• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.473-482
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• 2021

In this study, we attempted to estimate the degree of management of chestnut forestry households in Chungcheongnam-do and to provide information for establishing chestnut cultivation-related policies. The chestnut management standard diagnostic table consists of three major categories, namely, management base, management and sales capacity, and production technology levels, along with 19 subcategories. A survey of 309 chestnut forestry households was conducted from 2014 to 2019 in Gongju, Cheongyang, and Buyeo in Chungcheongnam-do. The average score for the 19 subcategories was 65.7 points, indicating that these areas have excellent management conditions. When the total score was higher, the output per hectare and the rate of top-grade products in the total output were also higher, indicating a significant correlation. These findings will be useful for providing consulting services to chestnut growers as they highlight the correlation between the higher scores of the indicators in the chestnut management standard diagnostic table and the management performance of the farmers. We found that the scores of the indicators for management and sale skill, such as management record and analysis, material purchase, and direct transaction with consumers, were relatively lower than those of the indicators for management base and production skill. It is assumed that the chestnut growers aging has led to negligence in recording details on incomes, expenditures, and work and lowered the willingness to make substantial profits. Therefore, it is essential to overcome these problems for profitable chestnut farming.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.4
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• pp.504-511
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• 2009

This study to understand the production cost of cultivation in chestnut tree (Castanea spp.) as a result of a survey conducted of 227 farmers is as follows. In full-time farmer, average cultivation area was 5.5 hectares and average chestnut production was 1.6 tons per hectare. In chestnut sale type, more than 73% of total production was sold by Nong-hyup (7an agricultural cooperative association) and intermediaries, and also proportion of nut size grade was 18% in special-large nut, following 49% in large nut, 25% in middle nut and 8% in small nut. There was considerable difference among cultivated regions in gross income, whereas total average gross income was 2,103 thousand KRW per hectare and 66.4% of it was used in management expenses. Finally the chestnut cultivated farmers have a yearly income of 706 thousands KRW (net income rate 33.6%). As peculiarity of regional production cost, a low tree farm in height and a labor intensive growing helped the improved quality of the chestnut so, on average, 2,161 thousand KRW per hectare of the income of the Chungnam was raised. However caused by an old-age of chestnut trees, there was a little input to management expenses and it resulted in low productivity in the Jeonnam and the Gyeongnam.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.515-522
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• 2010

The purpose of this research was to construct an efficient management system in developing and supplying a 'management standard diagnostic table' for the improvement of chestnut cultivation farmhouse. 'Chestnut management standard diagnostic table' were based from the actual condition of chestnut management in Chungcheongnam-do, selected 'appraisal factor item and by consulting 'agricultural plant standard diagnostic table' and various kinds of data which had already been developed. This research also consulted the classification systems and degree of importance. The developed 'Chestnut management diagnostic table' consisted of 3 first classified items, 19 second classified items and 2 product indicator items.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.3
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• pp.274-281
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• 2006

In this study, I aimed to suggest political data on the plantation of chestnut trees given the local features by conducting an analysis on the economic efficiency of the plantation of chestnut trees aimed at chestnut tree plantation farmhouses (total 67 farmhouses) in Chungbuk, Chungnam, Jeonbuk, Jeonnam and Gyeongnam, which are the chief producing place in Korea. As a result, the central area (Chungbuk, Chungnam) was proven to post 2.7 times as many as the average total income, 3.9 times as many as income, and 12.1 times as many as net income per ha when compared with those in the southern area (Jeonnam, Gyeongnam). That is, the southern area demonstrated a very low economic efficiency on the plantation of chestnut trees compared with that of the central area, and this was caused by the reduction of chestnut production and the degradation of chestnut quality due to the aging of chestnut trees. Therefore, it is imperative to consistently renovate aged chestnut orchards and manage them in the southern area.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.78-86
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• 1999

The two parts of chestnut peels, outer and inner layers, were collected and investigated for cultivation of various mushrooms, i.e., Pleurotus ostreatus, Lentinus edodes, Hericium ramosum and the others. The inner layer of chestnut peels was contaminated with the mycelia of the blue fungi when collected, consisted of 17~20 % holocellulose, being a good material for growths of the above fungi. The outer layer was considered to be poor materials for fungal growth, because of lower amounts of minerals. Both mushrooms of Pleurotus ostreatus and Hericium ramosum grow well, and were produced fruiting bodies on the solid media containing only inner layers of chestnut peels. The Imhyup No.6 and Imhyup No.7 varieties of Lentinus edodes grow well, but produced few fruiting bodies in the solid media containing only inner layers of chestnut peels. The growth patterns of P. ostreatus and L. edodes were evaluated by production of $CO_2$. and considered to be different according to fungi. The inner layers of chestnut peels as agricultural by-products were considered to be a good material for mushroom cultivation, and outer layers could be used as being added with the other additives. The chestnut peels, being the environmental pollutants in rural areas, was considered to be a good substrate for mushroom cultivation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.3
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• pp.348-356
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• 2008

There is the need of regulating chestnut production because of being expected with chestnut trees cultivation farmhouses to be in a difficult situation by means of FTA negotiation promotion hereafter in Korea. And this study is aim to establish compensation criteria and plan for depreciation of income of farmers who take part in chestnut production regulation. We surveyed one hundred and thirty three among chestnut trees cultivation farmhouses in chief producing districts Kyung-nam, Jeon-nam and Chung-nam in Korea. As the result of this study, this study showed compensation criteria and plans for depreciation of income for farmers's participate in chestnut production regulation and showed criteria for closing chestnut old tree orchard and working process of cutting chestnut old tree. Procedures in closing chestnut old tree orchard in a day per hecta were felling operation and crude manufacture of thirty trees per one man, five forklains in loading and unloading chestnut log from a truck and building of workroad, the two number of assistance persons in loading and unloading chestnut log from a truck, the 6.94 trucks in carrying chestnut log. After farmers close chestnut trees orchard, government cost of old trees cuts and net income decrease for 3 years in case of planting trees for landscape and environment preservation.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.298-307
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to enhance the value of the chestnut industry by analyzing the value chain structure. Based on the value chain theory, it is divided into primary activities and support activities. Thus, in total, 27 subjects from Gongju, Buyeo, and Cheongyang were interviewed and self-administered questionnaire. Regarding the value chain structure of the chestnut industry, the primary activities consisted of production followed by cultivation and storing, sorting and packaging, transportation and marketing sales. The support activities were divided into production infrastructure, policy, R&D, and systematization. The primary activities are able to maximize profits through cost reductions. The production was divided into general and environmentally friendly cultivation. Depending on the labor force, it is family-centered labor. However, the installation of harvest nets depends on a hired labor force (40 - 60%) such that it would be necessary to have a mechanized harvest to replace the manpower for the cost reduction. Transportation, marketing sales, and backdoor selling (38.1%) were higher than the existing channels (31.0%) using the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation. The enhancement of value could be created by maximizing profits through the reinforcement of the links between each subject. The production showed strong connections with cultivation/storing, sorting/packing, and backdoor selling and the National Forestry Cooperative Federation. The processing stage is a very simple structure, it would be necessary to have R&D and to support promotions, infrastructure, machines, and sales increases, which should be expanded by connections with other industries like the food industry.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.6
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• pp.661-666
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• 2007

This study is to give investment information to someone who will manage a chestnut orchard or has been managing a chestnut orchard by means of profit by producers' chestnut price and a term of investment retrieval because of fluctuations in chestnut prices in the opening time by FTA. This study, hence, evaluated 133 families who manage a chestnut orchard at Jin-ju, San-cheoung in Gyeong-nam, Gu-rae in Jeon-nam, Gong-ju, Bu-yeo, Cheoung-yang in Chung-nam. This study used IRR, B/C Ration, NPV and the break-even point sales methods. As the result of this study, there are investment value at much than 1,140 won/kg including wages themselves at 4% interest, however, there are not investment value at less than 1,140 won/kg in the same economic condition. Furthermore, an investor could retrieve the investment at sixteen year and the break-even point sales is 32,963,000 won/ha. If 3,000 won/kg, an investor could retrieve the investment at nine year and the break-even point sales is 15,176,000 won.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.4
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• pp.398-407
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• 2008

This study is to give management state information about changes of income and net profit due to the fluctuations of chestnut prices to someone who will manage a chestnut orchard or has been managing a chestnut orchard in the market opening time. This study, hence, evaluated 133 households who manage a chestnut orchard at Jin-ju, San-cheoung in Gyeong-nam, Gu-rae in Jeon-nam, Gong-ju, Bu-yeo, and Cheoung-yang in Chung-nam. This study analyzed three scenarios by chestnut prices and by tree ages to provide informations for working expenses, production cost, income and net income to cultivators. In case of chestnut of one thousand won, the income of chestnut trees generated from nine ages and the net income is obtained from ten ages and turned into deficit from twenty-eight ages. In case of chestnut of one thousand and five hundred won, the income of chestnut trees generated from seven ages and the net income is obtained from nine ages. In case of chestnut of two thousand won, the income of chestnut trees generated from six ages and the net income is obtained seven nine ages. We calculated out labor costs and material cost and figured out management cost by tree ages. Namely two man and twenty woman are employed in harvesting 3,000 kg by hectare from ten till eighteen ages maximum harvesting seasons. Material cost is fertilizer cost, agricultural chemicals cost and seeding cost.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.302-307
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• 2018

Background: A soil-borne pathogenic fungus, Ilyonectria radicicola (Cylindrocarpon destructans) causes root rot on ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) and is known to attack many other plants. The Nectria/Neonectria radicicola complex has been renamed as the I. radicicola complex after analysis of its multi-gene relatedness and morphological characteristics. The fungi in this complex have been reclassified into 16 species under the genus Ilyonectria based on characteristics analysis Methods and Results: To obtain useful data from the Korean ginseng root rot, I. radicicola was isolated from the rhizosphere soils of the chestnut tree. They were identified through a pathogenicity test and a survey of the morphological features. The existence of I. radicicola in soil samples was confirmed by PCR detections using nested PCR with species-specific primer sets. These were subsequenctly isolated on semi-selective media from PCR-positive soils. Genetic analysis of the I. radicicola complex containing these pathogens was done by comparing the DNA sequences of the histone h3 region. These isolates originating from the rhizosphere soils of chestnut constituted a clade with other closely related species or I. radicicola isolates originating from ginseng or other host plants, respectively. Additionally, the pathogenicity tests to analyze the characteristics of these I. radicicola isolates revealed that they caused weakly virulent root rot on ginseng. Conclusions: This is the first study reporting that I. radicicola isolates from chestnut rhizosphere soils can attack ginseng plant in Korea. Thus, these results are expected to provide informations in the selection of suitable fields for ginseng cultivation.