• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.123-129
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• 2012

Objectives : Allergy has been described as an inflammatory with hypersensitivity resulting from seasonal or perennial responses to specific allergens. The root of Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC.(Platycodi Radix; Campanulaceae) has been traditionally used to treat chronic diseases such as bronchitis, asthma, pulmonary tuberculosis, inflammation and hyperlipidemia. In this study, we examined the effect of 70% ethanol extract of Platycodi Radix (PR-E) on ovalbumin (OVA)-induced airway inflammation in mice. Methods : Mice were sensitized and challenged by OVA inhalation to induced chronic airway inflammation, and then were intragastrically administered PR-E extract at doses of 50 and 200 mg/kg/day from days 21 to 30 consecutively. The levels of allergic mediators such as histamine, OVA-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) E, and cytokines such as IL-4 and IFN-${\gamma}$ were measured in the sera of mice by ELISA. The histological change of lung tissue was observed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Results : PR-E extract significantly decreased the serum levels of histamine, OVA-specific IgE, and Th2 cytokine, IL-4 compared with those in the OVA-induced group. PE-E extract significantly increased the serum level of Th1 cytokine, IFN-${\gamma}$. Based on lung histopathological studies, inflammatory cell infiltration and mucus hypersecretion were inhibited by PE-E extract administration compared to that in the OVA-induced group. Conclusions : These findings indicate that PE-E extract may be useful as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of bronchial asthma.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.169-176
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• 1997

Gibberellin (GA) has been widely used to break seed dormancy for better stand establishment. The experiment was done to clarify the effect of $GA_3$ (concentration; period) and light quality (red; white; dark) after sowing on seed germination and radicle elongation of Campanulaceae (Platycodon grandiflorum; Codonopsis lanceolata; C. pilosula) to get an information on their field emergence. The germination test was carried out with 12 hours irradiation for 9 days after priming treatment. In the darkness, the mean germination rate of all the species was decreased in the order to P. grandiflorum, C. lanceolata, C. pilosula. Their mean germination rates and radicle lengths were increased with increased concentration to 0.1mM of $GA_3$. Earlier germination rate was higher but later one was less in 4-day $GA_3$ treatment than in 1- or 2-day $GA_3$ treatment. Light treatment. especially red light given after $GA_3$ treatment. eliminated the $GA_3$ treatment effect. Red light done after $GA_3$ treatment nearly blocked the germination of P. grandiflorum and C. pilosula but delayed that of C. pilosula compared to the other light quality treatments having the similar rate. In addition. the radicle elongation of all three species affected by light quality treatment showed the same result as the germination rate.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.313-321
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• 2023

Platycodon grandiflorus (P. grandiflorus) flower is a perennial plant belonging to the family Campanulaceae and has many excellent pharmacological effects, so it has been used as a medicinal ingredient since ancient times. In addition, anthocyanin is a purple or blue natural pigment contained in plant flowers and fruits, and is known as a powerful antioxidant. The purpose of this study was to confirm the dermatological functionality of P. grandiflorus flower extract and the value of the bluish anthocyanin contained in flowers as a cosmetic material as a natural pigment. Firstly, 50% ethanol and 80% ethanol were added to the P. grandiflorus flower and extracted under reflux for 4 h at 25, 60, and 80 ℃, and the pH of each treatment group was similar. Based on the anthocyanin content and chromaticity (E^*ab), 50% ethanol 60 ℃ extraction conditions showing the color development most similar to the natural color of the P. grandifloras flower were selected, and a sample was prepared by concentrating and lyophilizing. The analysis results showed that the total phenol, total flavonoid, and total anthocyanin contents were in the ranges of 23 ㎍/mL, 16 ㎍/mL, and 0.17 ㎍/mL, respectively. The P. grandiflorus flower extract suppressed the production of nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, the P. grandiflorus flower extract showed wound healing effects through the promotion of skin cell migration in TNF-α stimulated human keratinocytes. The stability of anthocyanin and extract color was studied during a storage period of 50 days at various temperatures (4 ℃, 25 ℃, and 45 ℃). Color values (L, a, and b) of the P. grandiflorus flower extract changed over 50 days, whereas the bluish-purple color of the extract was stabilized using 5% maltodextrin. These results suggest that P. grandiflorus flower extract may be useful as a natural cosmetic pigment.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.109-113
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• 2007

Adenophora remotiflora (Mosidae) is a perennial plant in the Campanulaceae family and a wild plant that only inhabits in Korea. This research analyzed the volatile compounds in Mosidae and their antioxidant activities. The volatile compounds in fresh, shady air-dried, and freeze-dried Mosidae were isolated by steam-distillation extraction (SDE) method using diethylether as a solvent. Volatile compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Antioxidant activities were determined using the linoleic acid system and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Sixty and seventy-two volatile compounds were identified from fresh and shady air-dried Mosidae, respectively. In fresh Mosidae, the most abundant compounds were ethyl acetate and heptyl acetate, while ethyl acetate and limonene were the most abundant in the shady air-dried sample. Inhibition of peroxide formation by fresh Mosidae was higher than that of ${\alpha}-tocopherol$, and inhibition by shady air-dried Mosidae was same as that of ${\alpha}-tocopherol$. Furthermore, volatile compounds from shady air-dried Mosidae had higher free radical scavenging activity than ${\alpha}-tocopherol$. The freeze-dried sample showed lower antioxidant activity in both the linoleic acid system and DPPH method.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.551-560
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• 2018

Bellflower root (Platycodon grandiflorum), which belongs to the Campanulaceae family, is a perennial grass that grows naturally in Korea, northeastern China, and Japan. Bellflower is widely consumed as both food and medicine owing to its high nutritional value and potential therapeutic effects. Since foodborne disease outbreaks often come from vegetables, understanding the public health risk of microorganisms on fresh vegetables is pivotal to predict and prevent foodborne disease outbreaks. We investigated the microbial communities on the bellflower root (n = 10). 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing targeting the V6-V9 regions of 16S rRNA genes was conducted via the 454-Titanium platform. The sequence quality was checked and phylogenetic assessments were performed using the RDP classifier implemented in QIIME with a bootstrap cutoff of 80%. Principal coordinate analysis was performed using the weighted Fast UniFrac distance. The average number of sequence reads generated per sample was 67,192 sequences. At the phylum level, bacterial communities from the bellflower root were composed primarily of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria in March and September samples. Genera Serratia, Pseudomonas, and Pantoea comprised more than 54% of the total bellflower root bacteria. Principal coordinate analysis plots demonstrated that the microbial community of bellflower root in March samples was different from those in September samples. Potential pathogenic genera, such as Pantoea, were detected in bellflower root samples. Even though further studies will be required to determine if these species are associated with foodborne illness, our results indicate that the 16S rRNA gene-based sequencing approach can be used to detect pathogenic bacteria on fresh vegetables.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.128-138
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• 2013

The conservation status of an endemic perennial herb, Hanabusaya asiatica (Nakai) Nakai (Campanulaceae) was determined by applying the IUCN risk assessment criteria from our field study and available specimen data. Also, the GIS technology was used to develop a species distribution map to calculate the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for the taxon. After two years of continuous field studies, 269 mature individuals were found in four localities in 2011, while 216 mature individuals were confirmed in three localities in 2012. Based on the following data, such as EOO (2,742 $km^2$), AOO (76 $km^2$) and estimated population size of mature individuals, the taxon, which is known as 20 localities in Korean peninsula, is evaluated as the category of Endangered (EN). A major difficulty in application of IUCN criteria to Korean rare plants were the lack of essential biological information and understanding the correct knowledge of the IUCN criteria in previous Korean studies. Sound conclusions regarding the conservation status of individual species require more intensive population studies, observations, and applying IUCN assessment procedures correctly.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.281-287
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• 1999

Codonopsis lanceolata ("Deoduck" in Korea) is a perennial herb, and belongs to family, Campanulaceae. Its taproot is used a good source of a wild vegetable as well as an herbaceous medicine. In this study, to develop a bialaphos-resistant transgenic Codonopsis, seed germination mechanism and somatic embryogenesis of the plant were investigated, and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation with bar gene encoding phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) was performed. Attempt were made to regenerate plant from cells via somatic embryogenesis. When the cotyledons, nodes and leaf disks were cultured on MS medium containing 2,4-D and zeatin, embryogenic calli were induced. Upon transferring the somatic embryos to N6 solid medium without plant growth regulators, they developed into plantlets under continuous illumination. All plants were dead on MS basal medium containing 10 mg/L phosphinothricin (PPT) and Basta, respectively. The explants did not produce calli in the medium containing 200 mg/L kanamycin. The explants were cocultured with Agrobacterium tumefaciens for 2 days, and transformants were selected in MS basal medium containing 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D, 100 mg/L kanamycin and 500 mg/L carbenicillin. After the selection, embryogenic calli were induced and then somatic embryos were produced by subsequent subculturing. The somatic embryos were germiated on N6 basal medium containing 200 mg/L kanamycin and 500 mg/L carbenicillin. PCR analysis showed that nptII and bar genes were introduced in the Deoduck transformants. After the confirmation of bar gene expression in RNA and protein level, the transgenic Deoduck will be used to study the genetics of filial generation with the herbicide control gene, bar.gene, bar.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.450-455
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• 2017

Codonopsis lanceolata (Campanulaceae) has been widely used in traditional medicine and is considered to have medicinal properties to treat diseases and symptoms such as bronchitis, coughs, spasm, edema, hepatitis, colitis, and lung injury. In order to investigate whether native Codonopsis lanceolata extract alleviates ashmatic symptoms in vivo, we first carried out various antioxidant activities by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assays. The antioxidant activities were increased by adding Codonopsis lanceolata extract in a concentration-dependent manner which compared to ascorbic acid as a positive control. Histological studies using an ovalbumin-induced animal model exhibited potent anti-inflammatory potential by decreasing immuno-responsive cells in the lung by the extract by confirming H&E and PAS staining. It is revelaed that further immunihistochemical analysis showed anti-ashmatic capabilities by assessing histamine, IL-31, and MMP-9 expressions. The level of IL-13 expression in Codonopsis lanceolata extract-treated group was decreased upto 73.7% compared to control, whereas that of total cells and eosinophil counting in Codonopsis lanceolata extract-treated group was diminished to 73.5% and 80.9%, respectively. These results collectively indicate that the C. lanceolata extract ameliorates asthmatic symptoms effectively in an ovalbumin-challenged mice model, in that the extract can be used for the development of an anti-asthmatic food ingredient.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.648-655
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• 2015

Balloon flower (Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC.) is a perennial plant of mainly Campanulaceae family, which have been widely used as a food ingredient and herbal medicine in East Asia. Although demands on related products and yearly cultivation area for balloon flower are increasing, diverse fundamental technologies and molecular breeding studies are not very well supported in Platycodons. In this study, 30 random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers were test in an attempt to explore genetic diversities. In addition, sequences information of the actin gene, a well conserved gene encoding a globular protein that forms microfilaments, was retrieved and analyzed. Two actin homologs were recovered; 3.4 kb fragment is a Pg-actin and 1.4 kb fragment is a Pg-actin homolog with 28.6% similarity. We have confirmed that the Pg-actin gene is configured into 4 exons and 3 introns. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), G↔A, was detected on the intron 3, which served as a target for the CAPS marker development. The marker Pg-Actin-Int3 was applied to 32 balloon flower accessions. Balloon flower DNA sequence information generated in this study is expected to contribute to the analysis and molecular breeding and genetic diversity analysis of balloon flowers.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.98-109
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• 2010

78 Korean native plants, which have not been used in general, were selected to be used as outdoor pot plants for three seasons, from spring to autumn. Plants, which were explored in about 30 places of Korea from 2007 to 2009, were transplanted to or sown in white plastic general pots ($27.5cm({\Phi}){\times}27.5cm(H)$) and hanging pots($28cm({\Phi}){\times}13cm(H)$) and grown in the garden of 36''56' latitude(N) and 127''09' longitude(E). 38 species(13 families and 29 genus) were suitable for outdoor general pots, and 46 species(28 families and 43 genus) for outdoor hanging pots. Among 38 plants for outdoor general pots, the principal species, which were easy to grow and have not been used in general, were 16 species, Metaplexis japonica in Asclepiadaceae, Phyteuma japonicum in Campanulaceae, Artemisia capillaris, Artemisia princeps, and Artemisia selengensis in Compositae, Carex humilis in Cyperaceae, Pennisetum alopecuroides, and Setaria viridis in Gramineae, Agastache rugosa, Glechoma hederacea, Elsholtzia splendens, Isodon inflexus, and Mosla punctulata in Labiatae, Vicia villosa in Leguminosae, Piper kadzura in Piperaceae, and Rosa multiflora var. multiflora in Rosaceae. Among 46 plants for outdoor hanging pots, the principal species, which were easy to grow and have not been used in general, were 17 species, Metaplexis japonica in Asclepiadaceae, Ixeris stonlonifera in Compositae, Calystegia japonica and Quamoclit angulata in Convolvulaceae, Dioscorea batatas in Dioscoreaceae, Glechoma hederacea and Thymus quinquecostatus in Labiatae, Trifolium lupinaster for. alpinus and Vicia villosa in Leguminosae, Menispermum dauricum in Menispermaceae, Piper kadzura in Piperaceae, Clematis mandshurica for. lancifolia in Ranunculoideae, Rosa multiflora var. multiflora and Potentilla fragarioides var. major in Rosaceae, Paederia scandens and Rubia akane in Rubiaceae, and Parthenocissus tricuspidata in Vitaceae.