounded by unknown dangers and challenges, Morrison demystifies and reconstructs the myth of the birth of America as a nation state. In continuation of Morrison's writings about love and the betrayal of love, her novel A Mercy explores the subjects of trauma, memory and subjectivity by choosing the topic of motherly love and its betrayal which she dealt with poignantly in Beloved. The female protagonist, Florens, is given away by her mother in partial payment of debt incurred by the owner of Florens's mother. The traumatic memory of Florens's separation from her mother shapes Florence's character. She has to revisit the site of the original traumatic experiences of being given up by her mother in order to reconstruct her fragmented memory and past. The recurring dream of the traumatic incident that takes hold of Florens can be explained by the trauma theory of Freud, Cathy Caruth, Suzette Henke, and Judith Herman. The paper explores the self journey of Florens in which she faces the traumatic past and comprehends its meaning which enables her to construct her subjectivity by understanding the true meaning of being free and of owning oneself. In particular, it demonstrates how the process of writing a confession, a story about one's history, enables one to reclaim the traumatic experience and to locate it in the narrative memory.

• 아동학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.203-216
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to investigate the utility of the Luria-Nebraska Battery-Children's Revision (LNNB-CR) in the clinical situation in Korea: LNNB-CR was applied clinically in order to examine how well it differentiates brain damaged children from normals. Subjects were 30 children with the average age of 10 years. Among them 15 were diagnosed as the 'brain damaged' group, and the remaining 15 were normal. All subjects of the two groups were tested on all items in accordance with LNNB-CR manual. Data were analyzed by percentage, correlation coefficient, and t-test. The results were (1) the degree of consistency between testers averaged 97.2％ which confirmed the stability of the scoring system. (2) Split-half reliability was ranged from .75 on the Tactile Scale (C3) to .95 on the Memory Scale (C10). Thus, consistency of items within the scales appeared high. (3) Internal consistency reliability ranged from .74 on the Visual Scale (C4) to .98 on the Reading Scale (C9). Thus, the homogenity of items within the scales appeared high. (4) In the diagnostic discriminative power test between the two groups, both individual scales and total scores showed significant differences at the level of p<.001. (5) The discriminative power test between two groups on all items showed significant differences at the level of p<.05 or better in 126(85％) out of 149 items. These results are supportive of the diagnostic utility of the application of LNNB-CR to the clinical situation in Korea. However, extensive additional research is needed in order to prove its worth.

• 영재교육연구
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.241-260
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 유아영재 51명과 일반유아 51명을 대상으로 한국판 K-ABC의 프로파일을 분석하고 비교하였다. 유아영재와 일반유아의 K-ABC 프로파일을 분석하여 비교하기 위해 상관분석과 교차분석을 실시하였으며 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 일반유아의 경우는 얼굴기억 검사를 제외한 모든 인지처리 하위검사들이 인지 처리과정척도와 정적상관이 유의하였으나 유아영재의 경우는 손동작, 수회생, 얼굴기억, 위치기억검사와의 상관만이 통계적으로 유의하였다. 유아영재의 경우, 인지처리 과정척도와 습득도척도와 유의한 상관이 없었으나 일반유아는 습득도 척도와 유의한 정적 상관이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 유아영재와 일반유아의 인지처리 하위검사와 습득도 하위검사의 강점과 약점에 차이가 있을 것인지를 살펴본 결과, 모든 하위 검사에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 유아영재와 일반영재의 K-ABC종합척도 프로파일을 비교한 결과, 순차처리 동시처리 척도간의 비교와 동시처리척도 습득도척도간의 비교에서는 유의한 차이가 없었으나 유아영재는 습득도 척도에 비해 순차처리척도와 인지처리과정척도의 접수가 높은 경우가 일반유아에 비해 보다 더 많은 것으로 나타났다.

• 아동학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.241-249
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• 1992

본 연구는 그룹시간 동안의 한국 유치원 교사들의 질문양식과 유치원 아동들의 반응양식을 조사한 것이다. 본 연구를 위해서 12명의 유치원 교사와 중산층 가정에서 온 아동들이 12집단(남아 : 211명, 여아 : 176명) 참가했다. 비디오를 통해서 12명의 교사들의 질문양식과 각 집단의 아동들의 반응양식이 각각 3번씩 그룹시간의 처음 15분 동안 녹음되었다. 본 연구의 측정도구로서는 Aschner-Gallagher의 분류법이 사용되었고 통계분석방법은 Chi-square tests가 사용되었다. 또 교사들과 아동들의 연령 및 정보 등을 조사하기 위해서 교사들에게 질문지가 주어졌다. 본 연구의 결과는 교사들 사이에서 사용된 질문의 수준은 차이가 있었다는 것을 보여 주었다. (1) 교사들의 Congnitive Memory 질문을 가장 많이 사용했고 Evaluative 질문을 가장 적게 사용했다. (2) Congnitive Memory 질문을 가장 많이 사용한 교사들이 있는 반면에 Routine 질문을 가장 많이 사용한 교사들이 있었다. (3) Convergent 질문을 많이 사용한 교사들과 거의 사용하지 않은 교사들이 있었다. (4) Evaluative 질문 또는 Divergent 질문을 전혀 사용하지 않은 교사들이 있었다.

• 모자간호학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.45-54
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to explore the stressors in pediatric intensive care unit and impaired psychological responses of children after open heart surgery. Sixteen children aged 6 to 11, who were admitted to the hospital for open heart surgery during the period from July, 1991 to February, 1992 were the subjects of the study. Observations, drawings, and interviews were used to collect data for study. Behavioral responses about intensive care unit phenomena were analyzed according to the 4 categories identified to assess children's perceived stressors in ICU. Impaired psychological responses were examined using observational and interview data. Drawings were analyzed by content and color by this researcher and validated by the psychologist. The findings were as follows : 1. The most frequently perceived stressors by children in ICU were the physical stressors causing pain and discomfort(68.5%). It was followed by social stressors which denote disruption of relationship with family and friends(13.0% ), environmental stressors which denote unfamiliar surroundings, noise, staff, and other patients (11.2%), and psychological stressors which denote factors affecting self-esteem such as inability to communicate and inadquate knowledge of the situation (7.3%). 2. 81.3% of the children showed of least one of the impaired psychological responses. Three children (18.8%) experienced time disorientation. An equal number of subject experienced perceptual illusion. Two children(12.5%) experienced hallucination. Vivid dream about ICU phenomena was reported by 2 children. Seven children(43.8%) were identified as having exaggerated fear. They feared about oxygen mask and ICU environment in general. Seven children(43.8%) experienced impairment of memory about treatments, procedures, and environment of ICU. 3. The analysis of children's drawing revealed that 56.3% of children experienced fear in the ICU. 75% of children included nurses in the drawings and 62.5% of children drew other children. 81.3% of children drew and identified himself in the drawing. The colors used most by children were green, purple, and brown. From this result, it is recommended to prepare children before open heart surgery to reduce their stressors and impaired psychological responses in ICU.

• 아동학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.107-117
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• 2016

Objective: This study examined the construct validity of K-WPPSI-IV. Factor structures of the structures of the K-WPPSI-IV full scale as well as primary index scales for two age ranges (2 years, 6 months to 3 years, 11 months; 4 years to 7 years, 7 months) were examined. Methods: Data were collected from 1,700 children aged 2 years, 6 months to 7 years, 7 months during the K-WPPSI-IV standardization. Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted using the K-WPPSI-IV subtest performances with maximum likelihood estimation using Amos 18. Results: First, the three-factor model (verbal comprehension, visual spatial, and working memory) fitted best for the younger age range. However, the five-factor model (verbal comprehension, visual spatial, fluid reasoning, working memory, and processing speed) fitted best for the older age range. Residuals suggest the presence of two nested subfactors within the verbal comprehension factor (broad/expressive and focused/simple). Second, the confirmatory factor analysis on primary index subtests identified factors that account for the intercorrelations among the reduced sets of primary index subtests. Conclusion: The findings showed that the theoretical structures of WPPSI-IV subtests were confirmed within K-WPPSI-IV.

• 디자인학연구
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.49-58
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• 2002

컴퓨터 기술의 발달함에 따라 일선 교사들로 하여금 애니메이션과 같을 다양한 시각도구를 이용하여 멀티미디어 교육자료를 고안, 개발하는 것이 가능하게 되었다. 화려한 3D 애니메이션 기법을 도입한 게임, 또는 영화의 특수효과들과는 달리 멀티미디어를 이용한 교육자료들의 경우 정지된 영상이나 2D 애니메이션을 이용한 것들이 대부분이다. 컴퓨터 애니메이션이 학습효과에 도움을 준다는 것은 누추나 인식하고 있는 사실이지만 3D 애니떼이션을 이용한 멀티미디어 교육이 얼마나 학생들에게 효과 있는지에 대한 연구는 미흡한 실정이다. 본 논문에서는 1차 색상을 혼합하여 2차 색상을 얻는 기본적인 색채이론 과정을 3D 컴퓨터 애니메이션으로 표현하는 방법을 기술하고 본 시청각 교육자료를 통하여 이루어진 색채교육의 결과가 기존의 방법들을 보완하면서도 어린이들로 하여금 색채이론의 이해도를 제고하는데 미치는 효과를 알아보았다.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.193-198
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analysis of effectiveness between cognitive function assessment scores and gaming cognitive rehabilitation system in children with intellectual impairment. Methods: Five children (male=5, $age=10.00{\pm}0.80$) with intellectual impairment participated in this study and were randomly assigned to the experiment that played (received) gaming cognitive rehabilitation system (Neuroworld). The children were applied 2 times a week for 30 minutes during 3 months. The children were assessed K-WSIC-VI (Korean-Wechsler intelligence scale for children-fourth edition) and recorded that gained score in gaming cognitive rehabilitation system before and after intervention. K-WSIC-VI contained five primary index scores: verbal comprehension index, visual spatial index, fluid reasoning index, working memory index, and processing speed index. Gaming cognitive rehabilitation system scoring was composed visual recall, target recall, sequence recall, selective attention, continuous attention, and exploration. Results: In the intelligence quotient (IQ) of K-WSIC-VI, there were significant increased in all children. The visual recall item was highest effective in all children. However, sequential recall showed the lowest improvement in all children. The performance speed of selective attention item was decreased, this means that children's skills have improved. Also, their ability to explore has improved significantly. Conclusion: In conclusion, gaming cognitive rehabilitation system was significant effectiveness in cognitive function in some categories for children with intellectual impairment. However, the visual recall and performance speed don't represent of all cognitive function. Therefore, further studies will need to verify by applying more subject and longer duration.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.630-634
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• 2006

목 적 : B형 간염 백신은 접종 후 시간이 경과하면서 항체가는 감소하나, 면역학적 기억은 약 10년 이상 유지되며, 항체가가 감소하더라도 임상적으로 의미있는 감염에 대한 예방효과가 있어 현재 정상 면역 기능을 가진 경우 3회 접종 후 예방 가능한 항체가 형성된 경우는 추가접종을 권장하고 있지 않다. 저자들은 최근 우리나라 중부지역 소아의 B형 간염 항체 보유율과 B형 간염 백신의 면역학적 기억에 대해 연구하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 2003년 3월부터 2005년 5월까지 단국대학교병원(병동, 외래)에서 간염 항원, 항체 검사(RIA, 혹은 EIA)를 받은 소아(6개월-18세)를 대상으로 하였고, 측정한 B형 간염 항체가가 10 IU/mL 이상인 경우를 양성으로 하였다. B형 간염 항체가가 음성인 소아 중 B형 간염 백신을 1회($Euvax^{(R)}$ 혹은 $Hepavaxgene^{(R)}$) 추가 접종한 후 1개월 후에 측정한 항체가가 10 mIU/mL 이상의 양전을 보인 경우를 면역기억반응이 있다고 정의하였다. HBsAg, anti-HBs를 검사받은 대상 중에서 $-20^{\circ}C$에 보관된 169명의 혈청에서 EIA로 IgG anti-HBc를 측정하였다. 결 과 : 총 3,448명이 RIA 또는 EIA로 HBsAg/anti-HBs 검사를 받았으며 그 중 3,277명(남아 1,923명, 여아 1,354명)을 연구 대상으로 하였다. 미숙아, 면역기능 저하자, 검사 전 수혈을 받았거나 면역글로불린을 투여 받은 소아를 제외한 3,277명 중에서 1,913명(58.4%)이 anti-HBs가 양성이었고, 그 중에서 남아는 1,115명(58.3%)이었다. HBsAg 양성은 29명(0.9%)였다. 나이에 따른 anti-HBs 양성률은 6-12개월까지는 78.6%(88/112명), 1-3세는 62.7%(455/726명), 4-6세는 51.9%(407/784명), 7-12세는 49.5%(441/890명), 13-15세는 63.4%(220/347명) 그리고 16-18세까지는 72.2%(302/418명)였다. 과거에 기본접종을 받았으나 HBsAg/anti-HBs 모두 음성을 보여 추가 접종을 받은 소아는 80명이었고, 1개월 뒤 측정한 간염 항체 검사 결과 양성률은 88.8%(71/80명), 무반응자는 9명이었다. IgG anti-HBc를 검사한 169명 중에서 5명(3.0%)이 양성을 보였고, 5명 모두 HBsAg이 음성이었다. 5명 중 anti-HBs가 음성인 소아가 4명으로 모두 1회 접종 후 항체 양전을 보였다. 결 론 : 우리나라 중부지역 소아의 B형 간염 항체 양성률이 나이가 들면서 감소를 보이고 있으나 1회 접종으로 10 IU/mL 이상으로 항체가 증가를 보여 이는 B형 간염 백신의 장기간의 면역학적 기억을 보여 주는 것으로 생각된다.