• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.323-328
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• 2001

Meat quality of the domestic pork carcasses(n=330) classified in 3 groups according to the Hunter L values postmortem($\leq$50, 50.1∼55.0 and $\geq$55.1) was investigated. The carcass temperature(3, 5, 10 and 15hr postmortem) and temperature falling rate of postmortem increased as the Hunter L value increased. The pH postmortem(pH$\_$ohr/, pH$\_$24hr/) decreased as the Hunter L value decreased. In physical traits, the water holding capacity(WHC) increased and the purge loss decreased as the Hunter L value increased. However, shear force, cooking loss and fat hardness were not significantly different among different. Hunter L value groups(p<0.05). The meat color indices(CIE L*, a*, b*, chroma, hue and ΔE) increased as Hunter L value increased. The sensory characteristics had no significant difference among different Hunter L value groups(p<0.05). In conclusion, the results suggested that Hunter L values were related with pork quality such as temperature, pH, physical traits and color.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.127-130
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• 2004

Lathyrus sativus, locally known as Khesari, is a leguminous pulse crop grown in many parts of the world for food (used by poor people) and animal feed/fodder. Its seeds are rich in protein and energy but contains anti-nutritional factors prominent among which is ${\beta}$-N-Oxalylamino-L-Alanine (BOAA), a neurotoxin causing lathyrism in humans due to prolong consumption. Keeping in view the chemical characteristics of this toxin and literary facts on L. sativus feeding in terrestrial animals, it was hypothesized that aquatic species may better utilise this ingredient in mixed extruded diets. Diets were prepared with varying levels (0, 10, 18, 26 and 34%) of L. sativus seeds and fed for 60 days to study growth, body composition and digestibility of nutrients. Final body weight, specific growth rate and feed and protein conversion ratio did not differ (p>0.05) between treatments. Crude protein digestibility was reduced (p<0.01) beyond 26% inclusion level of L. sativus. Final carcass composition with regard to protein, lipid and ash did not differ (p>0.05) among the treatments. Comparable craniosomatic, viscerosomatic, renosomatic and hepatic indices and no mortality implies no apparent adverse effect on the vital organs and fish health. It was concluded that L. sativus can be a promising feed ingredient that can be used up to 34% or possibly higher level in fingerlings diet. To our knowledge, it appears to be the first report of its kind under laboratory conditions.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.255-265
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• 1986

This study was designed to investigate the effect of age on the lipid metabolism in the rats fed different diets. In experiment A male Wistar rats of 5 weeks of age and of 32 weeks of age were divided into low fat diet groups and high fat-cholesterol groups. The rats were sacrificed 1 week, 2 weeks and 4 weeks after experiment begins. Also after 4 weeks. the rats in low and high fat diet groups were tube-fed 500mg of choelsterol and were sacrified 3 days later. In experiment b, male Wistar rats of 4 weeks of age and of 6 months of age were divided into 2 groups of butter and cron oil groups. And then eachgroup were divided into 2 subgroups ; meal feeding and nibbling groups . Each diet was fed for 4 weeks. In experiment A, age of the rats and experimental diets did not affect the serum cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations were higher in rats fed high fat cholesterol diet than in those fed low-fat or high -fat diets, but age of the animals had no effect on liver lipid content. The weight and cholesterol content of epidymal fat pad, however were higher in adult rats than in young ones regardless of the diets fed. When the rats were challenged with 500mg cholesterol, the rates of increase in serum and hepatic cholesterol level were higher in adult rats compared to young rats regardless of the diets . On the other hand, the rate of increase of small intestinal cholesterol content was lower in adult rats than in young rats. In experiment B, serum cholesterol and triglyceride content were relatively higher in young rats than adult ones. Stored body lipid was higher in adult rats, as judged by epididymal fat pad weight and total carcass lipid. Meal frequency and the kinds of fat in the diet did not affect the serum choelstero concentration . The serum triglyceride levels. however, was higher in butter fed rats thancron oil fed ones. The cholesterol content of live rand epididymal fat pad was lower in butter fed groups than corn oil groups for both young and adult rats, but there was no difference in liver triglycerides livel.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.1061-1065
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• 2005

Growth rate is one of the economically important quantitative traits that affect carcass quantity in beef cattle. Two genes, bovine insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and myogenic factor 5 (MYF5), were chosen as candidate genes for growth traits due to their important role in growth and development of mammals. The objectives of this study were to determine gene-specific single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers of the IGF-I and MYF5 positional candidate genes and to investigate their associations with growth traits in Korean cattle. Genotyping of the SNP markers in these candidate genes was carried out using the single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. The frequencies of A and B alleles were 0.72 and 0.28 for IGF-I gene and 0.39 and 0.61 for MYF5 gene, respectively, in Korean cattle population examined. The gene-specific SNP marker association analysis indicated that the SNP genotype in IGF-I gene showed a significant association (p<0.05) with weight at 3 months (W3), and cows with AB genotype had higher W3 than BB genotype cows. The SNP genotype of MYF5 gene was found to have a significant effect (p<0.05) on the weight at 12 months (W12) and average daily gain (ADG), and cows with BB and AB genotypes had higher W12 and ADG compared with cows with AA genotype, respectively. However, no significant association between the SNP genotypes and any other growth traits was detected. The gene-specific SNP markers in the IGF-I and MYF5 candidate genes may be useful for selection on growth traits in Korean cattle.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.583-593
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of morphological characteristics of porcine muscle fibers on growth performance, muscle fiber characteristics, and pork quality taken from the longissimus dorsi muscle. A total of 239 crossbred pigs (164 castrated males and 75 females) were used in this study. Experimental pigs were categorized by the total number of muscle fiber (TNF: High and Low) and cross sectional area of muscle fiber (CSAF: Large, Middle, and Small). Their combinations were classified into six groups (High-Large, HL; High-Middle, HM; High-Small, HS; Low-Large, LL; Low-Middle, LM; Low-Small, LS). The TNF and CSAF were significantly (p<0.05) correlated with growth rate and carcass productivity, while the only of the type I number had no meaningful relationships excluding the correlation with loin area (p<0.001). The proportion of type I area was positively correlated with pH_{45 min} while the proportion of type IIB area was negatively correlated with pH_{45 min} and pH_{24 h} (p<0.05). Drip loss and protein denaturation had strong relationships with the proportion of type IIB number or area. The HL group exhibited the greatest growth performance. In addition, the HL group had significantly greater values in protein solubility than the other groups. In conclusion, this study suggest that high TNF combined to large CSAF improve the ultimate lean meat productivity and assure normal meat quality simultaneously with increased both proportion of number and area of type I, type IIA muscle fibers and lowered proportion of number and area of type IIB.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.751-758
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• 2021

Objective: The objectives of this study were to investigate the relationship between the mRNA expression of adipocyte type fatty acid binding protein (A-FABP) and heart type FABP (H-FABP) in Thai native chicken crossbreeds and evaluate the level of exotic inclusion in native chicken that will improve growth while maintaining its relatively low carcass fat. Methods: The fat deposition traits and mRNA expression of A-FABP and H-FABP were evaluated at 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks of age in 4 chicken breeds (n = 8/breed/wk) (100% Chee breed [CH] [100% Thai native chicken background], CH male and broiler female [Kaimook e-san1; KM1] [50% CH background], broiler male and KM1 female [Kaimook e-san2; KM2] [25% CH background], and broiler [BR]) using abdominal fat (ABF) and muscular tissues. Results: The BR breed was only evaluated at 6 weeks of age. At week 6, the CH breed had a significantly lower A-FABP expression in ABF and intramuscular fat (IF) compared with the other breeds. At 8 to 12 weeks, the KM2 groups showed significant upregulation (p<0.05) of A-FABP in both ABF and IF compared to the CH and KM1 groups. The expression of H-FABP did not follow any consistent pattern in both ABF and IF across the different ages. Conclusion: Some level of crossbreeding CH chickens can be done to improve growth rate while maintaining their low ABF and IF. The expression level of A-FABP correlate with most fat traits. There was no consistency of H-FABP expression across breed. A-FABPs is involved in fat deposition, genetic markers in these genes could be used in marker assisted studies to select against excessive fat accumulation.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.563-579
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• 2023

Myogenesis and adipogenesis are the important processes determining the muscle growth and fat accumulation livestock, which ultimately affecting their meat quality. Hanwoo is a popular breed and its meat has been exported to other countries. The objective of this study was to compare the myogenesis and adipogenesis properties in satellite cells, and meat quality between Hanwoo and Vietnamese yellow cattle (VYC). Same 28-months old Hanwoo (body weight: 728±45 kg) and VYC (body weight: 285±36 kg) steers (n=10 per breed) were used. Immediately after slaughter, tissue samples were collected from longissimus lumborum (LL) muscles for satellite cells isolation and assays. After 24 h post-mortem, LL muscles from left carcass sides were collected for meat quality analysis. Under the same in vitro culture condition, the proliferation rate was higher in Hanwoo compared to VYC (p<0.05). Fusion index was almost 3 times greater in Hanwoo (42.17%), compared with VYC (14.93%; p<0.05). The expressions of myogenesis (myogenic factor 5, myogenic differentiation 1, myogenin, and myogenic factor 6)- and adipogenesis (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma)-regulating genes, and triglyceride content were higher in Hanwoo, compared with VYC (p<0.05). Hanwoo beef had a higher intramuscular fat and total monounsaturated fatty acids contents than VYC beef (p<0.05). Whilst, VYC meat had a higher CIE a* and total polyunsaturated fatty acids content (p<0.05). Overall, there was a significant difference in the in vitro culture characteristics and genes expression of satellite cells, and meat quality between the Hanwoo and VYC.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.593-600
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• 2006

The effects of breed and sex on individual growth performance and feeding behaviour were studied between 45 and 90 kg BW in two replicates of forty group-housed pigs. The first and the second replicates were carried out during the warm season (i.e. between February and April 2003) and during the hot season (i.e. between August and October 2003), respectively. During the warm season, ambient temperature and relative humidity averaged $25.3^{\circ}C$ and 86.0%. The corresponding values for the hot season were $27.9^{\circ}C$ and 83.6%. The pigs were grouped in pens of 10 animals on the basis of breed (Creole or Large White) and sex (gilt or castrated male) and given ad libitum access to a grower diet (9.0 MJ/kg net energy and 158 g/kg crude protein) via feed intake recording equipment (Acema 48). An ear-tag transponder was inserted into each pig and this allowed the time, duration, and size of individual visits to be recorded. The growth performance and feeding pattern were significantly affected by breed, sex, and season. The Creole pigs (CR) had a lower average daily gain (ADG) (642 vs. 861 g/d, p<0.01) and carcass lean content ($LC_{90kg}$) (35.4 vs. 54.5%; p<0.01) and a higher backfat thickness at 90 kg BW ($BT_{90kg}$) (23.4 vs. 10.4 mm; p<0.01) than Large White pigs (LW) whereas the average daily feed intake (ADFI) was not affected by breed (2.34 vs. 2.22 kg/d, respectively for CR and LW pigs; p>0.10). Consequently, the food:gain ratio was higher in CR than in LW (3.65 vs. 2.58; p<0.01). CR had less frequent meals but ate more feed per meal than LW (5.9 vs. 8.8 meals/d and 431 vs. 279 g/meal; p<0.01). The rate of feed intake was lower (27.6 vs. 33.9 g/min; p<0.01) and the ingestion time per day and per meal were higher in CR than in LW (87.1 vs. 69.7 min/d and 15.8 vs. 8.4 min/meal; p<0.01). The ADFI and BT90 kg were higher (2.38 vs. 2.17 kg/d and 18.1 vs. 15.9 mm; p<0.05) and LC90 kg was lower (43.5 vs. 46.4%; p<0.01) in castrated males (CM) than in gilts (G) whereas ADG was not affected by sex (p = 0.12). The difference in lean content between CM and G was greater in CR than in LW. The ADFI and ADG were reduced during the hot season (2.18 vs.2.38 kg/d and 726 vs. 777 g/d, respectively; p<0.05) whereas feed conversion and carcass lean content were not affected by season (p>0.05). Average feeding time per meal and meal size decreased during the hot season (10.9 vs. 13.2 min/meal and 316 vs. 396 g/meal; p<0.01) whereas the rate of feed intake was not affected by season (p = 0.83). On average, 0.69 of total feed intake was consumed during the diurnal period. However, this partition of feed intake was significantly affected by breed, sex, and season. In conclusion, the breed, sex and season significantly affect performance and feeding pattern in growing pigs raised in a tropical climate. Moreover, the results obtained in the present study suggest that differences observed in BW composition between CR and LW are associated with difference in feeding behaviour, in particular, the short-term regulation of feed intake.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.12-23
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• 1979

This experiment was carrid out to investigate the interaction between boilelr strains and nutrition levels, and the performances of four broiler strains such as Han Hyup 603, Hubbard, Anak and Filch when they were fed by four different nutrition levels (High Protein and energy; HP. HE., Medium Protein and energy; MP. ME., Low Protein ana energy; LP. LE., and low protein and energy; LLP. LLE.). The data used in this study were obtained from a total of 1200 broiler type chicks in Poultry Testing Station, Korean Poultry Association from June 16, to August 11, 1978. Differences of all characters among four nutrition levels were significant except viability and carcass rate. HP. HE and MP. ME treatments showed nearly the same performances in body weight, feed efficiency and point, spread but they were significantly superior to those of LP. LE and LLP. LLE. There were not significant differences among four strains in feed efficiency and viability but other characters, body weight, point spread and carcass rate were observed that the performance of the best strain B was significantly superior to strain D but it was not recognized significance compared with strain A, C in tile result of statisticel analysis. In the interaction between strains and nutrition levels, body weight at high and levels showed significantly differences but at low and low nutrition levels were nearly same among four strains. Therefore this study demonstrated that comparision of body weights between strains should be performed at medium nutrition level or above. Also point spread calculated as index of body weight and feed efficiency was observed that strain B at low nutrition level is excellently higher than other strains and there were little differences at low nutrition level among all strains. It was found that ]it tie differences between performances of high arid medium levels seemed to be as the reason of high fat addition for energy source to high mutrition feed, and in general superior strain showed good performance at all the nutrition levels in$.$all characters but in body weight and point spread there were significantly different responses with different nutrition level, The most superior strain B among four strains earned the most profit per bird, Although performances of high and medium nutrition levels were nearly the same, medium nutrition level also showed the most profit because the feed cost of high nutrition level was higher than that of medium nutrition level.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.11
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• pp.1818-1827
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• 2018

Objective: The objective of this work was to determine the prevalence of the pathologies that caused the condemnation of pig carcasses in an area of intensive pig farming and Mediterranean climatology and to evaluate their influence in a risk-based inspection procedure for slaughterhouses. Methods: A retrospective observational investigation was carried out from 2002 to 2016 into the pathological processes that caused the condemnation of pig carcasses in a slaughterhouse from South-eastern Spain. The seasonal effect on the causes of condemnation carcass was reported. Negative binomial model was used to evaluate the effect of season on the rate of antemortem rejections and post-mortem condemnations. Histopathological examinations were performed to confirm the diagnosis. Results: The risk of antemortem rejections (0.0564%) was significantly greater in summer (risk ratio [RR] = 1.57). Autumn was associated with higher rate (RR = 1.69) of the total postmortem condemnations (0.1046%). Significantly higher rates of pronounced anaemia (0.0111%) were observed in summer (RR = 3.20). The main causes of anaemia were observed gastroesophageal ulcers and haemorrhagic enteropathies. Significantly highest risk of erysipelas (0.0074%) were observed in autumn (RR = 5.485). About other zoonosis, only eight cases (0.0013%) of carcasses were declared unfit due to tuberculosis lesions. Porcine muscular cysticercosis was not detected. Nevertheless, nonspecific causes such as generalized infections and emaciation represented the half of the condemned carcasses (50.90%). Conclusion: The pathologies leading to the condemnation of carcasses in this study can be considered representative of the pathologies that affect the pig population from a region with a high intensive production and Mediterranean climatology because this slaughterhouse receives a lot of animals from many farms of different size in a high intensive pig production zone (Mediterranean region). Increased knowledge of environmental factors that may foment the appearance of the diseases is essential for implementing inspection programs based on risk assessment in pig's slaughterhouses.