• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.414-419
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• 2007

Botryococcus braunii is a green colonial fresh water microalga and it is recognized as one of the renewable resources for production of liquid hydrocarbons. CFTRI-Bb-l and CFTRI-Bb-2 have been reported for the first time and their performance with regard to growth and biochemical profile is presented here. The present study focused on effect of carbon dioxide $(CO_2)$ on biomass, hydrocarbon, carbohydrate production, fatty acid profile, and carotenoid content in various species of B. braunii (LB-572, SAG 30.81, MCRC-Bb, N-836, CFTRI-Bb-l, and CFTRI-Bb-2) at 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0% (v/v) levels using a two-tier flask. $CO_2$ at 2.0% (v/v) level enhanced growth of the organism, and a two-fold increase in biomass and carotenoid contents was observed in all the B. braunii strains studied compared with control culture (without $CO_2$ supplementation). At 1 % and 2% (v/v) $CO_2$ concentrations, palmitic acid and oleic acid levels increased by 2.5 to 3 folds in one of the strains of B. braunii (LB-572). Hydrocarbon content was found to be above 20% at 2% $CO_2$ level in the B. braunii LB-572, CFTRI-Bb-2, CFTRI-Bb-l, and N-836 strains, whereas it was less than 20% in the SAG 30.81 and MCRC-Bb strains compared with control culture. This culture methodology will provide information on $CO_2$ requirement for growth of algae and metabolite production. B. braunii spp. can be grown at the tested levels of $CO_2$ concentration without much influence on culture pH.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.297-305
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• 1982

Environmental conditions of fungal growth on Korean rice grain, Milyang No.23, were studied and optimum treatment conditions of the selected fumigants for controlling fungal deterioration of rice were investigated The results are as follows. 1. Most of the fungi grew well above 80% relative humidity and 19% moisture content within 10-30 days. But at 12.5-13.0% moisture content of grains, only Aspergillus candidus, Asperillus versicolor, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Trichothecium roseum were developed within 2 months. The other fungi were only detectable for their mycelial growth under microscopic observation. 2. Among the ten fumigants tested to control the fungal growth on the rice, ethylene oxide was found to be the most effective at a leve1 of 16 mg/$\ell$ for 48 hrs treatment and the next was methyl bromide (32 mg/$\ell$), acrilonitrile and methyl iodide (64 mg/$\ell$). The other fumigants, such as ammonia, methyl formate, ethyl formate, carbon dioxide and propionic acid were found less effective under the tested conditions.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.313-317
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• 2023

In this study, the physicochemical characterization and adsorption performance of air pollutants (VOCs, SO₂, and CO₂) were evaluated for the recycling of zeolite used in the ion exchange process. The surface characteristics of the zeolite used were confirmed through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, and the composition and specific surface area were measured through X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). There was no change in the surface properties of the used zeolite, but the content of potassium and calcium increased and the specific surface area decreased. The toluene, sulfur oxides, and carbon dioxide adsorption performance of the used zeolite was evaluated, and it was confirmed that the performance was improved compared to the fresh zeolite. In particular, for toluene and sulfur oxides, the adsorption amount increased by 2.6 times and 2.3 times, respectively, which might be due to the enhancement of the polymerization reaction and the increase of the base point, according to the composition of the used zeolite.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 1981

Attempts were made to investigate the effects of the temperature and carbon dioxide concentration in the growing room and soil moisture after casing on the mycelial growth, sporophore formation and mushroom yield of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing. The growing room temperature influenced the mycelial growth in the casing layer after casing and the sporophore formation of Agaricus bisporus. The mycelial growth was the rapidest at $30^{\circ}C$ and gradually decreased with the temperature going down, while the sporophore formation and mushroom yield were the best at $25^{\circ}C$. The other factor which affected the mycelial growth and sporophore formation was the moisture content of casing soil. The mycelial growth was the best at 70 percent moisture, and the sporophore formation and mushroom yields were the highest at 60 percent moisture. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the growing room after casing had an important effect upon the mycelial growth in the casing layer and the sporophore formation. When the concentration of carbon dioxide was 0.16 percent, the mycelial growth and the sporophore formation were not inhibited. At 0.5 to 2.0 percent $CO_{2}$ the myceilal growth and the sporophore formation were severely decreased. The sporophore size of the mushroom was the maximum when the room temperature during the vegetative mycelium growth was $20^{\circ}C$ and the moisture content of casing soil was 70 percent.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.175-181
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• 2011

By using supercritical carbon dioxide fluid, an attempt was made to extract surface-active substances from defatted rice bran. Extraction was carried out according to D-optimal design and results were analyzed by response surface methodology to establish optimum condition. It was found that pressure, temperature and co-solvent (ethanol) influenced in a different extent on the extraction efficiency (i.e., yield and interfacial tension) of surface-active substances. Among them, co-solvent was found to be a major influencing factor, where maximum yield (2.62%) was observed at the highest content (250 g). In addition, it also affected most on the interfacial tension at the oil-water interface but in this case the lowest interfacial tension value (9.51 mN/m) was found when added lowest (50 g). In conclusion, it was estimated that the optimum extraction condition was to be pressure 350bar, temperature $62^{\circ}C$ and co-solvent content 50 g in this study, where extraction yield was 0.69% and interfacial tension to be 10.1 mN/m.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.683-691
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to measure the yield and to evaluate the physiological activity of Cannabis sativa seed(Hemp seed) extracts extracted using a density fluctuation supercritical carbon dioxide for each temperature condition-30℃(HSSE30), 45℃(HSSE45), 60℃(HSSE60), and to enable dissolution of the poorly water-soluble extracts by liposome formulation and to enhance the skin permeability. As a result of the yield measurement, HSSE60 showed the highest yield, and in the antioxidant activities, HSSE45 had the highest total polyphenol content, and showed the highest DPPH, ABTS+ radical scavenging activities at the highest concentration of the extracts. As a result of the antimicrobial susceptibility testing, a clear zone appeared only in the Propionibateium acnes strain. It was confirmed that particle size was reduced and the absolute value of the zeta potential increased in the case of the formulation in which the extracts were in liposomes than in the formulation in which the extracts were dissolved in deionized water, and the skin permeability was improved. Based on these experimental results, we confirmed the possibility of using the hemp seed supercritical carbon dioxide extracts, a poorly water-soluble extract, can be applied as a functional natural material for cosmetics.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.102-109
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• 2023

This study aimed to investigate the growth parameters and antioxidant activity of Cnidium officinale under controlled temperature and carbon dioxide levels during the cultivation period. The plants were cultivated for four months, each group being set at the average temperature of the cultivation area +1.8℃/445ppm(SSP1), +3.6℃/872ppm(SSP3), and +4.4℃/1,142ppm(SSP5), respectively. During the cultivation period, the growth, Top/Root ratio, and leaf weight ratio(LWR) of C. officinale slightly decreased in SSP3 and SSP5 compared to SSP1, while the root weight ratio(RWR) increased. The antioxidant activity and related phenolic compound content in the aerial parts of C. officinale increased proportionally with temperature and CO₂ concentration. However, an adverse effect was observed in the high-concentration SSP5 group. Conversely, in the roots, the SSP5 group exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. This study suggests that it can be utilized as fundamental data necessary for understanding the correlation between environmental conditions and the growth as well as physiological activities of medicinal plants.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.77-84
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• 2021

This study attempted to find a way to maintain the quality of mixing baby wild leaf vegetables with existing baby leaf vegetables in various ratios. The crops for mixing baby leaf vegetables were Peucedanum japoincum Thunberg and Ligularia stenocephala, as wild vegetables, and red romaine, which is widely used in young leafy vegetables. The mixing ratio of red romaine and wild vegetables was red romaine 0: mantilla oil 5: L. stenocephala ratio 5 (R0: P5: L5), red romaine 3.3: P. japoincum 3.3: L. stenocephala ratio 3.3 (R3.3: P3.3: L3.3), red romaine 5: P. japoincum 2.5: L. stenocephala 2.5 (R5: P2.5: L2.5), red romaine 8: P. japoincum 1: L. stenocephala 1 (R8: P1: L1), red romaine 10: P. japoincum 0: L. stenocephala 0 (R10: P0: L0). All treatments were packaged in OTR (oxygen transmittance) 10,000 cc m-2·day-1·atm-1 film and stored for 27 days at 2℃/85% RH conditions. Fresh weight, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and ethylene concentrations of the baby leaf packages were examined approximately every 3 days, and visual quality, chlorophyll content, and chromaticity were examined on the 27th day of storage. The oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration in the packages were affected by the respiration rate of the crop. As the mixing ratio of lettuce, which had a low respiration rate, increased, the oxygen concentration in the packages was higher and the carbon dioxide concentration was lower. Oxygen concentration decreased significantly after 15 days, but was remained above 16%, and on the contrary, carbon dioxide concentration was kept at 1-4% until the 15th, and then gradually increased to 2-5% on the 27th day. The concentration of ethylene was maintained at 3-6 µL·L-1 until the end of storage (27th day). Visual quality score measured at the end of storage was slightly less than 3.0, which is the limit of marketability of all treatments. Although there was no significant difference, the chlorophyll content (SPAD) of red romaine and P. japoincum were most similar with an initial value in R8:P1:1 treatment, and L. stenocephala was higher value in R8:P1:L1 and R5:P2.5:L2.5 treatments at the end of storage. The leaf color (L∗, a∗, b∗, chroma) of the three crops at end of storage compared with the heat map showed the least change in the R5:P2.5:L2.5 and R8:P1:L1 treatments at the end of storage. Among them, R8:P1:L1 treatment maintained the highest chlorophyll content, the second lowest ethylene concentration, and adequate carbon dioxide concentration of 2-3%. Therefore, it is judged that the mixed ratio of red romaine 8: P. japoincum 1: L. stenocephala 1 (R8: P1: L1) is most suitable for the mixed package of baby leaf vegetables of these three crops.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 2020

Recently, applications of biomass-based plastics have increased according to the eco-friendly policy of the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions in domestic and foreign government. In this study, a paper plastic composite was produced by compounding polypropylene and micronized paper powder that was prepared using dry pulverization technology. Subsequently, the specimen of paper plastic was verified with mechanical properties, formability and product safety test to confirm the suitable packaging materials for food packaging. Paper plastics showed slightly lower mechanical properties than currently commercialized PP composites. However, paper plastics are valuable materials as environmentally friendly carbon-reducing material because of high biocarbon content, light weight features and applicability of existing manufacturing machines or system.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1979

This report is carried out pharmaceutical properties for the mosquito coil made of Ginseng leaf and the residue after extraction of Ginseng root. This experimental results are: Loss on drying of Insam (Ginseng) mosquito coil powder is average 8.31%, ash content of the powder is average 9.51% and burning time of Insam mosquito coil is aprroximately 36 minutes per gram. The contents of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide on burning of mosquito coil are as same as following: Insam mosquito coil A brand mosquito coil B brand mosquito coil Allethrin in a piece of Insam mosquito coil was stable under the experimental conditions. CO (ppm) 360 540 760 $CO_2(%)$ 0.052 0.076 0.066 Allethrin in a piece of Insam mosquito coil was stable under the experimental conditions.