• Korean Journal of Rural Living Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.19-31
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to examine the levels of maternal stress, social supports and child-rearing attitudes of the mothers of handicapped children by comparing those mothers of normal children. The subjects were 100 mothers of mentally handicapped children from elementary schools for handicapped children as well as 100 mothers of normal children from elementary schools in Pusan. The results are as follows : 1) The mothers of handicapped children showed significantly higher in maternal stress than the mothers of normal children. 2) For social support, the mothers of handicapped children recognized that they received significantly more insociable and emotional support than the mothers of normal children, but not in economic and service support. 3) For child-rearing attitudes, the mothers of handicapped children shelved significantly lower in lax attitude but not significantly different in affective, strict. punitive attitude than those of normal children. 4) For the mothers of handicapped children, they tend to be more affective and lax in child-rearing attitude when they receive more social support, while they tend to be more punitive when they have less sociable support.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.621-629
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• 2016

This study investigated the moderating effects of marital fondness and admiration as well as the father's involvement in child rearing on the association between parenting stress and marital satisfaction for a comparison of unemployed and employed mothers. The subjects were 159 unemployed mothers and 103 employed mothers with children under 3 years of age. The major findings of this study were as follows. First, unemployed mothers who had a lower level of marital fondness and admiration were dissatisfied with their marriage when they had higher parenting stress. Marital fondness and admiration are necessary for unemployed mothers in their transition period to parents. Especially, it is important for fathers to understand challenging conditions and encourage and support the spouse. However, there was no moderating effect of the father's involvement in child rearing in the association between parenting stress and marital satisfaction. Second, employed mothers who had a lower level of father's involvement in child rearing were dissatisfied with their marriage when they had higher parenting stress. The father's involvement in child rearing is necessary for employed mothers in their transition period to parents. Furthermore, it is important to implement policies at the national level to support childcare hours for balanced work and life. However, there was no moderating effect of marital fondness and admiration for the association between parenting stress and marital satisfaction.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.42 no.11
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• pp.109-122
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• 2004

This study examined the characteristics of children, parents, family, and the extra context related to the parenting stress of employed and unemployed mothers from a broader perspective. The subjects were 323 employed mothers 3nd 300 unemployed mothers of pre-school age children. Parenting stress due to the role of being a parent for both employed and unemployed mothers was correlated with the chid's activity level, husband support, quality of life, available social support, and satisfaction of early childhood program's location. Parenting stress due to child-rearing of both employed and unemployed mothers was correlated with child's birth order, activity level and rhythmicity of child, husband support, quality of life, available social support, and satisfaction of early childhood program. Number of children was the strongest predictor of parenting stress due to the role of being a parent for employed mothers and the child's activity level for unemployed mothers. Besides, the child's activity level was the strongest predictor of parenting stress due to child-rearing for both employed and unemployed mothers.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.5-12
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the level stress in rearing children and quality of life of mothers of children with disabilities and to identify the relationship between stress of rearing these children and quality of life of the mothers. Method: A descriptive, correlational study design was used. The participants in this study were 225 mothers of children with disabilities. With SPSS, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to analyze the data. Results: 1) The mean score for maternal stress in rearing children with disabilities was 3.46, and for quality of life, 2.80. 2) Stress in rearing these children had a negative correlation with quality of life (r=-.761, p=.000). Conclusion: It is suggested that intervention programs to decrease the stress of rearing these children and increase the quality of life should be offered to mothers of children with disabilities.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.153-167
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• 2011

This study analyzed changes in postpartum depression in mothers from one month after childbirth to the first year using panel data collected overtime, in an effort to determine the relationship between the amount of change and child-rearing system variables. The subjects were 1097 mothers who belonged to both the lower and upper $30^{th}$ percentile groups in the depression change distribution of the 2008 Korean Children Panel Study (PSKC), a large, population-based study conducted by the Korea Institute of Childcare and Education. The data were analyzed by t-tests, $x^2$ tests, partial correlation coefficient analyses and regression analyses. The results are summarized as follows: First, the mothers' postpartum depression showed a significant increase during the first year as opposed to the first month after birth. Second, after controlling for socio-demographical variables of the mothers, the changes related to depression showed a positive relationship with child-rearing stress, and the child's emotional temperament, but showed a negative relationship with the mother's self-esteem, the child's birth order, and the father's participation in child-rearing activities. Third, variables having a significant effect on changes in postpartum depression were the mother's self-esteem and child-rearing stress, the child's age in months, and social support. Variables pertaining to the mother's characteristics variables had a more powerful effect than other child-rearing system variable categories. The results suggest the necessity to develop a parental education program or a mother-child health service in consideration of the variables that affect mothers, as determined in this study, in an effort to prevent postpartum depression.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.1491-1498
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• 2004

Purpose. This study was conducted to compare the paternal rearing behavior and rearing stress level between fathers with a preschooler and fathers with school children so that it can be utilized as a basic source for developing parental rearing education programs. Methods. A descriptive comparative methods was conducted to identify the paternal rearing behavior and paternal rearing stress. Respondents were 361 fathers who had either preschoolers (n=189) or children of elementary age (n=l72). Results. Comparing the two group's means, the rearing activity score and rearing stress there were significant differences. In the school children's group's father, 'outdoor activity' and 'guidance on discipline activity' were significantly higher than the other group. In the preschool children's fathers group, 'play interaction activity' was statistically significant higher than the other, and the child-part mean score of paternal rearing stress was significantly higher than the other group. The correlation between paternal rearing behavior and paternal rearing stress, it can be shown that more paternal rearing behavior means less paternal rearing stress. Conclusion. These results of this study will help design rearing program for fathers that have either preschool children or school children by providing the basic data for paternal rearing behaviors and paternal rearing stress.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.175-192
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• 2007

Qualitative research was used to discover factors, relationships, and practices affecting rearing of a grandchild by grandparents. Results showed that the grandparents' motives for rearing a grandchild were parental obligation and responsibility, the fate of unavoidable situations, feelings of worth and affection, helping household economy, and absence of another reliable place for child-rearing. Grandchild-rearing roles included substitute mother, disciplinarian, and playmate. Grandchild-rearing difficulties included such psychological problems as insufficient time for their own selves, concern that they might also raise another grandchild, conflicts with family members, economic problems, and physical problems such as grandparents' worsening health conditions, double pressures of housework and childcare, and stress from loss of memory and fatigue.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.395-413
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• 2015

This study aims to observe the impact of mothers' child-rearing stress on the development of 3-month-old, breastfeeding and non-breastfeeding infants. For this purpose, a survey based on the K-ASQ scale was conducted on a sample of 533 3-month-old infants and their mothers in the Seoul and Kyeong-gi area. The results of the study are as follows. First, breastfeeding mothers felt less child-rearing stress than their non-breastfeeding counterparts, especially in parent-role stress. Second, breastfeeding infants exhibited a better personal sociality than non-breastfeeding infants. Third, it was found that mothers' child-rearing stress had an impact on all aspects of infant development in breastfeeding infants, and especially in the development of communicational skills, having an impact of 12.4%. However, in non-breastfeeding infants, mothers' child-rearing stress had an impact only on communication and personal sociality development and exhibited a nonsignificant impact on other aspects. Lastly, it was found that mothers' parent-role stress, out of all aspects of child-rearing stress, was the main factor of negative impact on infant development in both breastfeeding and non-breastfeeding infants. Based on the results of this study, I have suggested family-level and society-level support measures to reduce mothers' parent-role stress and promote breastfeeding.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.57-70
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• 2008

The focus of this study was finding out the relations among resilience of children separated from parents, child rearing factors and socio-emotional adjustment in Korean and Yanbian Korean-Chinese regions. Subjects were elementary school $5{\sim}6$ graders separated from their parents(184 in Korea and 81 in Yanbian). Data analysis was by Pearson's r, F-test and t-test. Resilience of Korean-Chinese children was higher than that of Korean children. Caregivers' child rearing behavioral factor than other child rearing factors was significant for children's resilience, and especially for Korean children, caregivers' child rearing psychological factor -efficacy and stress variables- were meaningful. Socio-emotional adjustment was significantly different between resilience high and low groups in both regions. Implications are that regional differences, caregivers' psychological and behavioral child rearing factors should be considered in supporting the development of children's resilience and socio-emotional adjustment.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.334-343
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• 2010

Purpose: The study was done to explore the effect of perception of parental rearing attitude and social support on self-efficacy and stress among school-aged children, then to supply information for health promotion of children and to promote multi-cultural communication between Korea and China. Methods: The participants for this study were 180 elementary students each, from Korea and China. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, $X^2$test, t-test, correlation analysis and AMOS. Results: Social support had a direct effect on self-efficacy for both Korean and Chinese children. In Korea parental rearing attitude had greater direct effect on stress than social support and self-efficacy. But in China only, parental rearing attitude had direct effect on stress. Conclusion: These findings provide support for perception of parental rearing attitude, social support, and self-efficacy as predictive variables of stress in Korean and Chinese school-aged children.